Unit 2

Operators and Expressions

What is a C Operator?
An operator in C can be defined as the symbol that helps us to perform some
specific mathematical, relational, bitwise, conditional, or logical computations on
values and variables. The values and variables used with operators are called
operands. So we can say that the operators are the symbols that perform
operations on operands.

For example,
c = a + b;

Here, ‘+’ is the operator known as the addition operator, and ‘a’ and ‘b’ are
operands. The addition operator tells the compiler to add both of the operands ‘a’
and ‘b’.
Types of Operators in C
C language provides a wide range of operators that can be classified into 6 types
based on their functionality:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Bitwise Operators
5. Assignment Operators
6. Other Operators
2.1 Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical
operations

+ Addition Adds together two values x+y

- Subtraction Subtracts one value from another x-y

* Multiplication Multiplies two values x*y

/ Division Divides one value by another x/y

% Modulus Returns the division remainder x%y

Integer Arithmetic
When both the operands are integer.
a-b=10
a+b=18
Real Arithmetic
When both the operands are real.
x=6.0/7.0
y=1.0/3.0
Mixed Mode Arithmetic
When one operand is real and another is integer.
x=15/10.0
y=15/10
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 10, b = 4, res;
// printing a and b
printf("a is %d and b is %d\n", a, b);
res = a + b; // addition
printf("a + b is %d\n", res);
res = a - b; // subtraction
printf("a - b is %d\n", res);
res = a * b; // multiplication
printf("a * b is %d\n", res);
res = a / b; // division
printf("a / b is %d\n", res);
res = a % b; // modulus
printf("a %% b is %d\n", res);
return 0;
}

2.2 Relational operators

relational operators are the symbols that are used for comparison between two values to
understand the type of relationship a pair of numbers shares.
The result that we get after the relational operation is a boolean value, that tells whether the
comparison is true or false.
Relational operators are mainly used in conditional statements and loops to check the
conditions in C programming.
Types of C Relational Operators
There are a total of 6 relational operators in C language. There are:
1. Equal to operator (==)
The C equal to operator (==) is a relational operator that is used to check whether the two
given operands are equal or not.
 Equal to operator is a binary operator hence it requires two operands to perform the
comparison.
 If the two values are equal, it returns true. Otherwise, it returns false.
 It does not work for strings or arrays.
Syntax
operand1 == operand2
For example, 5==5 will return true.
2. Not equal to operator (!=)
The C not equal (==) to operator is another relational operator used for checking whether
the two given operands are equal or not.
 It is also a binary operator, requiring two operands to perform the comparison.
 It is the exact boolean complement of the ‗==‘ operator which returns true if the two
values are not equal, false otherwise.
Syntax
operand1 != operand2
For example, 5!=5 will return false.
3. Greater than operator (>)
The greater than operator is a relational operator in C that checks whether the first operand
is greater than the second operand or not.
 It is a binary operator.
 If the operand first is greater than the operand2, it returns true. Otherwise, it returns
false.
 This operator is used to make decisions or create conditions based on the relative
magnitude of two values.
Syntax
operand1 > operand2
For example, 6>5 will return true.
4. Less than operator (<)
The less than operator is a relational operator in C that checks whether the first operand is
lesser than the second operand.
 It is a binary operator.
 If the operand first is less than the operand2, it returns true. Otherwise, it returns false.
 This operator is also used to make decisions or create conditions based on the relative
magnitude of two values.
Syntax
operand1 < operand2
For example, 6<5 will return false.
5. Greater than or equal to operator (>=)
The greater than or equal to the operator is a relational operator in C that checks whether
the first operand is greater than or equal to the second operand.
 It is a binary operator.
 If the operand first is greater than or equal to the operand2, it returns true. Otherwise, it
returns false.
Syntax
operand1 >= operand2
For example, 5>=5 will return true.
6. Less than or equal to the the operator (<=)
The less than or equal to the operator is a relational operator in C that checks whether the
first operand is less than or equal to the second operand.
 It is a binary operator.
 If the operand first is greater than or equal to the operand2, it returns true. Otherwise, it
returns false.
Syntax
operand1 <= operand2
For example, 5<=5 will also return true.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int a = 10, b = 4;

// greater than example

if (a > b)

printf("a is greater than b\n");

else

printf("a is less than or equal to b\n");

// greater than equal to

if (a >= b)
 printf("a is greater than or equal to b\n");

else

printf("a is lesser than b\n");

// less than example

if (a < b)

printf("a is less than b\n");

else

printf("a is greater than or equal to b\n");

// lesser than equal to

if (a <= b)

printf("a is lesser than or equal to b\n");

else

printf("a is greater than b\n");

// equal to

if (a == b)

printf("a is equal to b\n");

else

printf("a and b are not equal\n");

// not equal to

if (a != b)

printf("a is not equal to b\n");

else

printf("a is equal b\n");

return 0;

}
2.3 Logical operators
Logical operators in C are used to combine multiple conditions/constraints. Logical
Operators returns either 0 or 1, it depends on whether the expression result is true or false.
In C programming for decision-making, we use logical operators.
We have 3 logical operators in the C language:
 Logical AND ( && )
 Logical OR ( || )
 Logical NOT ( ! )

1. Logical AND Operator ( && )

If both operands are non-zero then the condition becomes true. Otherwise, the result has a
value of 0. The return type of the result is int. Below is the truth table for the logical AND
operator.

X Y X && Y

1 1 1

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 0

Syntax (operand_1 && operand_2)

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 10, b = 20;
if (a > 0 && b > 20) {
printf("Both values are greater than 0\n");
}
else {
printf("Both values are less than 0\n");
}
 return 0;
}

2. Logical OR Operator ( || )

The condition becomes true if any one of them is non-zero. Otherwise, it

returns false i.e., 0 as the value. Below is the truth table for the logical OR
operator.

X Y X || Y

1 1 1

1 0 1

0 1 1

0 0 0

Syntax
(operand_1 || operand_2)
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = -1, b = 20;
if (a > 0 || b > 0) {
printf("Any one of the given value is "
"greater than 0\n");
}
else {
printf("Both values are less than 0\n");
}
return 0;
}
Logical NOT Operator ( ! )

If the condition is true then the logical NOT operator will make it false and
vice-versa. Below is the truth table for the logical NOT operator.

X !X

0 1

1 0

Syntax
!(operand_1 && operand_2)
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = -1, b = 20;
if (a > 0 || b > 0) {
printf("Any one of the given value is "
"greater than 0\n");
}
else {
printf("Both values are less than 0\n");
}
return 0;
}

2.4 Assignment operators

Assignment operators are used for assigning value to a variable. The left side operand of
the assignment operator is a variable and right side operand of the assignment operator is a
value. The value on the right side must be of the same data-type of the variable on the left
side otherwise the compiler will raise an error.

Different types of assignment operators are shown below:

1. ―=‖: This is the simplest assignment operator. This operator is used to assign the value
on the right to the variable on the left. Example:
a = 10;
b = 20;
ch = 'y';

2. ―+=‖: This operator is combination of ‘+’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first adds the
current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and then assigns the result to
the variable on the left. Example:
(a += b) can be written as (a = a + b)

3. ―-=‖ This operator is combination of ‘-‘ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first subtracts
the value on the right from the current value of the variable on left and then assigns the
result to the variable on the left. Example:
(a -= b) can be written as (a = a - b)

4. ―*=‖ This operator is combination of ‘*’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first multiplies
the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and then assigns the result
to the variable on the left. Example:
(a *= b) can be written as (a = a * b)

5. ―/=‖ This operator is combination of ‘/’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first divides the
current value of the variable on left by the value on the right and then assigns the result to
the variable on the left. Example:
(a /= b) can be written as (a = a / b)

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 10;
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a);
a += 10;
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a);
a -= 10;
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a);
a *= 10;
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a);
a /= 10;
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a);
return 0;
}
2.5 Increment and Decrement operators
The increment ( ++ ) and decrement ( — ) operators in C are unary operators for
incrementing and decrementing the numeric values by 1 respectively.
Syntax of Increment Operator
Increment Operator can be used in two ways which are as follows:
// AS PREFIX
++m
// AS POSTFIX
m++
1.Pre-Increment
In pre-increment, the increment operator is used as the prefix. Also known as prefix
increment, the value is incremented first according to the precedence and then the less
priority operations are done.

Example
result = ++var1;

2.Post-Increment
In post-increment, the increment operator is used as the suffix of the operand. The
increment operation is performed after all the other operations are done. It is also known as
postfix increment.
Example
result = var1++;

Decrement Operator in C
The decrement operator is used to decrement the value of a variable in an expression. In the
Pre-Decrement, the value is first decremented and then used inside the expression.
Syntax
Just like the increment operator, the decrement operator can also be used in two ways:
// AS PREFIX
--m
// AS POSTFIX
m--

1.Pre-Decrement Operator
The pre-decrement operator decreases the value of the variable immediately when
encountered. It is also known as prefix decrement as the decrement operator is used as the
prefix of the operand.
Example
result = --m;

2.Post-Decrement Operator
The post-decrement happens when the decrement operator is used as the suffix of the
variable. In this case, the decrement operation is performed after all the other operators are
evaluated.
Example
result = m--;
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 5;
int b = 5;
int prefix = ++a;
printf("Prefix Increment: %d\n", prefix);
printf("Prefix Increment: %d\n", a);
int postfix = b++;
printf("Postfix Increment: %d \n", postfix);
printf("Postfix Increment: %d \n", b);
return 0;
}

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 5;
int b = 5;
int prefix = --a;
printf("Prefix Increment: %d\n", prefix);
printf("Prefix Increment: %d\n", a);
int postfix = b--;
printf("Postfix Increment: %d \n", postfix);
printf("Postfix Increment: %d \n", b);
return 0;
}
2.6 Conditional operators
It is also known as the ternary operator in C as it operates on three
operands.
variable = Expression1 ? Expression2 : Expression3;

It can be visualized into an if-else statement as:

if(Expression1)
{
variable = Expression2;
}
else
{
variable = Expression3;
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m = 5, n = 4;
(m > n) ? printf("m is greater than n that is %d > %d",
m, n)
: printf("n is greater than m that is %d > %d",
n, m);
return 0;
}
2.7 Bitwise operators.

In C, the following 6 operators are bitwise operators (also known as bit operators as
they work at the bit-level).

&,|,<<,>>,~,^
1. The & (bitwise AND) in C takes two numbers as operands and does AND on every bit
of two numbers. The result of AND is 1 only if both bits are 1.

2. The | (bitwise OR) in C takes two numbers as operands and does OR on every bit of
two numbers. The result of OR is 1 if any of the two bits is 1.

3. The ^ (bitwise XOR) in C takes two numbers as operands and does XOR on every bit
of two numbers. The result of XOR is 1 if the two bits are different.

4. The << (left shift) in C takes two numbers, the left shifts the bits of the first operand,
and the second operand decides the number of places to shift.

5. The >> (right shift) in C takes two numbers, right shifts the bits of the first operand,
and the second operand decides the number of places to shift.

6. The ~ (bitwise NOT) in C takes one number and inverts all bits of it.

X Y X& Y X|Y X^Y

0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 1

1 0 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 0
2.9. Special operators
Comma operator and sizeof operator.
The comma operator can be used to link the related expression together.
It has the lowest pripority
Value=(x=10,y=5,x+y);

Sizeof operator.
It is compile time operator and when used with an operand it returns the no of bytes the
operand occupies.
M=sizeof(sum);
N=sizeof(a);

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
float b;
char c;
printf("%d\n", sizeof(a));
printf("%d\n", sizeof(b));
printf("%d\n", sizeof(c));
return 0;
}
2.10 Arithmetic expression
An Arithmetic Expression is a combination of operands and Arithmetic operators, such as
addition, subtraction, and so on.
These combinations of operands and operators should be mathematically meaningful,
otherwise, they can not be considered as an Arithmetic expression in C.

An arithmetic expression is an expression that consists of operands and arithmetic operators.

An arithmetic expression computes a value of type int, float or double.

When an expression contains only integral operands, then it is known as pure integer
expression when it contains only real operands, it is known as pure real expression, and when
it contains both integral and real operands, it is known as mixed mode expression.

1. Polish notation (prefix notation) –

It refers to the notation in which the operator is placed before its two operands. Here no
parentheses are required, i.e.,
+AB
2. Reverse Polish notation(postfix notation) –
It refers to the analogous notation in which the operator is placed after its two operands.
Again, no parentheses is required in Reverse Polish notation, i.e.,
AB+
Stack-organized computers are better suited for post-fix notation than the traditional infix
notation. Thus, the infix notation must be converted to the postfix notation. The conversion
from infix notation to postfix notation must take into consideration the operational
hierarchy.
There are 3 levels of precedence for 5 binary operators as given below:
Highest: Exponentiation (^)
Next highest: Multiplication (*) and division (/)
Lowest: Addition (+) and Subtraction (-)
For example –
Infix notation: (A-B)*[C/(D+E)+F]
Post-fix notation: AB- CDE +/F +*

2.11 Evaluation of expression

Evaluate an expression represented by a String. The expression can contain parentheses, you
can assume parentheses are well-matched. For simplicity, you can assume only binary
operations allowed are +, -, *, and /. Arithmetic Expressions can be written in one of three
forms:
 Infix Notation: Operators are written between the operands they operate on, e.g. 3 + 4.
 Prefix Notation: Operators are written before the operands, e.g + 3 4
 Postfix Notation: Operators are written after operands.
Infix Expressions are harder for Computers to evaluate because of the additional work needed
to decide precedence. Infix notation is how expressions are written and recognized by
humans and, generally, input to programs.

2.12 Precedence of Arithmetic operators

The concept of operator precedence and associativity in C helps in determining which
operators will be given priority when there are multiple operators in the expression.
It is very common to have multiple operators in C language and the compiler first evaluates
the operater with higher precedence. I
t helps to maintain the ambiguity of the expression and helps us in avoiding unnecessary
use of parenthesis

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// Verifying the result of the same expression
printf("100 / 5 % 2 = %d", 100 / 5 % 2);
return 0;
}
2.13 Operator precedence and Associativity
In general, the concept of precedence and associativity is applied together in expressions.
So let’s consider an expression where we have operators with various precedence and
associativity
2.14 Mathematical Functions

There is also a list of math functions available, that allows you to perform mathematical tasks
on numbers.

To use them, you must include the math.h header file in your program:

#include <math.h>
square Root

To find the square root of a number, use the sqrt() function:

Example
printf("%f", sqrt(16));
Round a Number

The ceil() function rounds a number upwards to its nearest integer, and the floor() method
rounds a number downwards to its nearest integer, and returns the result:

Example
printf("%f", ceil(1.4));
printf("%f", floor(1.4));
Power

The pow() function returns the value of x to the power of y (xy):

Example
printf("%f", pow(4, 3));
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("value1 = %f\n",sqrt(16));
printf("value2 = %f\n",pow(4,2));
printf("value3 = %f\n",ceil(12.8));
printf("value4 = %f\n",floor(12.4));
return (0); }