Aspect Probability sampling Non-Probability Sampling List and describe the different types of information collection 5.

information collection 5. Case Studies- Case studies are often a preferred method of
tools used in qualitative research. qualitative research data collection for organizations looking to
A sampling method in which
each member of the
A sampling method in which generate incredibly detailed and in-depth information on a
Definition population has a known and
the likelihood of each member Here is a list of the most common qualitative data collection specific topic. Case studies are usually a deep dive into one
of the population being selected
non-zero chance of being
is unknown or unequal.
methods. specific case or a small number of related cases. As a result, they
selected. work well for organizations that operate in niche markets.
Random selection of
1. Interviews- One-on-one interviews are one of the most
Random samples from the population Random selection may or may commonly used data collection methods in qualitative research
Case studies typically involve several qualitative data collection
Selection is a fundamental not be used. because they allow you to collect highly personalized
characteristic. methods, including interviews, focus groups, surveys, and
information directly from the source. Interviews explore
observation. The idea is to cast a wide net to obtain a rich picture
Tends to produce a more It may produce a sample that is participants' opinions, motivations, beliefs, and experiences and
Represent comprising multiple views and responses. When conducted
representative sample that not fully representative of the are particularly beneficial in gathering data on sensitive topics
ative
closely mirrors the population, potentially leading correctly, case studies can generate vast bodies of data that can be
Sample because respondents are more likely to open up in a one-on-one
population's characteristics. to bias. used to improve processes at every client and donor touchpoint.
setting than in a group environment. Interviews can be conducted
Known and measurable in person or by online video call. Typically, they are separated
Sampling
sampling error, which can be Sampling error can be unknown into three main categories: 6. Text Analysis- Text analysis has long been used in political
quantified and managed or difficult to quantify and social science spheres to gain a deeper understanding of
Error
through statistical accurately.
behaviors and motivations by gathering insights from human-
techniques. 2. Focus Groups- Focus groups share much in common with less
written texts. By analyzing the flow of text and word choices,
Simple random sampling, Convenience sampling, structured interviews, the key difference being that the goal is to
relationships between other texts written by the same participant
Examples stratified sampling, cluster judgmental sampling, and quota collect data from several participants simultaneously. Focus
can be identified so that researchers can draw conclusions about
sampling. sampling. groups are effective in gathering information based on collective
the mindset of their target audience. Though technically a
Probability-based methods views and are one of the most popular data collection instruments
Statistical Statistical significance may be qualitative data collection method, the process can involve some
facilitate the assessment of in qualitative research when a series of one-on-one interviews
Significan challenging to determine due to quantitative elements, as often, computer systems are used to
ce
statistical significance and
non-random selection. proves too time-consuming or difficult to schedule.
hypothesis testing. scan, extract, and categorize information to identify patterns,
sentiments, and other actionable information.
Often used in exploratory or 3. Observation- Observation is one of the ultimate data
Typically used in rigorous qualitative research,
Research collection tools in qualitative research for gathering information
Design
research designs, surveys, convenience studies, or when a 7. Audio and Video Recordings- Similarly to how data is
and experiments. strict random selection is through subjective methods. A technique used frequently by
collected from a person’s writing, you can draw valuable
impractical. modern-day marketers, qualitative observation is also favored by
conclusions by observing someone’s speech patterns, intonation,
psychologists, sociologists, behavior specialists, and product
and body language when you watch or listen to them interact in a
developers. The primary purpose is to gather information that
particular environment or within specific surroundings. Video
Discuss the purpose of writing research proposal in brief. cannot be measured or easily quantified. It involves virtually no
and audio recordings are helpful in circumstances where
cognitive input from the participants themselves. Researchers
Clarity: To provide a clear and concise statement of the research researchers predict better results by having participants be in the
simply observe subjects and their reactions during the course of
problem, research objectives, and the significance of the study. moment rather than having them think about what to write down
their regular routines and take detailed field notes from which to
or how to formulate an answer to an email survey.
draw information.
Funding: To secure funding or approval for the research project by
presenting a well-structured plan that justifies the need for financial
4. Open-Ended Surveys and Questionnaires- Open-ended
or other support.
surveys and questionnaires allow organizations to collect views
Evaluation: To allow others to evaluate the quality and potential and opinions from respondents without meeting in person. They
impact of the proposed research, including peers, mentors, and can be sent electronically and are considered one of the most
funding bodies. cost-effective qualitative data collection tools. Unlike closed
question surveys and questionnaires that limit responses, open-
Feasibility: To demonstrate the feasibility of the research, including ended questions allow participants to provide lengthy and in-
the methodology, resources, and time required to complete the study. depth answers from which you can extrapolate large amounts of
data.
Guidance: To serve as a guide for the researcher during the study,
helping to keep the research focused and on track
What is action research? List any five suitable titles for What is meant by the review of literature? Discuss its Explain the meaning of narrative study as a type of qualitative
action research. importance. research.
A literature review is a critical examination and assessment of Narrative study is a qualitative research method that focuses on
previous research on a certain topic. It is an important component understanding individuals' experiences through their own stories. It
Action research is a form of investigation designed for use by
of academic research since it summarizes the present state of involves collecting and analyzing stories, such as interviews, diaries,
teachers to attempt to solve problems and improve professional or personal documents, to gain insights into the meaning and
knowledge in a certain subject, identifies gaps in the literature,
practices in their own classrooms. It involves systematic significance of these experiences.
and helps to direct future study. This article will go over the
observations and data collection which can be then used by the significance of literature reviews as well as the stages required in Key Characteristics of Narrative Study:
practitioner-researcher in reflection, decisionmaking and the Storytelling: Narratives are central to this approach. Participants are
performing one.A literature review’s goal is to identify major
encouraged to share their stories in their own words, providing a rich
development of more effective classroom strategies themes and topics in the literature, as well as gaps in the literature
and detailed understanding of their experiences.
Title for action research: and possibilities for future research. Subjectivity: Narrative study recognizes the subjective nature of
1. Impact of Mindfulness Practices on Student Focus human experience. It acknowledges that individuals' interpretations
2. The Effectiveness of Peer Tutoring in Mathematics It serves several important purposes in research: and understandings of events are shaped by their personal
3. Strategies for Encouraging Critical Thinking in History perspectives, beliefs, and values.
Classes Contextualizing the Research Problem: Literature reviews Contextualization: Narratives are always situated within specific
4. Using Gamification to Enhance Learning in Science provide background information and context for the research contexts. Researchers consider the social, cultural, historical, and
5. Investigating the Impact of Flexible Seating Arrangements problem. They help researchers understand the current state of personal factors that influence individuals' experiences and their
6. Assessing the Benefits of Project-Based Learning in knowledge in a particular field, allowing them to identify gaps, storytelling.
Language Arts controversies, or areas that need further exploration. Interpretation: The analysis of narratives involves interpreting the
meanings and significance of the stories. Researchers explore the
Identifying Knowledge Gaps: By reviewing existing literature, underlying themes, patterns, and contradictions that emerge from the
What is survey research? Explain. data
Survey can be defined from various perspectives such as topic researchers can identify gaps in knowledge and areas where
and objectives, data collection and analysis methods, findings further research is needed. This helps in formulating research
questions and objectives that contribute to the existing body of Characteristics of research
and conclusion and so on. Let us review some of the definitions. Research is commonly defined as a systematic process of investigation
The basic goal of survey is to establish a baseline of the existing knowledge.
facts and theories about an identified issue. This process involves
situation or to obtain a snapshot of conditions, attitudes and basically collecting, analyzing and interpreting the relevant information.
events at a single point in time. (Nunan, 2010 Building a Theoretical Framework: Literature reviews help in
There are some characteristic /features of research that prove it to be
establishing a theoretical framework for a study. They provide a
systematic process of investigation. The characteristics pointed out by
Some specific features of the survey design can be drawn foundation for understanding the concepts, theories, and models
Kumar (2014) are briefly discussed below.
from the review of these definitions. The surveys: relevant to the research topic. This theoretical framework guides 1. controlled Research is a controlled activity. A researcher has to
• are focused on particular condition, issue or behavior of a the formulation of hypotheses and the overall design of the study. control the factors that influence its results. For example, if one is
particular context; carrying out research on the role of motivation in the learning of IT,
• aim at finding out people's attitudes and views about the Avoiding Duplication of Effort: Researchers can avoid there can be other various factors to influence IT learning.
identified problem; duplicating efforts by reviewing existing literature. This ensures 2. Rigorous Research is a rigorous study. Being rigorous is one of the
• gather information about the problem at a particular time; that they do not repeat studies that have already been conducted, characteristic features of social science research. It means that the
• describe the existing conditions without any interference on it; saving time and resources. Instead, researchers can focus on researcher must be sincere, careful and serious about each component
• are carried out to make generalizations from majority of extending or building upon existing knowledge. and procedure of the research.
opinions and attitudes; 3. Systematic Research is a systematic process of investigation. Each
• are common in the educational sectors including English Evaluating Methodologies and Approaches: Literature reviews step must follow systematic procedures. There is a logical sequence of
Language Teaching and learning, English language teacher's allow researchers to assess various methodologies and the activities in the research. When the problem is mapped out, the
professional development, second language acquisition, approaches used in previous studies. This helps in choosing research questions and objectives are set.
curriculum development and os on. appropriate methods for their own research and understanding the 4. Valid and verifiable The research results need to be valid and
strengths and limitations of different research study designs. verifiable. They provide the answers of all research questions accurately
with facts, figures and logics. The accuracy and effectiveness of research
findings can be tested and verified by anyone else through further
research and examination.
5. Empirical Another important characteristic feature of research
includes being empirical which means that research is mostly based on
hard evidence such experiments, experiences, observations, face to face
interactions, authentic responses and so on.
Is check-list sufficient for a large scale study? Discuss the What are the essential components of the research report? State the characteristics of qualitative' research.
uses, advantages and disadvantages of using check-list in a Explain each of them in brief.
research. A well-structured research report is crucial for effectively Naturalistic Inquiry: Qualitative observational research is
Checklists can be a valuable tool in large-scale studies, but their communicating findings and insights. Here are the essential naturalistic because it studies a group in its natural setting.
sufficiency depends on the specific research objectives and components: Patton explains, "Naturalistic inquiry is thus contrasted to
design. While they can provide a structured framework for data 1. Introduction experimental research where the investigator attempts to
collection, they may not capture the full complexity of human  Background: Provides context and explains the completely control the condition of the study".
experiences or behaviors. significance of the research topic. Inductive analysis: This characteristic is prevalent (established)
 Research Question: Clearly states the specific question in qualitative research because it allows the observer
Uses of Checklists: or problem the research aims to address. to become immersed in a group. The researcher starts with
 Literature Review: Summarizes existing knowledge on answers, but forms questions throughout the research process.
Data Collection: Checklists can be used to collect standardized the topic, highlighting gaps and justifying the need for Hypotheses and theories can continuously change depending
data from a large number of participants. This can be particularly the study. on what the observer wants to know.
useful for gathering demographic information, identifying  Research Objectives: Outlines the specific goals and Holistic perspective: Almost every action or communication
symptoms, or assessing behaviors. purposes of the research. must be taken as a part of the whole phenomenon of a
2. Methodology certain community or culture. However, this characteristic of
Quality Control: Checklists can help ensure consistency and  Research Design: Describes the overall approach used qualitative observational research can be bothersome because it
accuracy in data collection. By providing a clear list of items to (e.g., experimental, correlational, case study). can lead researchers into taking every little action into
be assessed, researchers can minimize errors and biases.  Participants: Details the characteristics of the study consideration when writing a narrative.
participants (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity). Personal contact and insight: The researcher is responsible for
Analysis: Checklists can facilitate the analysis of data by  Instruments: Explains the tools used to collect data becoming a part of a group to get a more in-depth study.
organizing information into categories and facilitating (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations). However, the researcher also has to be aware of biases (both
comparisons across participants.  Procedures: Describes the steps involved in conducting good and bad). For example, researchers who do not consider
the research, including data collection and analysis BEV a legitimate form of discourse should be aware of and
Advantages of Using Checklists: methods. acknowledge that bias before studying BEV. In contrast, a
3. Findings researcher who speaks BEV might ignore some negative
 Data Presentation: Presents the collected data in a clear implications of this discourse.
 Efficiency: Checklists can streamline the data collection and organized manner (e.g., tables, graphs). Dynamic systems: Qualitative observational research is not
process, saving time and resources.  Analysis: Interprets the data and draws meaningful concerned with having straightforward, right or wrong
 Reliability: Checklists can improve the reliability of conclusions based on the findings. answers. In addition, change in a study is common because the
data by reducing subjectivity and ensuring consistency.  Discussion: Relates the findings to the research question researcher is not concerned with finding only one answer. For
 Standardization: Checklists can help standardize data and literature review, addressing any unexpected results example, a researcher could gain a different perspective on BEV
collection, making it easier to compare results across or limitations. by observing and interviewing a wide range of BEV speakers; the
different studies. 4. Conclusion researcher could study both male and female speakers and
 Summary: Briefly summarizes the key findings and speakers from different educational and geographical locations.
Disadvantages of Using Checklists: conclusions of the research. Unique case orientation: Researchers must remember that every
 Implications: Discusses the practical or theoretical study is special and deserves in-depth attention. This is
 Limited Depth: Checklists may not capture the nuances implications of the findings. especially necessary for doing cultural comparisons. For instance,
and complexities of human experiences or behaviors.  Limitations: Acknowledges any limitations or a researcher may believe that "Jive" (a way of talking in the
They can be overly restrictive and may not allow for weaknesses in the study. 1970s) and BEV are the same because they both derive from
unexpected or emergent findings.  Future Research: Suggests potential directions for African-American culture. This is untrue, and BEV should be
 Lack of Flexibility: Checklists can be inflexible, future research based on the findings. considered a unique form of discourse, with its own history,
making it difficult to adapt to changing research 5. References conventions, and uses/contexts.
questions or unexpected situations.  Citation List: Provides a complete list of all cited Context sensitivity: Researchers must realize the different
 Subjectivity: While checklists can help reduce sources in the report, following a specific citation style variables, such as values and beliefs that influence cultural
subjectivity, they cannot eliminate it entirely. The (e.g., APA, MLA). behaviors. For example, knowing that the rhetorical strategies of
interpretation of checklist items can vary across BEV--signifying, running it down, putting down, putting on,
researchers and participants. etc.--are context specific, a researcher might examine what values
and beliefs influence this context specificity.
 Describe the concept of qualitative research. What is Narrative Inquiry? In which condition do you prefer it?
Explain the role of literature review in research project. Justify your answer with suitable example.
The Role of Literature Review in Research Projects Qualitative Research is a research approach that focuses on Narrative inquiry is a qualitative research approach that focuses
1. Identifying Research Gaps understanding human experiences, behaviors, and perspectives in on understanding individuals' experiences through their own
 Discovering Unanswered Questions: By examining a natural setting. Unlike quantitative research, which relies on stories. It involves collecting and analyzing narratives, such as
existing research, you can identify areas where there is numerical data and statistical analysis, qualitative research interviews, diaries, or personal documents, to gain insights into
limited or conflicting information. emphasizes the subjective nature of human experiences and seeks the meaning and significance of these experiences.
 Highlighting Opportunities: This helps you pinpoint to explore the underlying meanings and interpretations. When to Use Narrative Inquiry
opportunities for your own research to contribute to the Key Characteristics of Qualitative Research: Narrative inquiry is particularly suitable when:
field.  Subjectivity: Qualitative research recognizes that  You want to understand the subjective experiences of
2. Building a Theoretical Framework human experiences are subjective and influenced by individuals. This approach allows participants to
 Understanding Key Concepts: A literature review individual perspectives, beliefs, and values. express their own perspectives and interpretations,
helps you grasp the theoretical foundations underlying  Contextual Understanding: It emphasizes providing a rich and detailed understanding of their
your research topic. understanding phenomena within their specific social, lived experiences.
 Establishing Relationships: It allows you to connect cultural, and historical contexts.  The research topic involves personal journeys or
these concepts and create a coherent framework for your  Narrative Approach: Qualitative researchers often use transformations. Narrative inquiry can help explore
study. storytelling and narrative analysis to explore how individuals' experiences shape their identities and
3. Providing Context and Relevance participants' experiences and perspectives. understandings of themselves.
 Demonstrating Significance: A literature review shows  Flexibility: Qualitative research designs are often  You are interested in the complexities of human
how your research fits into the broader academic flexible and adaptable, allowing researchers to adjust relationships and interactions. Narratives can reveal
context. their approach as they learn more about the topic. the nuances and complexities of interpersonal
 Justifying Research: It helps you establish the  In-Depth Exploration: Qualitative research aims to
relevance and importance of your study. relationships, providing insights into social dynamics
explore topics in depth, rather than simply collecting and cultural practices.
4. Informing Methodology and Data Analysis
quantitative data. Example: Exploring the Experiences of Immigrants
 Guiding Research Design: By understanding previous
Common Methods Used in Qualitative Research: Imagine a researcher studying the experiences of immigrants who
research, you can choose appropriate methodologies and
Interviews, Focus Groups, Observations , Document Analysis: have recently arrived in a new country. Narrative inquiry would
data collection techniques.
Benefits of Qualitative Research: be an ideal approach to understand the challenges, triumphs, and
 Anticipating Challenges: It helps you anticipate
 Rich and Detailed Data: Qualitative research can cultural adaptations that these individuals face. By collecting and
potential challenges and limitations in your study.
5. Avoiding Plagiarism provide rich and detailed insights into human analyzing their personal stories, the researcher can gain insights
 Understanding Originality: A literature review ensures experiences that cannot be captured through into the emotional, social, and economic dimensions of their
that you are aware of existing research and can properly quantitative methods. experiences.
cite and reference any ideas or information that you use.  Flexibility: Qualitative research allows researchers to In conclusion, narrative inquiry offers a powerful tool for
explore unexpected findings and adjust their approach exploring the complexities of human experience. It is particularly
1. What is research? as needed. well-suited for research that seeks to understand individuals'
 Contextual Understanding: Qualitative research can subjective perspectives, personal journeys, and the nuances of
Research is a systematic, scientific, objective activity, which help researchers understand phenomena within their interpersonal relationships.
includes the collection relevant information, and careful analysis specific social, cultural, and historical contexts.
of data, recording and reporting of valid conclusion, that may  Participant Empowerment: Qualitative research can Define Sampling?
lead to creation of new knowledge, development of theory, empower participants to share their stories and Sampling is the process by which inference is made to the whole
principles, and generalization. experiences, contributing to a deeper understanding of
by examining only a part. It is woven into the fabric of our
their perspectives.
The term "research" has clearly visible two morphemes, 're' and personal and public lives. In some cultures, a couple enters into
'search'. The prefix 're' may refer to the way of doing things again marriage partnership on the basis of a short courtship. With a
and again. The root 'search' has a dictionary meaning, i.e. to single grain of rice, a village housewife tests if all the rice in the
examine things closely and carefully to find out a solution. Thus pot has boiled, from a cup of tea a tea taster determines the
the word 'research' refers to a process of examining and finding quality of the brand of tea.
out a solution to the particular problem that we have identified in
our field. It is also defined as a systematic field of inquiry