XII Sci. Maths Important Theorems With Proof (C)
XII Sci. Maths Important Theorems With Proof (C)
College, Malegaon
Mathematics – Important Theorems
Mathematics
XII Science
Suggestive
Important Theorems
Note:
• These are only the suggestive Important Theorems based
on the Previous Board Exams.
• The students are advised to practice the following
theorems and their proofs for the board exam.
• The Red Marked (*) theorems are the most important
Oz_Ah
and have the highest probability of being asked in the
Exam.
• Students are also
(The advised to refer the proofs from the
Benchmark)
textbook. (The textbook page numbers are mentioned
with every proof.)
• Kindly consult your Mathematics Teacher for further
guidance and support.
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 1
XII Science
Mathematics – Important Theorems
INDEX
Ch. Theorem Textbook
Chapter Title Theorem Title
No. No. Page No.
1 Logic -- -- --
2 Matrices -- -- --
Trigonometric 3.2.4 Sine Rule 77
3
Functions 3.3.5 Cosine Rule (Any of the forms) 79
(*) Homogenous equation of degree two in x and y,
3 a𝑥 2 +2hxy + b𝑦 2 = 0 represents a pair of lines 114-15
Pair of Straight
4 passing through the origin if h2 – ab 0
Lines
(*) The acute angle 𝜃 between the lines
4.4 120-121
represented by a𝑥 2 +2hxy + b𝑦 2 = 0
Two non-zero vectors a and b are collinear if and
1 137-138
only if ma + n b = 0 .
5 (*) Section Formula (Internal Div) 152
3
Indefinite
Integration
3.3.1 Oz_Ah
Proof of Standard Formulae using substitution
(*) Integration by Parts
Proof of Standard Formulae using by parts
111-113
128
132-133
Definite (The Benchmark)
(*) Properties of Definite Integration
4 159-161
Integration Mainly Prop. No. V, VI, VII, VIII
Appli. of Def.
5 -- -- --
Integration
6 Diff. Equations -- -- --
7 Prob. Dist. -- -- --
8 Binomial Dist. -- -- --
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 2
XII Science
Mathematics – Important Theorems
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
The Sine Rule : In ∆ABC, = = = 𝟐𝑹 where R is the circumradius of ∆ABC
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
Proof:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Part-1: To prove that = = Part-2: To prove each ratio in Eqtn (1) is
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
equal to 2R
We know that atleast one angle of a
triangle is not 900 .
Draw diameter through A. Let it meet
circle in P.
Draw AD ⊥ BC.
As AD is the height and BC is the base,
1
∴ 𝐴 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = × 𝐵𝐶 × 𝐴𝐷
2
1 AP = 2R and ∆ ACP is a right angled
∴ 𝐴 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = × 𝑎 × 𝑏 sin 𝐶
2 triangle.
∴ 2𝐴 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 Also ∠ ABC = ∠ APC (Same Arc Angles)
Similarly we can write, 𝑏
2𝐴 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎𝑐 sin 𝐵 and ∴ sin 𝐵 = sin 𝑃 =
2𝑅
2𝐴 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴 𝑏
Thus sin 𝐵 =
2𝑅
Thus, 𝑏
𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑐 sin 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 which means = 2𝑅 --- (2)
sin 𝐵
Thus from Eqtns (1) and (2),
Divide throughout by 𝑎𝑏𝑐,
sin 𝐴
𝑎
=
sin 𝐵
𝑏
=
sin 𝐶
𝑐
--- (1) Oz_Ah 𝒂
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨
=
𝒃
=
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
𝒄
= 𝟐𝑹 Proved.
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
(The Benchmark)
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 3
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Mathematics – Important Theorems
OR (Second Method)
Proof:
Let ∆ABC as shown in the figure with it’s sides as vectors
𝐶𝐵 = 𝑎, ത 𝐵𝐴 = 𝑐,ҧ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑏.ത
considering vertex A as origin.
Claim: (ii) 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑐𝑎 cos 𝐵
By Traingle law of vector addition,
𝑎ത + 𝑏ത = 𝑐ҧ
∴ 𝑏ത = 𝑐ҧ − 𝑎ത
∴ 𝑏ത ∙ 𝑏ത = 𝑏ത ∙ 𝑐ҧ − 𝑎ത
∴ 𝑏 2 = 𝑐ҧ − 𝑎ത ∙ 𝑐ҧ − 𝑎ത
Oz_Ah
∴ 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑐ҧ ∙ 𝑎ത (The Benchmark)
∴ 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑐𝑎 cos 𝐵 (Using dot prod. Definition)
Similarly we can prove the other two relations.
Note:
You can use any one of the above two methods (which you find easier) to prove the
cosine rule.
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 4
XII Science
Mathematics – Important Theorems
∴ 𝑏𝑦 + ℎ𝑥 + 𝑥 ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑦 + ℎ𝑥 − 𝑥 ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 = 0
∴ ℎ + ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 × Oz_Ah
ℎ − ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 0
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 5
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Mathematics – Important Theorems
Theorem No. 4.4 ACUTE ANGLE between pair of lines M-1st TB P.No. 120
The Acute Angle between pair of lines: The acute angle 𝜃 between the lines
2 ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏
represented by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is given by tan 𝜃 =
𝑎+𝑏
Proof: Let 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 be slopes of lines represented by the equation by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0.
2ℎ 𝑎
∴ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = − 𝑏 and 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 𝑏
Consider 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 2 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 2 − 4𝑚1 𝑚2
2 2ℎ 2 𝑎
∴ 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 = − −4𝑏
𝑏
2 4 ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏
∴ 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 = 𝑏2
2 2
ℎ −𝑎𝑏
∴ 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 = 𝑏
Now the angle between two lines having slopes 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 is given by,
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
tan 𝜃 =
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
2 ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏 2 ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏
𝑏 𝑏
∴ tan 𝜃 = 𝑎 = 𝑏+𝑎
1+
𝑏 𝑏
𝟐 𝒉𝟐 −𝒂𝒃
∴ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = provided a+b≠0
𝒂+𝒃
Chapter-05 VECTORS
M-1st TB P.No. 137-
Theorem No. 1 COLLINEAR Vectors
138
The Condition for Collinear Vectors: Two non-zero vectors 𝑎ത and 𝑏ത are collinear if and only
if there exist scalars m and n, at least one of them is non-zero such that m𝑎ത + 𝑛𝑏ത = 0ത
Proof: Part-I (Only-if Part)
Thus 𝑎ത − 𝑡𝑏ത = 0ത
Oz_Ah
Suppose 𝑎ത and 𝑏ത are collinear. ∴ There exists a scalar t ≠ 0 such that 𝑎ത = 𝑡𝑏ത
Which is in the form m𝑎ത + 𝑛𝑏ത = 0ത where m=1 and n=-1. Thus proved.
Part-II (Converse Part) (The Benchmark)
Suppose m𝑎ത + 𝑛𝑏ത = 0ത where 𝑚 ≠ 0
∴ m𝑎ത = −𝑛𝑏ത
𝑛
∴ 𝑎ത = − 𝑏ത
𝑚
𝑛
i.e. 𝑎ത = 𝑡𝑏ത where 𝑡 = − is a scalar.
𝑚
ത
i.e. 𝑎ത is a scalar multiple of 𝑏.
∴ 𝑎ത and 𝑏ത are collinear. Thus proved.
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 6
XII Science
Mathematics – Important Theorems
Chapter-05 VECTORS
M-1st TB P.No.
Theorem No. 5 SECTION FORMULA (Internal Division)
152
ത be any two points in the space and R(𝑟)ҧ be a point on the
Section formula : Let A 𝑎ത and B(𝑏)
ത 𝑎ത
m𝑏+𝑛
line segment AB dividing it internally in the ratio m : n. Then 𝑟ҧ =
𝑚+𝑛
Proof: As R is a point on the line segment AB (A-R-B) and 𝐴𝑅 and 𝑅𝐵 are in same direction.
𝐴𝑅 𝑚
= , so 𝑛 ∙ 𝐴𝑅 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑅𝐵
𝑅𝐵 𝑛
As m(𝑅𝐵) and n(𝐴𝑅) have same direction and magnitude.
∴ m 𝑅𝐵 = n(𝐴𝑅)
∴ m 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝑅 = n(𝑂𝑅 − 𝑂𝐴)
∴ m 𝑏ത − 𝑟ҧ = n(𝑟ҧ − 𝑎) ത
∴ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑏ത − 𝑚 ∙ 𝑟ҧ = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑟ҧ − 𝑛 ∙ 𝑎ത
∴ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑏ത + 𝑛 ∙ 𝑎ത = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑟ҧ + 𝑛 ∙ 𝑟ҧ = 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑟ҧ
ഥ 𝒂
𝐦𝒃+𝒏ഥ
∴ 𝒓ത = Thus proved.
𝒎+𝒏
Chapter-05 VECTORS
M-1st TB P.No. 137-
Theorem No. 6 SECTION FORMULA (External Division)
138
ത be any two points in the space and R(𝑟)ҧ be a point on the
Section formula : Let A 𝑎ത and B(𝑏)
ത 𝑏ത
m𝑎−𝑛
line segment AB dividing it externally in the ratio m : n. Then 𝑟ҧ =
𝑚−𝑛
Proof: As the point R divides line segment AB externally, we have either A-B-R or R-A-B.
Assume that A-B-R
𝐴𝑅 𝑚
= , so 𝑛 ∙ 𝐴𝑅 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑅𝐵
𝐵𝑅 𝑛
As m(𝐵𝑅) and n(𝐴𝑅) have same direction and magnitude.
∴ m 𝐵𝑅 = n(𝐴𝑅)
∴ m 𝑂𝑅 − 𝑂𝐵 = n(𝑂𝑅 − 𝑂𝐴)
∴ m 𝑟ҧ − 𝑏ത = n(𝑟ҧ − 𝑎)
ത
ത
Oz_Ah
∴ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑟ҧ − 𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑟ҧ − 𝑛 ∙ 𝑎ത
∴ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑟ҧ − 𝑛 ∙ 𝑟ҧ = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑏ത − 𝑛 ∙ 𝑎ത
(The Benchmark)
∴ 𝑚 − 𝑛 𝑟ҧ = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑏ത − 𝑛 ∙ 𝑎ത
ഥ
𝒎∙𝒃−𝒏∙ഥ
𝒂
∴ 𝒓ത = Thus proved.
𝒎−𝒏
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 7
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Mathematics – Important Theorems
Chapter-05 VECTORS
M-1st TB P.No.
Theorem No. 9 Volume of PARALLELOPIPED 180
Volume of PARALLELOPIPED: The volume of parallelopiped with coterminus edges as 𝑎ത , 𝑏ത
and 𝑐ҧ is 𝑎ത ∙ 𝑏ത × 𝑐ҧ or 𝑎ത 𝑏ത 𝑐ҧ
Proof: Let 𝑎ത , 𝑏ത and 𝑐ҧ be the position vectors of points A, B and C
respectively with respect to origin O.
AP is a perpendicular drawn to the plane of 𝑏ത and 𝑐ҧ . Let θ be the
angle made by AP with OA.
Volume=Area of Base Parallelogram × Height …(1)
Consider Area of Base Parallelogram = 𝑏ത × 𝑐ҧ
And Height of Parallelopiped = l(AP) = 𝑂𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝑎ത cos 𝜃
So above equation (1) becomes,
∴Volume= 𝑏ത × 𝑐ҧ 𝑎ത cos 𝜃 = 𝑎ത 𝑏ത × 𝑐ҧ cos 𝜃 = 𝑎ത ∙ 𝑏ത × 𝑐ҧ
Hence Volume of Parallelopiped = 𝑎ത 𝑏ത 𝑐ҧ Thus proved.
Chapter-05 VECTORS
M-1st TB P.No. 180-
Theorem No. 10 Volume of TETRAHEDRON
181
Volume of Tetrahedron: The volume of a tetrahedron with coterminus edges 𝑎ത , 𝑏ത and 𝑐ҧ is
1
𝑎ത 𝑏ത 𝑐ҧ
6
Volume of tetrahedron = ×
1 1 (The
bത × cത
ഥBenchmark)
b×ത
c ∙തa
3 2 ഥ c
b×ത
1 1
Volume of tetrahedron = bത × cത ∙ aത = aത bത cത
6 6
Hence Proved.
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 8
XII Science
Mathematics – Important Theorems
Proof: Let δx, δu, δy are small increments in x, u and y respectively such that δx ≠ 0, δu ≠ 0
and δy ≠ 0
dy δy
Since y is a differentiable function of u hence = lim …(1)
du δu → 0 δu
du δu
u = g(x) is a differentiable function of x hence = lim …(2)
dx δx → 0 δx
δy δy δu
Thus we have = ×
δx δu δx
δy δy δu
lim = lim × lim
δx → 0 δx δx → 0 δu δx → 0 δx
Now δx → 0 implies δu → 0
δy δy δu
lim = lim × lim
δx → 0 δx δu → 0 δu δx → 0 δx
Thus from (1) and (2),
lim
δy
= ×
δx → 0 δx du dx
dy du
…(3)
Oz_Ah
(The Benchmark)
i.e. The R.H.S. exists and is finite, implies L.H.S.of also exists and is finite.
δy dy
∴ lim =
δx → 0 δx dx
Thus the above equation (3) becomes,
dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 9
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Mathematics – Important Theorems
Proof: Let δx, δy are small increments in x and y respectively such that δx ≠ 0 and δy ≠ 0
dy δy
Since 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a differentiable function of x hence = lim …(1)
dx δx → 0 δx
δx δy
Consider × =1
δy δx
δx 1 δ𝑦
∴ = δy as ≠0
δy δ𝑥
δ𝑥
δx 1
∴ lim =
δx → 0 δy δy
lim
δx → 0 δ𝑥
Now δx → 0 implies δy → 0
δx 1
∴ lim =
δy → 0 δy δy
lim
δx → 0 δ𝑥
Hence by definition of derivatives,
𝑑𝑥
=
1
Oz_Ah
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 (The Benchmark)
𝑑𝑥
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 10
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Mathematics – Important Theorems
Parametric Rule of Derivatives : If 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) are differentiable functions of ‘t’
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
so that y is a differentiable function of 𝑥 and ≠ 0 then prove that = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
Proof: Let δt, δx, δy are small increments in t, x and y respectively such that δt ≠ 0, δx ≠ 0
and δy ≠ 0
dy δy
Since y is a differentiable function of t hence = lim …(1)
dt δt → 0 δt
dx δx
Also x is a differentiable function of t hence = lim …(2)
dt δt→ 0 δt
𝛿𝑦
δy 𝛿𝑥
Consider, = 𝛿𝑡
𝛿𝑥 as ≠0
δx 𝛿𝑡
𝛿𝑡
𝑑𝑦
Oz_Ah
δy
lim = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 from (1) and (2),
δx → 0 δx 𝑑𝑡
i.e. The R.H.S. exists and is finite, implies L.H.S.of also exists and is finite.
δy dy
(The Benchmark)
∴ lim =
δx → 0 δx dx
Thus the above equation (3) becomes,
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 11
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Mathematics – Important Theorems
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 12
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Mathematics – Important Theorems
Oz_Ah
𝒙 𝒙
1) 𝟐𝒂 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + sin−𝟏 +𝒄
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
(The Benchmark)
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Mathematics – Important Theorems
Proof: Proof:
Oz_Ah
(The Benchmark)
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 14
XII Science
Mathematics – Important Theorems
Proof:
Oz_Ah
(The Benchmark)
ATT/XiSc/Oz-Ah_The_Benchmark 15