Geography Chapter 6 - Manufacturing Industries

Importance of Manufacturing Manufacturing is seen as a backbone of development for the following reasons:
• It helps the nation prosper by stimulating the economy.
• It is instrumental in eradicating unemployment and poverty.
• The export of manufactured products increases trade and commerce and provides much-needed foreign currency.
• Manufacturing industries contribute to the modernisation of agriculture through the creation of jobs in the secondary and
tertiary sectors. Industrial contribution to the national economy. The trend in the growth rate of the manufacturing sector
over the past decade has been around 7 per cent annually.

Industrial Location Industrial sites are inherently complex. They are affected by the availability of raw materials, labour, capital,
power and market, etc. It is not often possible to find all of these available factors in the same location. As a result,
manufacturing activity tends to be at the most appropriate location where all industrial location factors are available or can be
arranged more cheaply. Cities provide markets and services such as banks, insurance, transportation, labour, consultants
financial advisory services, etc. to the industry. Many industries tend to join forces to take advantage of the advantages
offered by urban centres called agglomeration economies. Progressively, a major industrial agglomeration is taking place. In
the period prior to independence, most manufacturing units were located in places from the standpoint of foreign trade such
as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc. As a result, pockets of industrially developed urban centres, surrounded by an immense
agricultural rural backcountry, have emerged.
Agro-based Industries Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. Industries are based upon agricultural
commodities. Let's hear it one by one. Textile Industry It's the only industry in India that is autonomous and comprehensive in
the value chain, i.e. from raw materials to higher value-added products. It contributes to industrial production, employment
creation and foreign exchange income. Cotton Textiles This industry is closely associated with agriculture and provides a
livelihood for farmers, cotton boll pickers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, design, packaging, and
sewing. It supports numerous other industries, such as chemicals and stains, packaging materials and engineering structures.
Jute Textiles India is the leading producer of raw jute and jute produce. Most of the mills are situated in the West Bengal,
mostly along the banks of the Hugli River.
Sugar Industry India ranks second as a global sugar producer, but is the largest producer of Gur and Khandsari. This industry is
seasonally based. Mineral-based Industries Industries which use minerals and metals as raw materials are referred to as
industries of mineral origin. Let's talk about some of the industries that fit into that category. Iron and Steel Industry The steel
industry is the backbone industry like any other industry – heavy, medium and light, depending on it for their machinery. It is
considered a heavy industry because all raw materials, as well as finished goods, are heavy and bulky, resulting in high
transport costs. India is a major iron and steel producer in the world, but we are not in a position to realize our full potential
largely because of:
• Expensive and limited availability of coking coal. • Decrease in labour productivity. • Inconsistent supply of energy. • Poor
infrastructure.
Aluminium Smelting The aluminium smelter is the second-largest metallurgy industry in India. It is used in the manufacture of
aeroplanes, utensils and wires. Bauxite is the raw product used in foundries.
The aluminium smelter has gained popularity as an alternative to steel, copper, zinc, and lead in a number of industries. The
following properties can be found: • Lightweight when weighed. • It is corrosion-resistant. • A good heat conductive. •
Malleable • Gets tough when mixed with other metals.
Chemical Industries The chemical industry consists of large and small-scale manufacturing plants. Rapid growth was observed
in the inorganic and organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash, and caustic soda.
Organic chemicals include petrochemical products, which are used in the manufacture of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber,
plastics, dyes, medicines, and pharmaceutical products.
Fertiliser Industry The fertiliser industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilisers (mainly urea), phosphatic
fertilisers and ammonium phosphate (DAP), and complex fertilisers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P),
and potash (K). The third, i.e. potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable
potash or potassium compounds in any form. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Kerala account for half of the
fertiliser output.
Cement Industry Cement is critical to the construction of homes, plants, bridges, roads, airports, dams and other commercial
facilities. This industry depends on bulky and heavy raw materials such as limestone, silica and gypsum. Automobile Industry It
is responsible for the manufacture of trucks, buses, automobiles, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheeled vehicles and
commercial vehicles. They are found around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad,
Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
Information Technology and Electronics Industry The electronic industry covers a broad range of products from transistors to
television, telephones, cellular telecommunications, telephone exchanges, radar, computers, and numerous other equipment
required by the telecommunications industry. It has brought jobs to India. Bengaluru is well known as India's electronics
capital. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation Industries are involved in four types of pollution: 1. Air 2. Water 3.
Land 4. Noise.
Air Pollution: It is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide. Particles suspended in the air contain solid and liquid particles such as dust, fog and smoke. Water Pollution: It is
caused by organic and inorganic industrial waste and tributaries discharged to rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper,
pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents,
acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber,
etc. into the water bodies. Thermal Pollution: It occurs when warm water from plants and thermal power plants is drained into
rivers and ponds before cooling. Noise Pollution: It not only results in irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing
impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. Unwanted sounds are irritating and
create stress. Control of Environmental Degradation The following are some means by which industrial pollution can be
reduced: 1. Minimize water usage through reuse and recycling. 2. Collection of rainwater to meet water requirements. 3.
Treatment of warm water and effluent prior to release to rivers and ponds. 4. Airborne particles can be reduced by installing
smoke stacks in plants with electrostatic dust collectors, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
5. You can reduce the smoke by using oil and gas instead of coal in the plants. 6. Machines can be redesigned to make them
more energy efficient and reduce noise.
Manufacturing Industries Notes: An Overview of Different Industries In India, there are a good number of industries all across
the country. Be it agro-based industry or be it automobiles - Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Notes include all of them. Brief
details about these industries are provided below. Textile Industry An agriculture-based industry, textile is the only industry
which can be called self-reliant. About the value chain (from acquiring the raw materials to the production of the highest
valueadded items), the textile industry is termed as “complete”. While the importance of manufacturing is equal for all, the
textile industry facilitates industrial production, foreign exchange earnings and most importantly, generates employment.
Cotton and jute are two types of textiles under this industry. From the Manufacturing Industries class 10 PDF you will see that
there are not only farmers involved, but workers at different levels who are dependent on the industry. Cotton ball pluckers,
and labourers involved in various levels of the value chain (ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring
and finally sewing) are supported by it. Other industries like the manufacturing of packaging materials, chemical dyes etc are
also influenced by the cotton textile industry. The jute industry is another part of the textile industry. India tops the list of raw
jute and jute items producers. While jute as a crop is produced in many parts of India, the jute mills are mainly found in West
Bengal along the banks of the river Hooghly.
Mineral-Based Industry As the name suggests, the industries under this segment are dependent on raw materials and
minerals. This industry has branched out and includes the following. • Iron and Steel Based on the machinery used, it can be
heavy, medium or light. Certain hindrances do not allows India to be able to perform that well. These include lack of proper
infrastructure, reduced labour productivity, lower availability of coal and its high cost, irregularity in power supply etc. •
Aluminium Smelting Class 10 Manufacturing Industries Notes mark this industry as the most important industry of metallurgy.
From wire to aircraft, this product is used everywhere. Bauxite is the raw material here. Aluminium smelting substitutes zinc,
lead copper etc. The high demand is mainly due to the lightweight, corrosion resistance, good heat-conducting ability,
malleability and the special ability to become stronger when used with other metals. Chemical Industry This industry is
involved in the production of both organic and inorganic chemicals. The former includes the production of petrochemicals
which are again used in manufacturing rubber, synthetic fibres, pharmaceutical products, dyes, plastics etc. The latter includes
alkalis, nitric acid, caustic soda, sulphuric acid, soda ash etc. Fertiliser Industry Fertilizer production is highest in the Indian
states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh etc. The main items that are produced in this sector of the
manufacturing industry are:
• Nitrogenous fertilisers.
• Complex fertilisers have a combination of phosphate (P), nitrogen (N) and potash (K).
• Phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium phosphate (DAP). Cement Industry From building houses to airports, bridges to
factories; cement is something that forms the base of the construction activities. Dams, bridges, commercial buildings- all
need cement. Production of cement, as you will know from the Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Notes, is based upon raw
materials like gypsum, silica, and limestone in heavy mounts. Automobile Industry It includes the production of trucks, cars,
buses, motorcycles, scooters, various multi-utility vehicles, three-wheelers etc. Most numbers of manufacturing units in this
industry are located in Gurugram, Lucknow, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Pune etc.
Information Technology and Electronic Industry One of the employment-generating industry sectors, the information
technology and electronics industry includes the production of the following: • Television.
• Telephone.
• Radars.
• Computers.
• Cellular telecom.
• Telephone exchange.
• Other items involved in telecommunication. Industrial Pollution And Environmental Degradation Industries give rise to 4
main types of pollution:
1. Air pollution is caused by the emission of toxic gases, CO, SO₂, and smoke, from factories, smelters, refineries, etc., and hurt
human respiratory health, animals, and plants
2. Water pollution is caused by the mixing of industrial effluents and wastes with river water from industries like textiles,
chemicals, dyes, tanneries, paper, etc.
3. Thermal pollution is caused by water from thermal plants draining into the river.
4. Noise pollution caused by various machinery impacts the hearing ability of humans.