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#Routed Protocols

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#Routed Protocols

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What is Static Routing?

**what are the challenges to conncect/communicate VLAN to


Static Routing is also known as non-adaptive routing which doesn’t change the routing table VLAN?
unless the network administrator changes or modifies them manually. Static routing does not use When connecting or enabling communication between VLANs (VLAN-to-VLAN communication),
complex routing algorithms and It provides higher or more security than dynamic routing. there are several challenges that can arise. These challenges typically revolve around the need for
What is Dynamic Routing? proper routing, configuration, and network design. Here are some common challenges:
Dynamic routing is also known as adaptive routing which changes the routing table according to #Inter-VLAN Routing
the change in topology. Dynamic routing uses complex routing algorithms and it does not Challenge: Devices in different VLANs cannot communicate by default due to isolation.
provide high security like static routing. When the network change(topology) occurs, it sends the Solution: Use Router-on-a-Stick (a router with subinterfaces for each VLAN) or a Layer-3 Switch (a
message to the router to ensure that changes then the routes are recalculated for sending switch that routes traffic between VLANs).
updated routing information. Potential Issues: Misconfigured routing, missing VLAN interfaces (SVIs), or incorrect IP routing
settings.
#Misconfigured Subnetting
Challenge: VLANs need unique IP subnets. Incorrect subnetting can prevent communication.
Solution: Ensure each VLAN has a unique subnet and the Layer-3 device is configured correctly for
each subnet.
#Incorrect VLAN Tagging on Trunk Links
Challenge: Trunk links carry multiple VLANs, but incorrect VLAN tagging (802.1Q) can prevent
VLAN communication.
Solution: Ensure trunk ports are correctly configured, allowing the necessary VLANs to pass and
using proper VLAN tagging.
#VLAN Misconfiguration on Devices
Challenge: Devices may be assigned to the wrong VLAN, leading to communication issues.
Solution: Verify correct VLAN assignment on devices, ensuring proper port configuration (access
ports for end devices and trunk ports for uplinks).

**functionality of router protocol


#Routed Protocols: Routed protocols assign logical addresses to devices and manage the
forwarding of packets between different networks. They encapsulate data to ensure it can
traverse the network.
Key Functions
Logical Addressing:Provide unique identifiers to devices (e.g., IP addresses in IPv4 or IPv6).
Facilitate communication across different networks.
Packet Forwarding: Enable data to move from the source to the destination based on the
destination's logical address. Examples: IP, IPv6, IPX.
How Routed Protocols Work:
Packet Encapsulation: When data is sent over a network, the application or service uses a routed
protocol (such as IP) to encapsulate the data into packets.
Addressing: Routed protocols assign an address to each packet. In the case of IP, each packet has
a source IP address and a destination IP address.
Forwarding: Routers use the destination address to forward the packet to the next hop toward
the destination. This process continues until the packet reaches its destination.

##Routing Protocols: Routing protocols dynamically build and maintain the information in
routing tables to determine the best path for forwarding packets between networks.
Key Functions
*Dynamic Route Discovery: Discover new routes automatically as the network topology changes.
Reduce the need for manual configuration of routes.
*Route Selection: Determine the optimal path for forwarding packets based on metrics like hop
count, bandwidth, delay, or administrative distance. Examples: RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP.
*Routing Table Updates: Exchange routing information with other routers periodically or based
on events (e.g., topology changes). Ensure the routing table contains accurate and updated
routes.
*Fault Tolerance and Redundancy: Automatically reroute traffic in case of a link or router failure.
Provide load balancing in some cases.
*Support for Hierarchical Design:Some protocols (e.g., OSPF) support hierarchical networks by
organizing routers into areas to optimize performance and scalability.
*Protocol Communication:Use various methods like distance-vector or link-state algorithms to
share information:
Distance-Vector Protocols (e.g., RIP): Share information about directly connected neighbors.
Link-State Protocols (e.g., OSPF): Build a complete map of the network topology.
How Routing Protocols Work:
Neighbor Discovery: Routers use routing protocols to identify and communicate with nearby
routers. For example, in OSPF, routers exchange "hello" packets to establish neighbor relation-
ships.
Routing Information Exchange: Routers exchange routing information with neighbors, sharing
details about routes and their associated metrics (like hop count or link cost).
Routing Table Update: Based on the exchanged information, routers update their routing tables
to reflect the best paths for reaching various destinations.
Path Selection: Routing protocols calculate the best path to forward data. For example, OSPF uses
link-state information to find the shortest path, while RIP uses hop count.
**which error we find we configaration VLAN
When configuring VLANs, several common errors can arise. These issues typically stem from
misconfigurations, hardware limitations, or incorrect network design. Here's a list of potential
errors you might encounter:
1. Mismatched VLAN IDs
Cause: VLAN IDs differ between connected switches or devices.
Impact: Devices in the same intended VLAN can't communicate, leading to connectivity issues.
2. Trunk Port Misconfiguration
Cause: A port intended to carry multiple VLANs is not configured as a trunk port.
Impact: VLAN traffic is dropped or limited to only the native VLAN.
3. Native VLAN Mismatch
Cause: The native VLAN settings on each side of a trunk link are different.
Impact: Unintended traffic leaks between VLANs, causing security risks or broadcast issues.
4. Incorrect Port Assignment
Cause: Ports are assigned to the wrong VLAN or not assigned to any VLAN.
Impact: Devices connected to these ports are isolated or incorrectly grouped.

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