DECLARATION

I hear by declaring that my project titled “Project on

Electromagnetic Induction” has been done together by us and has
not been submitted elsewhere for examination. This project report is
solely made by our research and understanding. It has not been
copied, duplicated or plagiarized from any other sources.
All sources of the information have been specifically acknowledged
by references to internet. I declare us solely responsible for addressing
any queries raised related to the project report of our part.

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TEACHER’S RECOMMENDATION

The project work report entitled “Project on Electromagnetic

Induction” submitted by Prashant Subedi, Prashant Gautam, Prasiddhi
Sharma, Pratik Shrestha, Prahlad Simkhada, Madhav Sah, Prakat
Khanal and Prince Pradhan students of Kathmandu Model Secondary
School, Bagbazaar Kathmandu, Nepal is prepared under our
supervision as per the procedure and format requirements laid by the
Department of Physics, Kathmandu Model Secondary School, as the
partial fulfillment of the requirements of the internal evaluation of
grade XII . We, therefore, recommend the report for evaluation.

Signature ………................

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Physics

Teacher for his valuable guidance and unwavering support. The
project work could not have been effective without his brilliant
guidelines. We would also like to thank him for assigning us this
informative project report solely based on research and understanding
the concepts. The research work undoubtedly enhanced and widened
our understanding related to Electromagnetic Induction (An important
topic of Physics).
In addition, thank you to our group members whose collective
research and hard work led to the successful completion of the project
work.

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CONTENTS

DECLARATION........................................................................................................ 1
TEACHER’S RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 5
Background............................................................................................................ 5
Introduction............................................................................................................ 6
Applications........................................................................................................... 6
Limitations............................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER II: EXPERIMENT........................................................................................ 8
OBJECTIVE:......................................................................................................... 8
APPARATUS REQUIRED:....................................................................................... 8
THEORY:.............................................................................................................. 8
PROCEDURE...................................................................................................... 12
RESULT AND DISCUSSION................................................................................. 13
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................... 13
BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................. 13

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Background
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction
in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it
as Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's law describes the direction of
the induced field. Faraday's law was later generalized to become the
Maxwell–Faraday equation, one of the four Maxwell equations in his
theory of electromagnetism.
Through faraday’s experiment, he discovered that there are certain
factors that influence this voltage production. They are:
1. Number of Coils: The induced voltage is directly proportional
to the number of turns/coils of the wire. Greater the number of
turns, greater is voltage produced.
2. Changing Magnetic Field: Changing magnetic field affects the
induced voltage. This can be done by either moving the
magnetic field around the conductor or moving the conductor in
the magnetic field.

Electromagnetic induction has found many applications, including

electrical components such as inductors and transformers, and devices
such as electric motors and generators.

Introduction
The project relies
on the principle of
electromagnetic
induction.
Electromagnetic
induction is the
generation of

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electric current in a conductor due to a changing magnetic field
around it. This phenomenon, discovered by Michael Faraday, is based
on Faraday’s Law, which states that a changing magnetic field induces
a voltage. When a conductor moves within a magnetic field, or the
field around it changes, a current is produced. The Mutual induction
between two coils is the key mechanism used to charge the
smartphones in this project.
Applications
 Consumer Electronics
 Wireless charging for smartphones, tablets, wearables, and
laptops.
 Integration into furniture (e.g., desks with built-in chargers).
 Electric Vehicles (EVs)
 Stationary wireless charging pads for EVs.
 Dynamic charging systems embedded in roads for vehicles in
motion.
 Healthcare
 Powering implantable medical devices.
 Wireless surgical instruments for safer and more sterile
operations.

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 Industrial Automation
 Wireless power for robots and automated machinery in
factories.
 Remote sensors and monitoring systems powered without
wires.
 Public Infrastructure
 Wireless charging systems at public bus stops for electric
buses.
 Smart city initiatives using WPT for IoT sensors and devices.
 Underwater Applications
 Wireless power for underwater vehicles and sensors.
 Avoids the challenges of cable degradation in aquatic
environments.
 Wearable Devices
 Wireless charging for fitness trackers, and other wearable
tech.
 Home Automation
 Powering smart home devices and IoT systems without
cables.
 Seamless integration into smart furniture and appliances.
These applications demonstrate the versatility and potential of WPT in
various sectors, enhancing convenience, efficiency, and innovation.
Limitations
 Efficiency: Significant power loss, especially over long
distances.
 Distance Limitations: Effective only for short ranges in most
technologies.
 Safety Concerns: Risks from electromagnetic field exposure and
heat generation.
 Scalability: Limited ability to transfer high power or support
large-scale systems.
 Environmental Factors: Transmission affected by physical
barriers and weather conditions.

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 Heat Generation: Wireless charging can generate heat, which
may affect the performance or longevity of the battery if not
properly managed.

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CHAPTER II: EXPERIMENT
OBJECTIVE:
TO CONSTRUCT A SIMPLE WIRELESS POWER
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AND OBSERVE HOW ENERGY IS
TRANSFERRED WIRELESSLY FROM A TRANSMITTER COIL
TO A RECEIVER COIL.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Copper wire (enamel-coated, 22–26 gauge)
 Battery with its cap: 9V
 NPN transistor (e.g., 2N2222)
 LED Bulb

THEORY:
Magnetic field due to current carrying conductor as we know that
current carrying conductor produces magnetic field and can be
calculated using the Biot-Savart law. For a circular loop of radius R,
having N turns, and carrying current I, the magnetic field at a distance
x from the centre along the axis is given by:
Mathematical Derivation:

|𝑑𝐵| = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1. From the Biot-Savart law:

4𝜋𝑟2
where μo is the permeability of free space, r is the distance from
the current element dl to the observation point.
2. Symmetry simplifies the computation; only the axial component
Bx contributes. Integrating over the loop, the result for Bx is:

B𝑥 = 𝜇𝑜𝐼𝑅2
2(𝑅2 +𝑥2)3/2

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 B =𝑁. 𝐵𝑥 = 𝑁 𝜇𝑜𝐼𝑅2
3. For N turns, the total magnetic field is:

2(𝑅2+𝑥2)3/2
Final Expression:
B= µoIR2
2(R2+x2)3/2
Here:
• μo=4π×10-7 T m/A
• R = radius of the loop
• x = distance from the centre along the axis
• N = number of turns
• I = current in the loop
Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of electric current in a
conductor due to a changing magnetic field around it. It explains how
a changing magnetic field can generate an electric current in a
conductor. This phenomenon, discovered by Michael Faraday, is
based on Faraday’s Law, which states that a changing magnetic field
induces a voltage. When a conductor moves within a magnetic field,
or the field around it changes, a current is produced.
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
Faraday's Law of Induction forms the foundation of electromagnetism
and explains how a changing magnetic field induces an electric
current in a conductor. There are two key laws related to
electromagnetic induction: Faraday's First Law and Faraday's
Second Law, along with Lenz's Law, which provides direction to the
induced current.
First Law of Induction:
Statement: The change in magnetic flux through a closed loop
induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the loop.
This law states that whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux
through a conducting loop (such as a coil of wire), it generates an
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induced voltage (EMF) in the wire. The induced EMF can cause a
current if the circuit is closed.
• Magnetic Flux (ΦB): The total magnetic field passing through a
given area.
ΦB =B⋅A cos(θ)
Where:
o B is the magnetic
field strength.
o A is the area of the loop.
o θ is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal to
the loop's surface.
• Changing Magnetic Flux: The EMF induced depends on how
quickly the magnetic flux changes. A change in magnetic flux,
whether due to movement of the conductor, variation in the magnetic
field, or a change in the area of conductor in the magnetic field, will
induce an EMF.
Faraday's Second Law of Induction
Statement: The magnitude of the induced electromotive force (EMF)
is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the
circuit.
This law mathematically quantifies the relationship between the
induced EMF and the rate of change of magnetic flux.
EMF= − dΦ
dt
Where:
o dΦ represents the rate of change of magnetic flux over time.
dt
o The negative sign indicates the direction of the induced EMF, as
per Lenz's Law (discussed below).
Lenz's Law

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Lenz's Law provides the direction of the induced current or EMF. It
states that the induced current will always flow in a direction that
opposes the change in the magnetic flux that caused it. This law
ensures that energy conservation is maintained in the process.
• Opposition to Change: If the magnetic flux increases, the induced
current creates a magnetic field that opposes the increase. Conversely,
if the magnetic flux decreases, the induced current creates a magnetic
field that opposes the decrease.
Mutual Induction
Mutual induction is the process by
which a change in electric current in one
coil induces an electromotive force
(EMF) in a nearby coil through a
changing magnetic field. It is a
fundamental principle of
electromagnetic induction and occurs
when the magnetic flux linking two
coils varies.
Mathematical Expression:
The induced EMF in the second coil (EMF2) is given by:
E𝑀𝐹2 = −𝑀 𝑑𝐼1
𝑑𝑡
Where:
• M: Mutual inductance between the two coils (measured in Henries,
H).
• dI1/dt: Rate of change of current in the first coil.
Alternatively, the mutual inductance M can be expressed as:
M=𝑁2. 𝛷12
𝐼1
Where:

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• N2: Number of turns in the second coil.
• Φ12: Magnetic flux through the second coil due to the first coil's
current I1.
Applications of Mutual Induction:
1. Transformers: Used to step up or step-down voltage levels in
power transmission.
2. Inductive Coupling: Wireless power transfer and communication
devices.
3. Electric Generators: Facilitate energy conversion in rotating
machines.
4. Induction Coils: High-voltage generation in circuits.

PROCEDURE
1. Firstly, a secondary circular coil of copper with thirty rounds was
made. LED bulb was fitted to secondary coil.
2. A primary coil was prepared with 15-15 rounds i.e. after
completing fifteen rounds, some portion of the wire was stretched
out and then only remaining fifteen rounds were made.
3. Then, collector plate of transistor was connected to cap of the
battery and emitter plate of transistor with the primary coil.
4. The base plate of transistor was made to connect with one terminal
of resistor and another terminal of resistor with the primary coil.
5. Now, the cap was made to be fitted to battery and the secondary
coil was brought near or far to the primary coil and the result was
observed.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
When the secondary coil was moved, the LED bulb was found to lit
up. Because the primary coil generates an alternating magnetic field,
on the other side coil generate the electromagnetic force, thus realizes
the energy transmission. The flow of this induced current lights the
LED bulb as a visual indicator that induction is taking place.

CONCLUSION
This concept works perfectly fine that works on the basic principles of
electromagnetic induction and its application in the wireless charging
of various devices such as a smartphone. By transforming electricity
into magnetic fields and back again, wireless charging enables ease
and sidesteps mechanical connectors, yet has disadvantages like less
efficiency, heating, and compatibility. However, this technology is
still under development and holds great future potential to bring an
improved distribution of energy for consumer electronics.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Dr. Nagendra Aryal, Bijaya Upadhyay, Jaya Ram Pokharel, Laxmi
Pd. Chalise, Suman Gaire: ESSENTIAL PRACTICAL PHYSICS-
Grade XII; C PUBLICATION PVT. LTD
2. https://www.nemko.com/blog/wireless-power-transfer
3. https://byjus.com/physics/electromagnetic-induction

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