2

Matrices
Recall the types of matrices and algebra of matrices namely addition, subtraction, multiplication of two matrices.
Elementary Transformations:

𝟏 𝟐
Operation Notation Meaning For a matrix 𝑨 = [ ]
𝟑 𝟒
𝑅𝑖 ↔ 𝑅𝑗 or 𝑅𝑖𝑗 𝑅12 means
1) Interchange of any two 3 4
Or interchanging 1st and By 𝑅12 we get, [ ]
rows or any two columns. 1 2
𝐶𝑖 ↔ 𝐶𝑗 or 𝐶𝑖𝑗 2nd rows/columns
2) Multiplication of the 𝑘𝑅𝑖 or 𝑅𝑖 → 𝑘𝑅𝑖
3𝑅1 means multiplying
elements of any row or Or 3 6
every 1st row element by By 3𝑅1 we get, [ ]
column by a non-zero 𝑘𝐶𝑖 or 𝐶𝑖 → 𝑘𝐶𝑖 3 4
3
scalar
3) Adding the scalar
𝑅1 + 5𝑅2 means By 𝑅1 + 5𝑅2 we get
multiples of all the
𝑅𝑖 → 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑘𝑅𝑗 multiplying all the 1+5×3 2+5×4
elements of any row [ ]
elements of 2nd row by 5
(column) to Or 3 4
and then adding them to
corresponding elements 𝐶𝑖 → 𝐶𝑖 + 𝑘𝐶𝑗 16 22
corresponding elements =[ ]
of any other row 3 4
of 1st row.
(column).

Q. Apply the given elementary transformation on each of the following matrices.

1 0
1) 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
−1 3
1 −1 3
2) 𝐵 = [ ] , 𝑅1 − 𝑅2
2 5 4
1 −1 3
3) 𝐴 = [2 1 0] , 3𝑅3 and then 𝐶3 + 2𝐶2
3 3 1
1 2
4) Use suitable transformation on [ ] to convert it into an upper triangular matrix.
3 4
1 −1
5) Convert [ ] into an identity matrix by suitable row transformations.
2 3
Solution:
1 0 −𝟏 𝟑
1) 𝐴 = [ ], performing 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2 (interchanging 𝑅1 with 𝑅2 ), ∴ 𝑨~ [ ]
−1 3 𝟏 𝟎
1 −1 3
2) 𝐵 = [ ] , performing 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 (change will happen in 𝑅1 only),
2 5 4
1 − 2 −1 − 5 3 − 4 −𝟏 −𝟔 −𝟏
∴ 𝐵~ [ ]=[ ]
2 5 4 𝟐 𝟓 𝟒
1 −1 3 1 −1 3 1 −1 3
3) 𝐴 = [2 1 0] , performing 3𝑅3 first, 𝐴~ [ 2 1 0 ] = [2 1 0]
3 3 1 3×3 3×3 3×1 9 9 3
Now performing 𝐶3 + 2𝐶2 (change will happen in 𝐶3 only),
1 −1 3 + 2 × −1 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝐴~ [2 1 0+2×1 ] = [ 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐]
9 9 3+2×9 𝟗 𝟗 𝟐𝟏
1

1 2
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4) Consider 𝐴 = [ ]
3 4
 1 2
∴ 𝐴~ [ ] (Performing 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 )
3−3×1 4−3×2
𝟏 𝟐
∴ 𝑨~ [ ] which is an upper triangular matrix.
𝟎 −𝟐
1 −1
5) Consider 𝐴 = [ ]
2 3
1 −1
∴ 𝐴~ [ ] (Performing 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 )
2 − 2 × 1 3 − 2 × −1
1 −1
∴ 𝐴~ [ ]
0 5
1 −1 1
∴ 𝐴~ [ ] (Performing 5 𝑅2 )
0 1
𝟏 𝟎
∴ 𝑨~ [ ] (Performing 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) which is an identity matrix.
𝟎 𝟏
Inverse of a matrix:
Definition: If A is a square matrix of order m and if there exists another square matrix B of the same order such
that AB = BA = I, where I is the identity matrix of order m, then B is called as the inverse of A and is denoted by
𝐴−1 .
Thus 𝐴 ∙ 𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐼
Note that –
1) A matrix is said to be invertible if its inverse exists.
2) A square matrix A has inverse if and only if |A| ≠ 0 i.e. It is a non-singular matrix.
3) If A is a square matrix where |A| ≠ 0 then its inverse, say A-1, is unique.
Methods of finding Inverse of a matrix:
(i) Elementary row or column transformation (ii) Adjoint method

1) Elementary row or column transformation:

OR

Guidelines for reducing the matrix A to 𝑰𝟑 (by row transformation):

i. Reduce 𝑎11 to 1 and then 𝑎12 & 𝑎13 to 0
ii. Reduce 𝑎22 to 1 and then 𝑎21 & 𝑎23 to 0
iii. Reduce 𝑎33 to 1 and then 𝑎31 & 𝑎32 to 0

2) Adjoint Method:
Steps for finding 𝑨−𝟏 by Adjoint method:
1) Find the determinant of A i.e. |𝐴|
2) Find all the cofactors and write the Cofactors Matrix ‘C’
3) Write Adjoint of A by taking Transpose of C
1
4) Use formula, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| × 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)

Q. Find which of the following matrices are invertible?

1 3 2
2 −1
i) 𝐴 = [ ] ii) 𝐵 = [3 1 2]
4 −2
2 3 1
Solution:
2 −1
2

i) Consider |𝐴| = | | = 2 × (−2) − 4 × (−1) = −4 + 4 = 0

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4 −2
i.e. A is singular. ∴ it is not invertible. (We cannot find its inverse)
 1 3 2
ii) Consider |𝐵| = |3 1 2| = 1(1 − 6) − 3(3 − 4) + 2(9 − 2) = 1(−5) − 3(−1) + 2(7) = 12 ≠ 0
2 3 1
i.e. B is non-singular. Hence it is invertible and we can find its inverse.

Q. Find the inverse of the following matrices by i) Elementary transformations ii) Adjoint method.
1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 −1
1 2
i) [ ] ii) [3 3 0 ] iii) [1 2 3] iv) [5 1 0 ]
2 −1
5 2 −1 3 1 1 0 1 3
Solution:
1 2 1 2
i) Let 𝐴 = [ ] ∴ |𝐴| = | | = −1 − 4 = −5 ≠ 0 Hence 𝐴−1 exists.
2 −1 2 −1
Reduction Method Adjoint Method
We will use row transformation. The cofactors of A are,
Consider, 𝐴 ∙ 𝐴−1 = 𝐼 𝐶11 = +(−1) = −1
1 2 −1 1 0
i.e. [ ]∙𝐴 =[ ] 𝐶12 = −(2) = −2
2 −1 0 1
Perform 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝐶21 = −(2) = −2
1 2 1 0
∴[ ] ∙ 𝐴−1 = [ ] 𝐶22 = +(1) = 1
0 −5 −2 1
1 −1 −2
Now perform −5 𝑅2 , ∴ The cofactor matrix is, 𝐶 = [ ]
−2 1
1 2 1 0 −1 −2
∴[ ] ∙ 𝐴−1 = [ ] Thus, Adj(A)= 𝐶 𝑇 = [ ]
0 1 2/5 1/−5 −2 1
Now perform 𝑅1 − 2𝑅2 , Hence by Adjoint method,
1 0 1/5 2/5 1 1 −1 −2
∴[ ] ∙ 𝐴−1 = [ ] 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| × 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = −5 × [ ]
0 1 2/5 1/−5 −2 1
1 1 2 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
∴ 𝐼 ∙ 𝐴−1 = 5 [ ] ∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟓 [ ]
2 −1 𝟐 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = [ ]
𝟓 𝟐 −𝟏
1 0 0 1 0 0
ii) Let 𝐴 = [3 3 0 ] ∴ |𝐴| = |3 3 0 | = 1(−3) − 0 + 0 = −3 ≠ 0 Hence 𝐴−1 exists.
5 2 −1 5 2 −1
Reduction Method Adjoint Method
We will use row transformation. The cofactors of A are,
Consider, 𝐴 ∙ 𝐴−1 = 𝐼 𝐶11 = +(−3 − 0) = −3
1 0 0 1 0 0
−1
i.e. [3 3 0 ] ∙ 𝐴 = [0 1 0] 𝐶12 = −(−3 − 0) = 3
5 2 −1 0 0 1
Perform 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 and 𝑅3 − 5𝑅1 𝐶13 = +(6 − 15) = −9
1 0 0 1 0 0
∴ [0 3 0 ] ∙ 𝐴−1 = [−3 1 0] 𝐶21 = −(0 − 0) = 0
0 2 −1 −5 0 1
1
Now perform 3 𝑅2 , 𝐶22 = +(−1 − 0) = −1
1 0 0 1 0 0
−1
∴ [0 1 0 ] ∙ 𝐴 = [−1 1/3 0] 𝐶23 = −(2 − 0) = −2
0 2 −1 −5 0 1
Now perform 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2 𝐶31 = +(0 − 0) = 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
−1
∴ [0 1 0 ] ∙ 𝐴 = [−1 1/3 0] 𝐶32 = −(0 − 0) = 0
0 0 −1 −3 −2/3 1
Now perform (−1)𝑅3 , 𝐶33 = +(3 − 0) = 3
1 0 0 1 0 0 −3 3 −9
−1
∴ [0 1 0] ∙ 𝐴 = [−1 1/3 0 ] ∴ The cofactor matrix , 𝐶 = [ 0 −1 −2]
3

0 0 1 3 2/3 −1 0 0 3
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 1 0 0 −3 0 0
∴ 𝐼 ∙ 𝐴−1 = [−1 1/3 0 ] Thus, Adj(A)= 𝐶 𝑇 = [ 3 −1 0]
3 2/3 −1 −9 −2 3
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 −3 0 0
−𝟏 −1 1 1
∴𝑨 =[ −𝟏 𝟏/𝟑 𝟎] 𝐴 = |𝐴| × 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = −3 × [ 3 −1 0]
𝟑 𝟐/𝟑 −𝟏 −9 −2 3
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = [−𝟏 𝟏/𝟑 𝟎 ]
𝟑 𝟐/𝟑 −𝟏
𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟐
iii) Answer is 𝑨−𝟏 = [ 𝟒 𝟑 𝟏 ]
𝟓/𝟑 𝟑/𝟐 𝟏/𝟐
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏
iv) Answer is 𝑨−𝟏 = [−𝟏𝟓 𝟔 −𝟓]
𝟓 −𝟐 𝟐

Application of Matrices
We can apply matrices to solve a system of simultaneous equation in two/three variables.
There are two methods of the same.
1) Reduction Method :
a. Write the matrix form 𝐴 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐵
b. Perform the suitable row transformations on the matrix A and reduce it to an upper triangular
matrix or lower triangular matrix or diagonal matrix.
c. The same row transformations are performed simultaneously on matrix B.
d. Now they are in such a form that they can be easily solved by elimination method.
2) Inversion Method:
a. Write the matrix form 𝐴 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐵
b. Find the inverse of A by adjoint method.
c. Pre-multiply the matrix equation 𝐴 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐵 by 𝐴−1
i.e. 𝐴−1 𝐴 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
∴ 𝐼 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
∴ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 which gives the required solution.
Q. Solve the following equation by Inversion method.
i) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 3 (Ans: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1)
ii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 (Ans: 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1)
Solution:
i) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 3
1 2 𝑥 2
The matrix form of these equations is, 𝐴 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐵 where 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [ ]
2 3 3
We will find 𝐴−1 by adjoint method.
1 2
Consider, |𝐴| = | | = 3 − 4 = −1 ≠ 0 Hence 𝐴−1 exists
2 3
The cofactors of A are,
𝐶11 = +(3) = 3 𝐶12 = −(2) = −2
𝐶21 = −(2) = −2 𝐶22 = +(1) = 1
3 −2
∴ The cofactor matrix is, 𝐶 = [ ]
−2 1
3 −2
Thus, Adj(A)= 𝐶 𝑇 = [ ]
−2 1
1 1 3 −2 −3 2
𝐴−1 = × 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = ×[ ]=[ ]
|𝐴| −1 −2 1 2 −1
∴ The required solution is given by, 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑥 −3 2 2 −6 + 6 0
∴ [𝑦 ] = [ ]∙[ ] =[ ]=[ ]
2 −1 3 4−3 1
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏
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ii) Students can practice as above.

Q. Solve the following equation by reduction method.
i) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5, 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −3 (Ans: 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = −3)
ii) 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2, 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 4 (Ans: 𝑥 = 1/2, 𝑦 = 1/2)
Solution:
i) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5, 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −3
2 1 𝑥 5
The matrix form of these equations is, 𝐴 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐵 where 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [ ]
3 5 −3
2 1 𝑥 5
∴[ ]∙[ ]=[ ] We will reduce A to an upper triangular matrix.
3 5 𝑦 −3
3
Perform 𝑅2 − 2 𝑅1 ,
2 1 𝑥 5
∴[ 3] ∙ [𝑦 ] = [ 15]
0 5− −3 −
2 2
2 1 𝑥 5
∴[ 7] ∙ [ ] = [−21]
0 𝑦
2 2
∴ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 …(1) and
7 −21
𝑦= 2 ∴ 7𝑦 = −21 ∴ 𝒚 = −𝟑
2
Put 𝑦 = −3 in equation (1)
∴ 2𝑥 + (−3) = 5 ∴ 2𝑥 = 8 ∴𝒙=𝟒
Hence 𝒙 = 𝟒, 𝒚 = −𝟑 is the required solution.
ii) Students can practice as above.

Verbal Q.No.1. The cost of 4 pencils, 3 pens and 2 erasers is Rs. 60. The cost of 2 pencils, 4 pens and 6 erasers
is Rs. 90, whereas the cost of 6 pencils, 2 pens and 3 erasers is Rs.70. Find the cost of each item by using matrices.
Solution: Let the costs of 1 pencil, 1 pen and 1 eraser are 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 respectively.
Hence from the given information we get,
𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟔𝟎 (1st Sentence), 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟔𝒛 = 𝟗𝟎 (2nd sentence), 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟕𝟎 (3rd Sentence)
4 3 2 𝑥 60
The matrix form of these equations is, 𝐴 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐵 where 𝐴 = [2 4 6] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [90]
6 2 3 𝑧 70
4 3 2 𝑥 60
∴ [2 4 6] ∙ [𝑦] = [90] We will reduce A to an upper triangular matrix.
6 2 3 𝑧 70
1
Perform 2 𝑅2 and then 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
1 2 3 𝑥 45
∴ [4 3 2] ∙ [𝑦] = [60]
6 2 3 𝑧 70
Now perform 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1 and 𝑅3 − 6𝑅1 ,
1 2 3 𝑥 45
∴ [0 −5 −10] ∙ [𝑦] = [−120]
0 −10 −15 𝑧 −200
1
Now perform −5 𝑅2 and 𝑅3 + 10𝑅2
1 2 3 𝑥 45
∴ [0 1 2] ∙ [𝑦] = [24]
0 0 5 𝑧 40
∴ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 45 …(1)
And 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 24 …(2)
And 5𝑧 = 40 gives 𝒛 = 𝟖
Put 𝑧 = 8 in equation (2), 𝑦 + 2(8) = 24 gives 𝒚 = 𝟖
Finally put 𝑦 = 8, 𝑧 = 8 in equation (1), 𝑥 + 2(8) + 3(8) = 45 which gives 𝒙 = 𝟓
∴ The costs of 1 pencil is Rs.5, 1 pen is Rs.8 and 1 eraser is Rs.8.
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Verbal Q.No.2. If three numbers are added, their sum is ‘2’. If 2 times the second number is subtracted from the
sum of first and third number we get ‘8’ and if three times the first number is added to the sum of second and
third number we get ‘4’. Find the numbers using matrices. (March 2019)
Solution: Let the required numbers are 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧.
Hence from the given information we get,
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐 (1st Sentence), 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟖 (2nd sentence), 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟒 (3rd Sentence)
1 1 1 𝑥 2
The matrix form of these equations is, 𝐴 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐵 where 𝐴 = [1 −2 1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [8]
3 1 1 𝑧 4
1 1 1 𝑥 2
∴ [1 −2 1] ∙ [𝑦] = [8] We will reduce A to a simple form.
3 1 1 𝑧 4
Perform 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 and then 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
1 1 1 𝑥 2
∴ [0 −3 0 ] ∙ [𝑦] = [ 6 ]
0 −2 −2 𝑧 −2
∴𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2 …(1)
And −3𝑦 = 6 gives 𝒚 = −𝟐
And −2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −2 gives −2(−2) − 2𝑧 = −2 ∴ 4 + 2 = 2𝑧 i.e. 𝒛 = 𝟑
Finally put 𝑦 = −2, 𝑧 = −3 in equation (1), 𝑥 + (−2) + (3) = 2 which gives 𝒙 = 𝟏
Thus, the required three numbers are 1, −2 and 3.

Practice Question:
1) Solve the following equations by the method of reduction
x+3y+3z=12
x+4y+4z=15
x+3y+4z=13

2) The total cost of 3 T.V. sets and 2 V.C.R.s is Rs. 35000. The shop-keeper wants profit of 1000 per
television and Rs. 500 per V.C.R. He can sell 2 T. V. sets and 1 V.C.R. and get the total revenue as Rs.
21,500. Find the cost price and the selling price of a T.V. sets and a V.C.R.

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