HKBK DEGREE COLLEGE PROF.

AJAY K V

CLOUD COMPUTING UNIT- 2

CLOUD ARCHITECTURE
Cloud Architecture: Cloud Service Models- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a
Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS), Comparison of different Service Models;
Cloud Deployment Models- Public Cloud; Private Cloud, Hybrid Cloud, Community Cloud;
Cloud Computing Architecture- Layered Architecture of Cloud. Virtualization- Definition,
Features of Virtualization; Types of Virtualizations- Hardware Virtualization, Server
Virtualization, Application Virtualization, Storage Virtualization, Operating System
Virtualization; Virtualization and Cloud Computing, Pros and Cons of Virtualization,
Technology Examples- Xen: Para-virtualization, VMware: Full Virtualization, Microsoft
Hyper-V.
2.1 Cloud Service Models:
There are the following three types of cloud service models -

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) helps in delivering computer infrastructure on an

external basis for supporting operations. Generally, IaaS provides services to
networking equipment, devices, databases, and web servers.
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) helps large organizations, and large enterprises in
managing and building their IT platforms. This infrastructure is flexible according to
the needs of the client.
Advantages of IaaS
 IaaS is cost-effective as it eliminates capital expenses.
 IaaS cloud provider provides better security than any other software.
 IaaS provides remote access.

Disadvantages of IaaS
 In IaaS, users have to secure their own data and applications.
 Cloud computing is not accessible in some regions of the World.
 Limited control over infrastructure.
 Security concerns
 Limited access

EXAMPLE: Amazon web services, Bluestack, IBM, Openstack, Rackspace, and Vmware.

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Characteristics of IaaS
There are the following characteristics of IaaS -

 Resources are available as a service

 Services are highly scalable
 Dynamic and flexible
 GUI and API-based access
 Automated administrative tasks

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a type of cloud computing that helps developers to build
applications and services over the Internet by providing them with a platform.
PaaS helps in maintaining control over their business applications.
Advantages of PaaS
 PaaS is simple and very much convenient for the user as it can be accessed via a web
browser.
 PaaS has the capabilities to efficiently manage the lifecycle.
 Cost-Effective:

Disadvantages of PaaS
 PaaS has limited control over infrastructure as they have less control over the
environment and are not able to make some customizations.
 PaaS has a high dependence on the provider.
 Dependence on the provider:
 Limited flexibility:

Characteristics of PaaS
There are the following characteristics of PaaS -

 Accessible to various users via the same development application.

 Integrates with web services and databases.
 Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per
the organization's need.
 Support multiple languages and frameworks.
 Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".
Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine,
Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.

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3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are
hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of internet
connection and web browser.

Advantages of SaaS
 SaaS can access app data from anywhere on the Internet.
 SaaS provides easy access to features and services.
 Cost-Effective.
 Reduced time.
 Scalability.
 Automatic updates.

Disadvantages of SaaS
 SaaS solutions have limited customization, which means they have some restrictions
within the platform.
 SaaS has little control over the data of the user.
 SaaS are generally cloud-based, they require a stable internet connection for proper
working.
 Limited customization
 Dependence on internet connectivity
 Security concerns.
 Limited control over data.

Characteristics of SaaS
There are the following characteristics of SaaS -

 Managed from a central location

 Hosted on a remote server
 Accessible over the internet
 Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied
automatically.
 The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis
Example: Big-Commerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx,
ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.

2.3 Comparison of different Service Models;

Basis Of IAAS PAAS SAAS

Infrastructure as a
Platform as a service. Software as a service.
Stands for service.

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Basis Of IAAS PAAS SAAS

IAAS is used by PAAS is used by SAAS is used by the

Uses network architects. developers. end user.

PAAS gives access to

IAAS gives access
run time environment
to the resources like SAAS gives access to
to deployment and
virtual machines and the end user.
development tools
virtual storage.
Access for application.

It is a cloud
It is a service model It is a service model in
computing model
that provides cloud computing that
that delivers tools
virtualized hosts software to
that are used for the
computing resources make it available to
development of
over the internet. clients.
Model applications.

There is no
Some knowledge is requirement about
It requires technical
required for the basic technicalities
knowledge.
Technical setup. company handles
understanding. everything.

It is popular among
It is popular among
It is popular among consumers and
developers who focus
developers and companies, such as
on the development
researchers. file sharing, email,
of apps and scripts.
Popularity and networking.

It has about a 27 %
It has around a 12% It has around 32%
rise in the cloud
increment. increment.
Percentage rise computing model.

Used by the skilled Used by mid-level

Used among the users
developer to develop developers to build
of entertainment.
Usage unique applications. applications.

Amazon Web Facebook, and MS Office web,

Services, sun, Google search Facebook and Google
Cloud services. vCloud Express. engine. Apps.

Enterprise AWS virtual private

Microsoft Azure. IBM cloud analysis.
services. cloud.

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2.4 Cloud Deployment Models:

The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment based on
ownership, scale, and access, as well as the cloud’s nature and purpose.
1. Public Cloud;
2. Private Cloud,
3. Hybrid Cloud,
4. Community Cloud;

1. Public Cloud:
 The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services. The
public cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone.
 The public cloud is one in which cloud infrastructure services are provided over the
internet to the general people or major industry groups.

Advantages of the Public Cloud Model

 Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no substantial upfront
fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require immediate access to resources.
 No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud service providers,
thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
 Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does not
necessitate infrastructure management.
 No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider (not users).
 Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand resources are
accessible.

Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model

 Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public so there is no guarantee
of high-level security.
 Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be customized according
to personal requirements.

2. Private cloud

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 A private cloud computing environment is one that is only used by one organization or
firm, as opposed to being shared by several organizations, as is the case with public
clouds. The private cloud infrastructure may be set up on-site or hosted by a different
company.
 A private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.
 The private cloud provides computing services to a private internal network (within the
organization) and selected users instead of the general public.
 The private cloud provides high security and privacy to data through firewalls and
internal hosting. It also ensures that operational and sensitive data are not accessible to
third-party providers.

Advantages of the Private Cloud Model

 Better Control: You are the sole owner of the property. You gain complete command
over service integration, IT operations, policies, and user behavior.
 Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing corporate information to which only
authorized staff have access. By segmenting resources within the same infrastructure,
improved access and security can be achieved.
 Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to work with legacy systems that
are unable to access the public cloud.
 Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private cloud allows a company to
tailor its solution to meet its specific needs.
Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model
 Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a certain range as there is less number of
clients.
 Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide personalized facilities.

3. Hybrid cloud
 A computer system known as a hybrid cloud involves the usage of both public and
private cloud services. Utilizing the advantages of both kinds of clouds enables
organizations to meet their own demands and wants.
 The main aim of combining these clouds (Public and Private) is to create a unified,
automated, and well-managed computing environment.
 In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by the public cloud,
and critical activities are performed by the private cloud.

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Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

 Flexibility and control: Businesses with more flexibility can design personalized
solutions that meet their particular needs.
 Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only be responsible for paying for
the extra capacity if you require it.
 Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances of data theft by attackers are
considerably reduced.
Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
 Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as it is a combination of both
public and private cloud. So, it is complex.
 Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud takes place through the
public cloud so latency occurs.

4. Community cloud:
 It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations. It is a
distributed system that is created by integrating the services of different clouds to
address the specific needs of a community, industry, or business.
 The infrastructure of the community could be shared between the organization which
has shared concerns or tasks. It is generally managed by a third party or by the
combination of one or more organizations in the community.

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Advantages of the Community Cloud Model

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 Cost Effective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is shared by multiple organizations

or communities.
 Security: Community cloud provides better security.
 Shared resources: It allows you to share resources, infrastructure, etc. with multiple
organizations.
 Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for both collaboration and data sharing.
Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model
 Limited Scalability: Community cloud is relatively less scalable as many organizations
share the same resources according to their collaborative interests.
 Rigid in customization: As the data and resources are shared among different
organizations according to their mutual interests if an organization wants some changes
according to their needs they cannot do so because it will have an impact on other
organizations.

2.4.1 Comparison of different Deployment Models

Community
Factors Public Cloud Private Cloud Cloud Hybrid Cloud

Complex, Complex, Complex,

requires a requires a requires a
Initial Setup Easy
professional professional professional
team to setup team to setup team to setup

Scalability
and High High Fixed High
Flexibility

Distributed cost Between public

Cost-
Cost-Effective Costly among and private
Comparison
members cloud

Reliability Low Low High High

Data
Low High High High
Security

Data Privacy Low High High High

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2.5 Cloud Computing Architecture- Layered Architecture of Cloud:

 As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations
to store the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at any time using the
internet connection.
 Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented
architecture and event-driven architecture.

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -

 Front End
 Back End
The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing -

Front End
The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications that are
required to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes web servers
(including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile
devices.

Back End
The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are required to
provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data storage, security
mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control mechanisms, etc.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

1. Client Infrastructure

Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User Interface) to
interact with the cloud.

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2. Application
The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.

3. Service

A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the client’s
requirement.

Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:

i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application services. Mostly,

SaaS applications run directly through the web browser means we do not require to
download and install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given below
–

Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.

ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud platform services. It is quite
similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software creation,
but using SaaS, we can access software over the internet without the need of any platform.

Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, Open Shift.

iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud infrastructure

services. It is responsible for managing applications data, middleware, and runtime
environments.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco
Metapod.

4. Runtime Cloud

Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual machines.

5. Storage

Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a huge
amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.

6. Infrastructure

It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud
infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network
devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to support the
cloud computing model.

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7. Management

Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud,

storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish coordination
between them.

8. Security

Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security

mechanism in the back end.

9. Internet

The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and communicate
with each other.

2.6 Virtualization-
Definition of Virtualization:
Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, such as a
server, a desktop, a storage device, an operating system or network resources".

In other words, Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share a single physical instance
of a resource or an application among multiple customers and organizations. It does by
assigning a logical name to a physical storage and providing a pointer to that physical resource
when demanded.

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Benefits of Virtualization
 More flexible and efficient allocation of resources.
 Enhance development productivity.
 It lowers the cost of IT infrastructure.
 Remote access and rapid scalability.
 High availability and disaster recovery.
 Pay peruse of the IT infrastructure on demand.
 Enables running multiple operating systems.

2.7 Features of Virtualization:

Increased Security –
The ability to control the execution of a guest program in a completely transparent manner
opens new possibilities for delivering a secure, controlled execution environment. All the
operations of the guest programs are generally performed against the virtual machine, which
then translates and applies them to the host programs.
Managed Execution –
In particular, sharing, aggregation, emulation, and isolation are the most relevant features.
Sharing –
Virtualization allows the creation of a separate computing environment within the same host.
This basic feature is used to reduce the number of active servers and limit power
consumption.
Portability –
The concept of portability applies in different ways according to the specific type of
virtualization considered.
In the case of a hardware virtualization solution, the guest is packaged into a virtual image
that, in most cases, can be safely moved and executed on top of different virtual machines.

Resource sharing:

Virtualization allows multiple virtual machines to share the resources of a single physical
machine, such as CPU, memory, storage, and network bandwidth. This improves hardware
utilization and reduces the need for additional physical servers.

9.Flexibility:

Virtualization allows IT administrators to quickly and easily create, modify, or delete virtual
machines as needed, without the need to purchase and configure additional physical
hardware.

Hardware independence:

Virtual machines are hardware-independent, which means they can run on different types of
physical hardware and can be easily moved between physical servers without needing to
reconfigure the virtual machine.

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12.Scalability:

Virtualization allows organizations to scale their computing resources up or down as needed,

depending on changing business requirements.

16. Energy Efficiency:

Virtualization can help organizations reduce their energy consumption by consolidating

multiple physical servers onto a single machine. This can result in lower electricity bills and
a reduced carbon footprint.

17. Increased Uptime:

Virtualization can help improve system uptime by enabling virtual machines to be migrated
to different physical hosts in the event of a hardware failure. This can minimize downtime
and prevent data loss.

18. Cost Savings:

Virtualization can help organizations save money by reducing the need for additional
physical hardware, lowering electricity bills, and streamlining IT operations. This can result
in significant cost savings over time.

19. Improved Security Management:

Virtualization can help organizations improve their security posture by isolating applications
and workloads from each other. This can prevent security breaches from spreading to other
parts of the environment and reduce the attack surface.

2.8 Types of Virtualizations:

1. Hardware Virtualization.
2. Server Virtualization.
3. Application Virtualization.
4. Storage Virtualization.
5. Operating System Virtualization.

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1. Hardware Virtualization.
A platform virtualization approach that allows efficient full virtualization with the help of
hardware capabilities, primarily from the host processor is referred to as Hardware based
virtualization in computing. To simulate a complete hardware environment, or virtual
machine, full virtualization is used in which an unchanged guest operating system (using
the common instruction set as the host machine) executes in sophisticated isolation.

The different logical layers of operating system-based virtualization, in which the VM is first
installed into a full host operating system and subsequently used to generate virtual machines.

HYPERVISIOR:
A hypervisor is a form of virtualization software used in Cloud hosting to divide and
allocate the resources on various pieces of hardware. The program which provides
partitioning, isolation, or abstraction is called a virtualization hypervisor. The
hypervisor is a hardware virtualization technique that allows multiple guest operating
systems (OS) to run on a single host system at the same time. A hypervisor is
sometimes also called a virtual machine manager(VMM).

 Type-I hypervisors:

Hypervisors of type I run directly on top of the hardware. As a result, they stand in for operating
systems and communicate directly with the ISA interface offered by the underlying hardware,
which they replicate to allow guest operating systems to be managed. Because it runs natively on
hardware, this sort of hypervisor is also known as a native virtual machine.

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 Type-II hypervisors:

To deliver virtualization services, Type II hypervisors require the assistance of an operating

system. This means they’re operating system-managed applications that communicate with it
via the ABI and simulate the ISA of virtual hardware for guest operating systems. Because it is
housed within an operating system, this form of hypervisor is also known as a hosted virtual
machine.
 A hypervisor has a simple user interface that needs some storage space. It exists as a thin layer
of software and to establish a virtualization management layer, it does hardware management
function. For the provisioning of virtual machines, device drivers and support software are
optimized while many standard operating system functions are not implemented.

2. Server Virtualization.
 Server Virtualization is most important part of Cloud Computing. So, Talking about
Cloud Computing, it is composed of two words, cloud and computing.
 Cloud means Internet and computing means to solve problems with help of computers.
Computing is related to CPU & RAM in digital world. Now Consider situation, You are
using Mac OS on your machine but particular application for your project can be operated
only on Windows.
 Now migrate this concept to data centers where lot of servers (machines with fast CPU,
large RAM and enormous storage) are available. Enterprise owning data centre provide
resources requested by customers as per their need.
 Data centers have all resources and on user request, particular amount of CPU, RAM, NIC
and storage with preferred OS is provided to users. This concept of virtualization in which
services are requested and provided over Internet is called Server Virtualization.

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 This scenario is called Virtualization. In it, virtual CPU, RAM, NIC and other resources
are provided to OS which it needed to run. This resources is virtually provided and
controlled by an application called Hypervisor. The new OS running on virtual hardware
resources is collectively called Virtual Machine (VM).

3. Application Virtualization:
Application Virtualization: Application virtualization helps a user to have remote access to an
application from a server. The server stores all personal information and other characteristics of
the application but can still run on a local workstation through the internet. An example of this
would be a user who needs to run two different versions of the same software. Technologies that
use application virtualization are hosted applications and packaged applications.

4. Storage Virtualization:

Storage Virtualization: Storage virtualization is an array of servers that are managed by a

virtual storage system. The servers aren’t aware of exactly where their data is stored and
instead function more like worker bees in a hive. It makes managing storage from multiple
sources be managed and utilized as a single repository. storage virtualization software
maintains smooth operations, consistent performance, and a continuous suite of advanced
functions despite changes, breaks down, and differences in the underlying equipment.

5. Operating System Virtualization:

Virtualization software is able to convert hardware IT resources that require unique software for
operation into virtualized IT resources. As the host OS is a complete operating system in itself,
many OS-based services are available as organizational management and administration tools can
be utilized for the virtualization host management.

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Various major operations of Operating System Based Virtualization are described below:
1. Hardware capabilities can be employed, such as the network connection and CPU.
2. Connected peripherals with which it can interact, such as a webcam, printer, keyboard, or
Scanners.
3. Data that can be read or written, such as files, folders, and network shares.

In this virtualization, a user installs the virtualization software in the operating system of his
system like any other program and utilizes this application to operate and generate various virtual
machines. Here, the virtualization software allows direct access to any of the created virtual
machines to the user. As the host OS can provide hardware devices with the mandatory support,
operating system virtualization may affect compatibility issues of hardware even when the
hardware driver is not allocated to the virtualization software.

Operating system-based Virtualization refers to an operating system feature in which the kernel
enables the existence of various isolated user-space instances. The installation of virtualization
software also refers to Operating system-based virtualization. It is installed over a pre-existing
operating system and that operating system is called the host operating system.
2.4 Virtualization and Cloud Computing:

S.NO Cloud Computing Virtualization

Cloud computing is used to provide pools While It is used to make various

1. and automated resources that can be simulated environments through a
accessed on-demand. physical hardware system.

Cloud computing setup is tedious, While virtualization setup is simple as

2.
complicated. compared to cloud computing.

3. Cloud computing is high scalable. While virtualization is low scalable

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S.NO Cloud Computing Virtualization

compared to cloud computing.

While virtualization is less flexible than

4. Cloud computing is Very flexible.
cloud computing.

In the condition of disaster recovery, cloud While it relies on single peripheral

5.
computing relies on multiple machines. device.

In cloud computing, the workload is In virtualization, the workload is

6.
stateless. stateful.

The total cost of cloud computing is higher The total cost of virtualization is lower
7.
than virtualization. than Cloud Computing.

Cloud computing requires many dedicated While single dedicated hardware can do
8.
hardware. a great job in it.

While storage space depends on

Cloud computing provides unlimited storage
9. physical server capacity in
space.
virtualization.

Virtualization is of two types :

Cloud computing is of two types : Public
10. Hardware virtualization and
cloud and Private cloud.
Application virtualization.

In Cloud Computing, Configuration is In Virtualization, Configuration is

11.
image based. template based.

In cloud computing, we utilize the entire

In Virtualization, the entire servers are
12. server capacity and the entire servers are
on-demand.
consolidated.

In cloud computing, the pricing pay as you

In Virtualization, the pricing is totally
13. go model, and consumption is the metric on
dependent on infrastructure costs.
which billing is done.

2.5 Pros and Cons of Virtualization:

Pros of Virtualization
 Utilization of Hardware Efficiently: With the help of Virtualization Hardware is Efficiently
used by user as well as Cloud Service Provider. In this the need of Physical Hardware System
for the User is decreases and this results in less costly.
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 In Service Provider point of View, they will utilize the Hardware using Hardware
Virtualization which decrease the Hardware requirement from Vendor side.
 High Availability: One of the main benefit of Virtualization is that it provides advance
features which allow virtual instances to be available all the times.
 Disaster Recovery is efficient and easy: With the help of virtualization Data
Recovery, Backup, Duplication becomes very easy. In traditional method , if somehow due to
some disaster if Server system Damaged then the surety of Data Recovery is very less. But
with the tools of Virtualization real time data backup recovery and mirroring become easy task
and provide surety of zero percent data loss.
 Virtualization saves Energy: Virtualization will help to save Energy because while moving
from physical Servers to Virtual Server’s, the number of Server’s decreases due to this
monthly power and cooling cost decreases which will Save Money as well.
 Quick and Easy Set up: In traditional methods Setting up physical system and servers are
very time-consuming. Firstly Purchase them in bulk after that wait for shipment. When
Shipment is done then wait for Setting up and after that again spend time in installing required
software etc. Which will consume very time. But with the help of virtualization the entire
process is done in very less time which results in productive setup.
 Cloud Migration becomes easy: Most of the companies those who already have spent a lot in
the server have a doubt of Shifting to Cloud. But it is more cost-effective to shift to cloud
services because all the data that is present in their server’s can be easily migrated into the
cloud server and save something from maintenance charge, power consumption, cooling cost,
cost to Server Maintenance Engineer etc.
 Resource Optimization: Virtualization allows efficient utilization of physical hardware by
running multiple virtual machines (VMs) on a single physical server. This consolidation leads
to cost savings in terms of hardware, power, cooling, and space
Cons of Virtualization
 High Initial Investment: While virtualization reduces costs in the long run, the initial setup
costs for storage and servers can be higher than a traditional setup.
 Complexity: Managing virtualized environments can be complex, especially as the number of
VMs increases.
 Security Risks: Virtualization introduces additional layers, which may pose security risks if
not properly configured and monitored.
 Learning New Infrastructure: As Organization shifted from Servers to Cloud. They required
skilled staff who can work with cloud easily. Either they hire new IT staff with relevant skill or
provide training on that skill which increase the cost of company.
 Data can be at Risk: Working on virtual instances on shared resources means that our data is
hosted on third party resource which put’s our data in vulnerable condition. Any hacker can
attack on our data or try to perform unauthorized access. Without Security solution our data is
in threaten situation.

2. 6 Technology Examples:

1. Xen: Paravirtualization:
Prerequisites – Introduction to Virtualization, Machine Reference Model of Virtualization
Xen is an open source hypervisor based on paravirtualization. It is the most popular application of
paravirtualization. Xen has been extended to compatible with full virtualization using hardware-
assisted virtualization. It enables high performance to execute guest operating system. This is
probably done by removing the performance loss while executing the instructions requiring
significant handling and by modifying portion of the guest operating system executed by Xen,
with reference to the execution of such instructions. Hence this especially support x86, which is
the most used architecture on commodity machines and servers.

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Figure – Xen Architecture and Guest OSnManagement

Above figure describes the Xen Architecture and its mapping onto a classic x86 privilege model.
A Xen based system is handled by Xen hypervisor, which is executed in the most privileged mode
and maintains the access of guest operating system to the basic hardware. Guest operating system
are run between domains, which represents virtual machine instances.
2. VMware: Full Virtualization:
VMware is widely used as it tends to virtualize x86 architectures, which executes unmodified
on-top of their hypervisors. With the introduction of hardware-assisted virtualization, full
virtualization is possible to achieve by support of hardware. But earlier, x86 guest operating
systems unmodified in a virtualized environment could be executed only with the use of
dynamic binary translation.
Since the set of sensitive instruction is not a subset of privileged instruction, x86 architecture
design is not satisfy the first theorem of virtualization.
Due to this different behaviour occurs while such instructions are not run in the Ring 0 , which is
normal in a virtualization environment where the guest OS is run in Ring 1. Basically, a trap is
created, and the method in which it manages differentiation of the solution in which virtualization
is applied for x86. In dynamic binary translation, the trap encounters the translation of interrupts
or offending instructions into a corresponding set of instructions that establishes the same target
without making exceptions. In addition, to expand performance, the corresponding set of
instruction is cached, so the translation is not important anymore for further encounters of the
same instructions. Below is the figure which demonstrates it.

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3. Microsoft Hyper-V:

VMware is a company that offers a wide range of virtualization products, including vSphere, VMware
Workstation, and VMware ESXi. Hyper-V and VMware are the two leading virtualization platforms.
Both platforms offer a wide range of benefits, but there are also some key differences between them.

 Hyper-V offers limited support for non-Windows based VMs, whereas VMware provides robust
cross-platform compatibility.
 VMware is a commercial product, whereas Hyper-V is free for Windows Server and Windows 10
users.
 Hyper-V has a smaller overhead compared to VMware, as it is embedded within the Windows
Kernel. VMware typically uses more resources, as it runs on top of an operating system.
 VMware has a steeper learning curve compared to Hyper-V.
 VMware has a larger ecosystem of third-party applications and integrations that can be used to
extend its feature set. Hyper-V integrates seamlessly with Microsoft suite products but not as
many third-party applications.
 Both products offer advanced virtualization features, including nested virtualization, live
migration, cloning, and remote connectivity.

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