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MAROTZ
Health, Safety and Nutrition
Health, Safety Nutrition and
for the
L Y N N R. M A R O T Z
10e
YOUNG CHILD
10e
ISBN-13: 978-0-357-04077-5
ISBN-10: 0-357-04077-5
9780357040775_CVR_hr.indd 1 SE/Marotz, Health, Safety, and Nutrition for the Young Child, 10th Edition ISBN -978-0-357-04077-5 ©2019 Designer: DDavidson 10/30/18 8:59 PM
Text & Cover printer: Quad Graphics Binding: PB Trim: 8.5" x 10.875" CMYK
Contents
Chapter 1 Children’s Well-Being: What it Digital Download Teacher Checklist 2-2 Warning Signs of Potential Mental
Health Problems 45
is and how to achieve it 2 2-3b Recording Observation Results 46
1-1 The Preventive health Concept 3 2-3c Confidentiality of Health Information 46
2-3d Benefits of Health Observations 47
1-1a National Health Initiatives 4
2-4 Family involvement 48
1-2 health, Safety, and nutrition: an interdependent
2-4a The Family’s Responsibility 48
relationship 8
1-2a What Is Health? 8 2-5 health education 49
1-2b What Factors Influence Children’s Health? 9 Digital Download Partnering With Families Children’s Oral Health 50
1-2c Safety 10
1-2d Nutrition 11 Summary 52 Terms to Know 52 Chapter Review 52
Case Study 53 Application Activities 53
1-3 Children’s growth and development 12 Helpful Web Resources 54 References 54
1-3a Growth 13
1-3b Development 15
1-4 Promoting a healthy lifestyle 18 Chapter 3 assessing Children’s health 55
1-4a Injury Prevention 19 3-1 health records 56
1-4b Body Mechanics and Physical Activity 19
3-1a Child Health Histories 57
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 1-1 Proper Body Mechanics for Adults 20 3-1b Medical and Dental Examinations 59
1-4c Oral Health 21
3-2 Screening Procedures 59
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 1-2 Promoting Children’s Tooth
Brushing 22 3-2a Height and Weight 59
3-2b Body Mass Index 60
1-4d Mental Health and Social-Emotional Competence 23
3-2c Vision 60
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 1-3 Strategies for Managing Teacher
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 3-1 Early Signs of Visual Abnormalities in
Stress 25
Infants and Toddlers 61
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 1-4 Strategies for Increasing Children’s
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 3-2 Signs of Visual Acuity Problems in
Resilient Behaviors 31
Older Children 63
1-4e Resilient Children 31
3-2d Hearing 65
Digital Download Partnering With Families Growing Your Child’s Brain 33
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 3-3 Behavioral Indicators of Children’s
Summary 34 Terms to Know 34 Chapter Review 35 Hearing Loss 66
Case Study 35 Application Activities 36
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 3-4 Early Signs of Hearing Loss in Infants
Helpful Web Resources 36 References 36 and Toddlers 66
3-2e Speech and Language 68
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 3-5 Strategies for Communicating with
Chapter 2 daily health observations 39 Children Who Are Hearing-Impaired 68
2-1 Promoting Children’s health 41 3-2f Nutritional Status 71
2-1a Gathering Information 42 3-3 referrals 75
2-2 observation as a Screening Tool 43 Digital Download Partnering With Families Children’s Eye
Safety 76
2-3 daily health Checks 44
Summary 78 Terms to Know 78 Chapter Review 78
2-3a Method 44
Case Study 79 Application Activities 80
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 2-1 Health Observation
Helpful Web Resources 80 References 80
Checklist 44
vii
Chapter 5 The infectious Process Digital Download Teacher Checklist 6-2 Practices to Reduce the Risk of Sudden
Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
and environmental Control 114 (SIDS) 161
6-2n Teething 161
5-1 risk Factors 115 6-2o Toothache 162
5-2 Communicable illness 116 6-2p Vomiting 162
6-2q West Nile and Zika Virus Diseases 163
5-3 Stages of illness 118 Digital Download Partnering With Families When to Call the
Doctor 164
5-4 Control Measures 119
Summary 166 Terms to Know 166 Chapter Review 166
5-4a observations 119
Case Study 167 Application Activities 168
5-4b Policies 120
Helpful Web Resources 168 References 168
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 5-1 Administering Medications to
Children 122
10-5 Protective Measures for Programs and Chapter 11 Planning for Children’s health
Teachers 282
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 10-3 Strategies for Positive Behavior
and Safety education 296
Management 282 11-1 Family involvement in health and Safety education 298
10-5a Inservice Training 283 11-2 Teacher inservice in health and Safety education 299
10-6 reporting laws 283
10-6a Program Policy 284
11-3 effective instructional design 299
11-3a Topic Selection 300
Digital Download Teacher Checklist 10-4 What to Include in a Written Child
11-3b Behavioral Objectives 302
Abuse/Neglect Report 284
11-3c Content Presentation 302
10-7 The Teacher’s role 285 Digital Download Teacher Checklist 11-1 How to Evaluate Printed Resource
10-7a Early Identification and Reporting 285 Material 303
10-7b Providing a Supportive Environment for Children 286 11-3d Assessment 304
10-7c Building Children’s Resilience 287
11-4 activity Plans 305
10-7d Reaching Out to Families 288
Digital Download Partnering with Families Anger Management 290 Digital Download Partnering with Families Evaluating Health and Safety
Information on the Internet 318
Summary 291 Terms to Know 292 Chapter Review 292
Case Study 293 Application Activities 293 Summary 319 Terms to Know 319 Chapter Review 319
Helpful Web Resources 294 References 294 Case Study 319 Application Activities 321
Helpful Web Resources 321 References 321
Chapter 12 nutrition guidelines 324 Digital Download Partnering with Families Healthy Families 356
Summary 357 Terms to Know 357 Chapter Review 357
12-1 dietary reference intakes 326 Case Study 358 Application Activities 358
12-2 dietary guidelines for americans 328 Helpful Web Resources 359 References 359
Chapter 15 Feeding infants 384 16-3c Feeding Children who have Special Needs 417
18-2d Food Storage 472 19-1b Family Involvement in Children’s Nutrition Education 493
18-2e Cook and Serve Foods Correctly 473
19-2 Planning a nutrition education Program
18-2f Discard Spoiled Food 475
for Children 493
18-3 hazard analysis and Critical Control Point 475 19-2a Basic Nutrition Education Concepts 494
18-4 Food-Borne illnesses 19-2b Planning Guidelines 495
478
19-2c Safety Considerations 497
18-5 national and international Food Supply Safeguards 478 19-3 developing lesson Plans for nutrition activities 499
18-5a Commercial Food Production 482
Digital Download Partnering with Families Wash Those Hands! 484 19-4 Where else do Children learn about nutrition? 506
19-4a Family Influence 506
Summary 485 Terms to Know 486 Chapter Review 486
19-4b Teachers 506
Case Study 487 Application Activities 487 19-4c Peer Groups 508
Helpful Web Resources 487 References 488 19-4d Television and the Media 508
Digital Download Partnering with Families More Fruits and Vegetables
Chapter 19 nutrition education: rationale, Please 509
Summary 509 Terms to Know 510 Chapter Review 510
Concepts, and lessons 489 Case Study 510 Application Activities 511
19-1 rationale for Teaching Children about nutrition 490 Helpful Web Resources 511 References 511
19-1a The School’s Role in Children’s Nutrition Education 492
epilogue 513
Looking Ahead…Making a Difference 513
appendices 515
a National Health Education Standards 516
B Monthly Calendar: Health, Safety, and Nutrition Observances 519
C Federal Nutrition Programs 522
d Children’s Book List 524
glossary 529
index 536
Preface
Children’s state of wellness has an unquestionable effect on their development and ability to learn.
Our understanding of the factors that shape and influence a child’s well-being, including nutri-
tion, environmental conditions, and emotional and social development continues to improve as
a result of ongoing research and new discoveries. In turn, this information has led to noteworthy
changes in our views about health, approaches to health care, and the critical importance of
addressing health education during the early years. It has also contributed to the development
of numerous resources (e.g., National Health Education Standards, MyPlate, Healthy People
2030, NAEYC’s Standards for Early Childhood Professional Preparation, National Health and
Safety Performance Standards for Child Care) that currently guide personal and classroom prac-
tices. Additionally, our knowledge of wellness and the importance of promoting healthy lifestyle
behaviors draw increasing attention to the pivotal role that teachers play in identifying children’s
health needs, creating high-quality environments that are safe and support learning, and provid-
ing comprehensive health education in schools.
Health, Safety, and Nutrition for the Young Child, now in its tenth edition, has become the
standard text in the early childhood field. Its comprehensive approach and well-documented stu-
dent/teacher-oriented focus continue to make it the best-selling, full-color textbook about chil-
dren’s well-being. Most importantly, this book provides students and teachers with a functional
understanding of children’s health, safety, and nutritional needs and guides them in implement-
ing effective classroom practices. It also emphasizes the importance of respecting and partnering
with all families to help children establish healthy lifestyles and achieve their learning potential.
Health, Safety, and Nutrition for the Young Child accomplishes this by addressing all three essen-
tial components of children’s wellness in one book:
◗ promoting children’s health through awareness, assessment, and the early identification and
intervention of acute and chronic health conditions; supporting positive development of all
children across domains; and, providing meaningful preventive health education
◗ creating and maintaining safe indoor and outdoor learning environments and fostering chil-
dren’s understanding and development of protective safety behaviors
◗ meeting children’s essential nutritional needs by planning healthy meals, providing safe and
nutritious food, and educating children about the importance of consuming a nutritious diet.
Extensive resources, lesson plans, teacher checklists, references, case studies, and educational
materials for families are provided throughout the book to aid busy students and practicing
teachers in making a difference in children’s lives.
xiii
ethnicities, and abilities are currently being raised and that may or may not include their biologi-
cal parents. The term teachers is used inclusively to describe all adults who care for and work with
young children—including educators, therapists, coaches, camp leaders, administrators, health
care providers, legislators, and concerned citizens—whether they work in early education cen-
ters, home-based programs, recreation activities, public or private schools, community agencies,
or after-school programs. The term teacher acknowledges the important educational role that
families play in their children’s daily lives. Its use also recognizes the valuable contributions of the
many educators who dedicate their lives to children.
Health, Safety, and Nutrition for the Young Child is written for several primary audiences:
◗ Students and preservice teachers who have chosen a career in early education
◗ Experienced teachers in community schools, home-based programs, early childhood centers,
Head Start programs, clinics, and agencies that serve young children, and before- and after-
school programs
◗ Allied health professionals and child advocates who work in any role that touches children’s
lives
◗ Families, who are children’s most important teachers!
◗ learning objectives—are identified at the beginning of each chapter. The objectives describe
what students can expect to learn in each major chapter section and how they will demonstrate
and apply newly acquired knowledge and skills.
◗ new Connecting to everyday Practice features—present contemporary issues that will chal-
lenge students’ ability to analyze and apply information they have learned in each chapter.
Thought-provoking questions are included to encourage self-reflection and group discussion.
◗ new Case Studies—engage students in applying what they have learned to address common
everyday experiences they are likely to encounter as teachers.
◗ did You get it? Quizzes—allow students to measure their performance against the learn-
ing objectives in each chapter. One question for each learning objective is featured in
the textbook to encourage students to go to MindTap, take the full quiz, and check their
understanding.
◗ updated Teacher Checklists—are a well-received feature that provides teachers with quick,
efficient access to critical information and best practices. Beginning practitioners will
find these concise reference lists especially helpful for learning new material. Experienced
teachers and administrators will appreciate their simplicity and easy access for classroom
use and staff training purposes. Many of the Teacher Checklists are available as Digital
Downloads.
◗ Classroom Corner Teacher activities—showcase lesson plans aligned with the National
Health Education Standards. Learning objectives, materials lists, and step-by-step procedures
are provided to save teachers preparation time and present children with meaningful learning
experiences.
◗ did You Know . . . ?—offers interesting factoids in a marginal feature that will peak student
curiosity and interest in chapter content.
◗ updated Monthly Calendar of national health, Safety, and nutrition observances—pro-
vides a month-by-month listing of national observances and related website resources that
teachers can use when planning learning experiences for children. This information is located
in Appendix B.
◗ updated Children’s Book list—is an extensive, updated collection of children’s books that
teachers and parents can use to promote children’s literacy skills while teaching them about
various health, safety, and nutrition topics. This resource is located in Appendix D and includes
titles that address topics such as dental health, mental health, self-care, safety, nutrition, special
needs, and physical activity/fitness.
◗ Partnering with Families—is a feature provided in every chapter to underscore the impor-
tance of engaging and including families in children’s health, safety, and nutrition education.
Information on an array of topics is provided in letter format that busy teachers can download,
copy, and send home or share with families in a newsletter, program handbook, website post-
ing, parent conference, or bulletin board display.
◗ new Chapter references—guide readers to empirical research articles and relevant publi-
cations. Students are encouraged to locate and read more about topics that are discussed in
each chapter.
Chapter-by-Chapter Changes
Chapter 1 Children’s Well-Being: What It Is and How to Achieve It
◗ New information on national health programs and initiatives, including Healthy People 2030,
Children’s Health Insurance Program, Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), and Whole School
Whole Community Whole Child (WSCC).
◗ Emphasis placed on health promotion and its effect on children’s learning, development, and
lifelong behavior.
◗ New information about stress and its damaging effect on DNA, media and social violence, cul-
tural influences on health, and children’s mental health.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice feature that addresses school expulsions and suspensions.
Chapter 2 Daily Health Observations
◗ Teacher Checklists that detail important observations related to children’s health.
◗ New references that emphasize the teachers’ role in early identification and intervention.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice feature that draws attention to the link between children’s
health and the academic achievement gap.
Chapter 3 Assessing Children’s Health
◗ Continued emphasis is placed on the teacher’s role in identifying health problems (e.g., vision,
hearing, language, nutrition) that affect children’s learning.
◗ Teacher Checklists provide easy access to critical information.
◗ New research information about children’s vision disorders, immunizations, and revised immu-
nization schedules.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice feature that raises awareness about poverty and its effect
on children’s well-being.
Chapter 4 Caring for Children with Special Medical Conditions
◗ New section on lead poisoning and the new international seizure classification system.
◗ Updated information on the signs, symptoms, and management strategies for addressing com-
mon chronic childhood diseases and medical conditions.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice feature that draws attention to meeting children’s medical
needs in school settings.
Chapter 5 The Infectious Process and Environmental Control
◗ Updated information on childhood immunizations and the new recommended immunization
schedule (and chart).
◗ New information about classroom infection control practices, including hand washing, diaper-
ing procedures, classroom pets, water tables, and green cleaning products.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice feature that raises awareness about the potential for com-
municable disease epidemics and the importance of implementing strict preventive control
procedures in school settings.
Chapter 6 Childhood Illnesses: Identification and Management
◗ New information on Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths (SUIDs), Sudden Infant Death Syn-
drome (SIDS), and new infant sleep guidelines.
◗ New information regarding ear infections and West Nile and Zika diseases.
◗ New references that reflect the latest research.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice feature that draws attention to recommendations not to
give children over-the-counter cough and cold medications.
Chapter 7 Creating High-Quality Environments
◗ Updated safety information for creating high-quality indoor and outdoor learning environ-
ments for children. New research regarding the use of synthetic turf on play yards.
◗ New guidelines for the selection and use of appropriate safety restraint systems (e.g., car seats,
booster seats) based on children’s height and weight.
◗ Continued emphasis on the importance of outdoor play and physical activity for the prevention
of childhood obesity, chronic diseases, and behavior problems.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice feature that addresses the physical environment and its
effect on children.
Chapter 8 Safety Management
◗ New regulations that govern the manufacturing of children’s furniture and toys, including imported
products, as well as updated safety features to consider when purchasing children’s furniture.
◗ Updated information on emergency and disaster preparedness and school safety, including
strategies for helping children to cope following an event.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice feature that addresses building security.
Chapter 9 Management of Injuries and Acute Illness
◗ Updated emergency and first aid techniques from the American Heart Association and Ameri-
can Red Cross.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice feature that addresses concussions.
◗ New references throughout the chapter draw attention to contemporary research.
Chapter 10 Maltreatment of Children: Abuse and Neglect
◗ Updated research regarding the immediate and long-term physical, emotional, cognitive, and
economic effects that maltreatment has on children’s development.
◗ New figures, tables, and an updated book list that can be used to address maltreatment with
children and build their resilience.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice feature about cultural healing practices that could be
interpreted as being abusive.
Chapter 11 Planning for Children’s Health and Safety Education
◗ New information about the teacher’s role in the learning environment.
◗ Additional teacher resources and children’s book lists to use for lesson planning.
Chapter 12 Nutrition Guidelines
◗ New information about the revised Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Canadian Food Guide,
and Healthy People 2030 initiatives. The new food label and menu labeling laws are also
discussed.
◗ Continued emphasis is placed on eating locally and the role of physical activity in health
promotion.
◗ New tables, figures, and Case Study.
Chapter 13 Nutrients that Provide Energy (Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins)
◗ New information about the use of artificial sweeteners in children’s food products.
◗ New recommendations regarding children and low-fat diets.
◗ New Application Activities and New Connecting to Everyday Practice features that raise ques-
tions about sugar and its role in obesity.
Chapter 14 Nutrients that Promote Growth and Regulate Body Functions (Proteins, Vitamins,
Minerals, and Water)
◗ New information about at-risk nutrients and children’s diets.
◗ New Application Activities and new Connecting to Everyday Practice features that challenge stu-
dents to apply chapter content to real-life situations.
Chapter 15 Feeding Infants
◗ New emphasis on the feeding relationship and its effect on infants’ biological, learning, and
developmental needs.
◗ New information about revised labels on children’s food products.
◗ New section on children’s food allergies and early feeding practices.
◗ Additional information about colic and ear infections.
◗ New tables, figures, and Teacher Checklists with updated information about infant serving sizes
and recommended meal pattern.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice feature focused on the development of salt
preferences.
Chapter 16 Feeding Toddlers, Preschoolers, and School-Age Children
◗ New CACFP guidelines for feeding preschool and school-age children aligned with the national
standards.
◗ New information about dietary practices and their relationship to early hypertension, cardio-
vascular heart disease, and diabetes.
◗ Additional information on increasing children’s acceptance of unfamiliar foods and media’s
influence on children’s food preferences and eating habits.
Chapter 17 Planning and Serving Nutritious and Economical Meals
◗ New meal planning guidelines based on revised National School Lunch Program and CACFP
requirements.
◗ New meal reimbursement rates.
◗ Updated references citing contemporary research.
Chapter 18 Food Safety
◗ New food safety concerns, research, and practices.
◗ New figures highlighting pesticide residues on fresh produce, common causes of food-borne
illnesses, and foods commonly associated with food-borne illness.
◗ Updated information regarding national and international efforts to improve food supply
safety, including commercial food production practices.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice feature about backyard poultry and an increase in Salmo-
nella infections.
Chapter 19 Nutrition Education: Rationale, Concepts, and Lessons
◗ New resources for teaching children about nutrition.
◗ Continued emphasis placed on family engagement and educating children about healthy eating
and physical activity.
◗ Lesson plans that include updated children’s book lists.
◗ New Connecting to Everyday Practice and Case Study features.
acknowledgments
A special thank you is extended to the instructors, students, and colleagues who use Health,
Safety, and Nutrition for the Young Child in their classes and professional endeavors. Their sug-
gestions continue to influence and improve each new edition. I would also like to recognize the
contributions of dedicated teachers and families everywhere who strive to better children’s lives.
I am once again grateful to have worked with so many talented individuals at Cengage. Brian
Pierce, my content manager, bravely stepped into an ongoing book revision in a discipline that
was relatively new to him. He has been a pleasure to work with, always prompt to answer my
many questions, and an advocate for keeping the project moving forward and on schedule. I also
want to thank the many “behind-the-scenes individuals” who contributed so much to turning
marked-up manuscript pages into a product of worth and beauty, and for getting the word out to
the audiences who are dedicated to working with children and their families!
Finally, I want to thank my husband and family for their patience and understanding during
times when writing took precedence over times spent together.
I also offer my sincere appreciation to the following reviewers for sharing so many construc-
tive suggestions:
Childhood Illnesses:
6 Identification and Management
2
2
ADJUSTMENT.
Marguerite began to think that she and her family had better have
staid in Paris, since violence as foul as any there, with less chance
of redress, took place in the country. But as there were fewer marked
for destruction in a thinly peopled than in a crowded district, the work
of horror was sooner over; and within a few weeks, all was quiet
around her dwelling. No judicial inquiry whatever was made into the
fate of the marquis; and night after night, ominous gleams were seen
from afar, marking where life and property were being offered up in
expiation of former tyranny. When every neighbouring chateau that
was empty had been sealed up and guarded by the people from
being entered by its owners; and when every inhabited one had
been dismantled or converted into a pile of blackened ruins, there
was a truce. The gentry sighed over the abolition of feudalism; the
peasantry gloried in the destruction of the aristocracy; and both,
looking no farther than their own borders, supposed that all was
over, and the state of the country,—miserable as it was,—settled.
Charles and his brother knew too well what was passing in Paris
to acquiesce in this belief; but they were glad of the good effects it
seemed to produce in quieting the minds, and therefore fixing the
outward circumstances of their neighbours. People went about their
regular business once more, prices grew steady in the markets, and
the mysterious, dishonest sort of bargaining which had gone on
immediately after the destruction of the chateaux, was seen no
more. No golden timepieces now passed from hand to hand, in
exchange for the coarsest articles of clothing or furniture; and if
polished tables, or morsels of curious old china were seen here and
there in the hovels of half-starved peasants, they were not put up for
sale, and did not answer the purpose of further perplexing the values
of things. Seeing that Marguerite began to feel pretty much at her
ease once more, going to rest without presentiments of being roused
by fire, and venturing, with only the children, to transact her
necessary purchases among the peasantry, Charles began to try
whether he could make anything of his business at Paris; and set
out, in order that he might be on the spot to take advantage of the
first symptoms of tranquillity to meet the demand which would then
certainly arise.
He went to Paris before winter was quite over; and found more
promise of a settlement of public affairs than at any time since the
commencement of the revolution. Yet he would not hear of his family
joining him, till it should be known whether or not king, parliament,
and people would cordially agree in the new constitution which was
then in preparation. When there was not only a promise of this, but
all arts and artificers were actually put in requisition to render the
spectacle of taking the oath as magnificent as the occasion required,
there was no further pretence for Charles’s prudence to interfere with
the hopefulness which now seemed rational enough. He sent a
summons to Marguerite to return and witness the festival from which
her loyalty and his patriotism might derive equal gratification. But
Marguerite was detained in the country by her father’s illness,—his
last; and the children were deprived of the power of saying
afterwards that they had witnessed in Paris the transactions of that
day which was regarded at the time as the most remarkable in the
annals of France.
That day, the 14th of July, 1790, was appointed to be a high
festival throughout the kingdom: Charles passed it in the Champ de
Mars; Marguerite by the dying bed of her father; the children, under
the guardianship of their uncle Antoine, among the rejoicing
peasantry; and Steele, who had returned to Bordeaux when Charles
settled himself again in Paris, took the opportunity of visiting La
Haute Favorite for the first time after so many vicissitudes.
It seemed to them all a strange,—to the superstitious among them,
an ominous circumstance that they should be thus separated on the
occasion when all were called upon to recognize the social
agreement under which they and their successors were to live.
A gleam of the afternoon sun shone in upon the face of
Marguerite’s father as he dozed, and made him turn restlessly on his
couch. His daughter hastened to shut it out, and the movement
awoke him.
“One is fit only for the grave,” he said, “when the light which shines
on all above it becomes painful.”
“Father! you are better,” said Marguerite, turning round astonished.
“No,” said he, faintly, “not better. I cannot bear this light,—or this
heat,—or—but no matter; it will presently be over. But where is
Charles?”
“He will be here very soon; but it is only two days since you
became worse; and there has been no time for him to come yet. To-
day he is waiting upon the king, and next he will wait on you.”
“On the king!” and the old man was roused at once. “And all the
people? I fancied they had left off their duty. Who waits upon the
king?”
“The whole nation,” Marguerite replied, sighing to herself,
however, over her own view of the matter—that the king was, in fact,
waiting upon the nation. She proceeded to tell what was doing in
Paris, and remarked that she hoped they had finer weather there
than here, where it had been a day of continued rain, till the gleam
came which had wakened her father.
M. Raucourt was too ignorant of the events of the last two years to
be able to comprehend the present proceeding. He could not see
what the people had to do with the constitution; but laid the blame on
his own weak brain, when assured that the loyal men of France were
all consenting to the measure. Other tokens of ignorance were much
more affecting to his daughter. He wished to be raised in bed, so that
he might see his olive woods in the evening glow. They were no
longer there, and his attention must be diverted to something else.
He wished to behold the marquis de Thou passing the house for his
daily ride.—The bones of him he asked for were mouldering under
the ruins of his own abode.—“At least,” said M. Raucourt, “let me be
carried to the window, that I may see the chateau. It looks so finely
on the terrace! and it is so long since I saw it!”—Grass was growing
on its hearths, and the peasants’ children were playing hide and
seek among its roofless halls.
“You have not asked for the children,” said Marguerite. “If you are
so strong this afternoon, perhaps you can bear to speak to them.”
And they were sent for, and presently made their appearance from
the river-side, full of what they had been seeing and doing. They told
how one cannon was fired when the hour struck at which the royal
procession was to set out, and another when the whole array was to
be formed in the Champ de Mars, and others to represent the taking
of the oath by the king, by the representatives of the parliament, and
by Lafayette in the name of the people.
“And what is all this for?” asked the old man. “It is a beautiful
spectacle, no doubt; but there were no such things in my time as the
king and the people swearing at the same altar.”
“The people make the king swear, and some of them do not think
he likes it,”—observed Julien, unmindful of his mother’s signs.
Pauline went on,
“No more than he liked being brought prisoner from Versailles, and
having his guards’ heads cut off.”
The little girl was terrified at the effect of her words. She in vain
attempted to make up for them by saying that the king and queen
were very well now; and that the people did not expect to be starved
any more, and that everybody was to be very happy after this day.
The loyal old man said he should never be happy any more; and
groaned and wept himself into a state of exhaustion from which he
did not revive, though he lived two or three days longer.
“I wish,—I wish—” sobbed poor Pauline, “that the people had
never meddled with the king——”
“Or the king with the people,” said Julien, “for that was the
beginning of it all.”
“I am sure so do I,” said Marguerite, sighing. “It is little comfort to
say, as Antoine does, that the world cannot roll on without crushing
somebody.”
“If that somebody puts himself in the way, uncle said,” observed
Julien.
“Everybody has been in the way, I think, my dear. All France is
crushed.”
“Not quite, mamma. Uncle Antoine and Mr. Steele are sitting
between the two big vines, and they say that everybody will be
buying wine now that buying and selling are going to begin again.”
It was very true that the young men were enjoying their favourite
retreat to the utmost; gilding it with the sunshine of their
expectations, and making it as musical with the voice of hope as with
the gay songs which were wafted from the revellers below.
They were not a little pleased when their anticipations were
countenanced by a letter from Charles which reached his wife on the
day of her father’s death, and was not the less in accordance with
her feelings for having been written before tidings of the old man’s
illness had reached Paris, and being, as usual, hopeful and happy.
“I have written to Antoine,” he said, “to urge all care in the
approaching vintage, and all dispatch in the management of our
immediate business. Good days are coming at last, unless
despotism should bring on itself a new punishment, and rouse once
more the spirit of faction, which has been laid to rest this day by that
powerful spell, the voice of a united nation. It would astonish you to
see how commercial confidence has already revived; and, as a
consequence, how the values of all things are becoming fixed; and,
again, as a consequence of this, how the intercourses of society are
facilitated, and its peace promoted. It was the perception and
anticipation of this which to me constituted the chief pleasure of the
magnificent solemnity of this day. It was a grand thing to behold the
national altar in the midst of an amphitheatre filled with countless
thousands; but it was a grander to remember that these thousands
were only the representatives of multitudes more who were on tiptoe
on all our hills, in all our valleys, watching and listening for the token
that they may trust one another once more, and exchange, for their
mutual good, the fruits of their toil. It was touching to see the
battalion of children,—‘the hope of the nation,’—coming forward to
remind the state that it sways the fate of a future age; but it was
more touching to think of our own little ones, and to believe that, by
the present act, the reward of the social virtues we try to teach them
is secured to them.—It was imposing to see one golden flood of light
gush from a parting cloud, giving an aspect of blessing to what had
before been stormy; but it was as an analogy that it struck us all, and
impelled us to send up a shout like the homage of worshippers of the
sun. Has not a light broken through the dreariness of our political
tempests? There maybe,—let us hope there will be, from this day,
order in the elements of our social state. Let but all preserve the faith
they have sworn, and there will be no more sporting with life and
property, no absurd playing with baubles while there is a craving for
bread, no ruin to the industrious, and sudden wealth to such as
speculate on national distress. We may once more estimate the
labour of our peasantry, and the value of our own resources, and fix
and receive the due reward of each. We may reach that high point of
national prosperity in which the ascertainment and due recompense
of industry involve each other; when the values of things become
calculable, and mutual confidence has a solid basis.—I do not say
that this prosperity will come, but I hope it will; and if all others have
the same hope, it certainly will. It may be that the sovereign will lose
his confidence, and go back. It may be that the parliament or the
people will do the same; and then may follow worse miseries than
we have yet known. But if they see how much social confidence has
to do with social prosperity, they will refuse to disturb the tranquillity
which has been this day established.
“And now, however you may sigh or smile a the spirit of hope
which is in me and Antoine, what say you to it in the case of a
nation? Are not its commercial exchanges a most important branch
of its intercourses? Must not those exchanges be regulated by some
principle of value, instead of being the sport of caprice? Is not that
principle the due and equable recompense of labour, or (in business-
like terms) the cost of production? Is not this recompense secured by
the natural workings of interests—and can these interests work
naturally without an anticipation of recompense—that is, without
hope, inspiring confidence? Depend upon it, hope is not only the
indispensable stimulus of individual action, but the elastic pressure
by which society is surrounded and held together. Great is the crime
of those who injure it; and especially heinous will be the first trespass
on public confidence of any who have been in the Champ de Mars
this day. As that which is national springs from that which is
individual, I will add that Antoine and Steele are patriotic if they exult
in the ripening beauties of Favorite; and if you would be patriotic too,
gladden yourself with the promise of our children, and tell me, when
we meet, that you trust with me that all will be well both with our
wines and our politics.”
Summary of Principles illustrated in this Volume.
There are two kinds of Value: value in use, and value in exchange.
Articles of the greatest value in use may have none in exchange;
as they may be enjoyed without labour; and it is labour which confers
Exchangeable Value.
This is not the less true for capital as well as labour being
employed in production; for capital is hoarded labour.
When equal quantities of any two articles require an equal amount
of labour to produce them, they exchange exactly against one
another. If one requires more labour than the other, a smaller
quantity of the one exchanges against a larger quantity of the other.
If it were otherwise, no one would bestow a larger quantity of
labour for a less return; and the article requiring the most labour
would cease to be produced.
Exchangeable value, therefore, naturally depends on cost of
production.
Naturally, but not universally; for there are influences which cause
temporary variations in exchangeable value.
These are, whatever circumstances affect demand and supply.
But these can act only temporarily; because the demand of any
procurable article creates supply; and the factitious value conferred
by scarcity soon has an end.
When this end has arrived, cost of production again determines
exchangeable value.
Its doing so may, therefore, stand as a general rule.
Though labour, immediate and hoarded, is the regulator, it is not
the measure of exchangeable value: for the sufficient reason, that
labour itself is perpetually varying in quality and quantity, from there
being no fixed proportion between immediate and hoarded labour.
Since labour, the primary regulator, cannot serve as a measure of
exchangeable value, none of the products of labour can serve as
such a measure.
There is, therefore, no measure of exchangeable value.
Such a measure is not needed; as a due regulation of the supply
of labour, and the allowance of free scope to the principle of
competition ensure sufficient stability of exchangeable value for all
practical purposes.
In these requisites are included security of property, and freedom
of exchange, to which political tranquillity and legislative impartiality
are essential.
Price is the exponent of exchangeable value.
Transcriber’s Note
Words hyphenated on line or page breaks have the
hyphen removed if the preponderance of other
occurences are unhyphenated. Hyphens occuring
midline are retained regardless of other unhyphenated
occurences (step-mother/stepmother, straight-
forward/straightforward, life-time/lifetime, work-
house/workhouse, fish-women/fishwomen, door-
way/doorway).
At line 12 of page 27 in “For Each and For All”, there is
an opening double quote which seems superfluous. The
author’s intent not being clear, it has been retained.
Other errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s
have been corrected, and are noted here. The
references are to the page and line in the original. Given
the independent pagination of the original, these are
divided by volume.
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