LAB-MANUAL

II Year III SEM

3EE4-21
Analog Electronics Lab

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Arya College of Engineering

Main Campus, SP-40, RIICO Industrial Area
Delhi Road, Kukas, Jaipur – 302028
www.aryacollegejpr.com
 Department of Electrical Engineering
PROGRAM EDUCATION OBJECTIVE (PEO)

I. Preparation: To prepare undergraduate students with appropriate blend of

theoretical foundations, experimentation & technical implementation to comprehend
and pinpoint problems in the field of electrical Engineering to excel in postgraduate
programs or to succeed in industry / technical profession.
II. Core competence: To provide students with a solid foundation in mathematical,
scientific and engineering fundamentals required to solve electrical engineering
problems and also to pursue higher studies. Student will be able to employ his
knowledge along with necessary techniques & tools for modern engineering
applications.
III. Breadth: To train students with good scientific and electrical engineering
breadth so as to comprehend, analyze, design, and create novel products and
solutions for the real-life problems in the present electrical system.
IV. Professionalism: To inculcate in students professional and ethical attitude,
Communication Skills, teamwork Skills, computer programming skill and an ability
to relate electrical engineering issues to broader social context.
V. Learning Environment: To provide student with an academic environment
aware of excellence, leadership, and the life-long learning needed for a successful
professional career through independent studies, thesis, internships etc.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

PO-1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics and science, with
fundamentals of Engineering to be able to solve complex engineering problems
related.
PO-2 Problem Analysis: Identify, Formulate, review research literature and analyze
complex engineering problems and reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences
PO-3 Design/Development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety and the cultural
societal and environmental considerations.
PO-4 Conduct Investigations of Complex problems:
Use research–based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
PO-5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, Select and apply appropriate techniques,
resources and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to
complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO-6 The Engineer and Society:
Apply Reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO-7 Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts sustainable
development.
PO-8 Ethics: Apply Ethical Principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice
PO-9 Individual and Teamwork:
Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse teams and
in multidisciplinary Settings
PO-10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering
activities with the engineering community and with society at large such write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations and give
and receive clear instructions.
PO-11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering management principles and apply these to one’s
own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multi-
disciplinary environments.
PO-12 Life-Long Learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning the broadest context of
technological change.
 Department of Electrical Engineering

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOME (PSO)

PSO-1 Ability to utilize logical and technical skills to model, simulate and analyze
electrical components and systems.
PSO-2 Empowering to provide socially acceptable technical solutions to real time
electrical engineering problems with the application of modern and appropriate
techniques for sustainable development.

COURSE OUTCOMES

• CO1: Communicate with the engineering community in written and oral

forms.
• CO2: Develop the Ability to understand the design and working of BJT / FET
amplifiers
• CO3: Record, observe, and analyze the effect of variation in R & C on
oscillator frequency in the case of Wein bridge oscillator and transistor phase
shift oscillator/li>
• CO4: Record, observe, and analyze the effect of variation of C on oscillator
frequency for the Hartley and Colpitts oscillator.
• CO5: Record, observe, and analyze the characteristics of UJT and UJT as a
relaxation oscillator.
 Mapping of PO’S PSO’S with CO’S

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 3 3 1 1 2 1 1
CO2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1
CO3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 1
CO4 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
CO5 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

2nd Year - III Semester: B.Tech.: Electrical Engineering

3EE4-21: ANALOG ELECTRONICS LAB

SYLLABUS

Credit: 0L+0T+2P MAXIMUM MARKS: 100(IA: 60, ETE: 40)

ANALOG ELECTORNICS LAB

1) Plot gain-frequency characteristics of BJT amplifier with and without negative feedback in
the emitter circuit and determine bandwidths, gain bandwidth products and gains at 1 kHz
with and without negative feedback.
2) Study of series and shunt voltage regulators and measurement of line and load regulation
and ripple factor.
3) Plot and study the characteristics of small signal amplifier using FET.
4) Study of push pull amplifier. Measure variation of output power & distortion with load.
5) Study Wein bridge oscillator and observe the effect of variation in R & C on oscillator
frequency.
6) Study transistor phase shift oscillator and observe the effect of variation in R & C on
oscillator frequency and compare with theoretical value.
7) Study the following oscillators and observe the effect of variation of C on oscillator
frequency: (a) Hartley (b) Colpitts.
8) To plot the characteristics of UJT and UJT as relaxation
 DO’S AND DON’T’S
DO’S
• Maintain strict discipline.
• Proper handling of apparatus must be done.
• Before switching on the power supply get it checked by the lecturer.
• Switch off your mobile.
• Be a keen observer while performing the experiment

DON’TS
• Do not touch or attempt to touch the mains power directly with bare hands.
• Do not manipulate the experiment results.
• Do not overcrowd the tables.
• Do not tamper with equipments.
• Do not leave the lab without prior permission from the teacher.
 INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

• Maintain separate observation copy for each laboratory.

• Observations or readings should be taken only in the observation copy.
• Get the readings counter signed by the faculty after the completion of the experiment.
• Maintain Index column in the observation copy and get the signature of the faculty
before leaving the lab.

BEFORE ENTERING THE LAB

• The previous experiment should have been written in the practical file, without
which the students will not be allowed to enter the lab.
• The students should have written the experiment in the observation copy that they
are supposed to perform in the lab.
• The experiment written in the observation copy should have aim, apparatus
required, circuit diagram/algorithm, blank observation table (if any), formula (if
any), program (if any), model graph (if any) and space for result.

WHEN WORKING IN THE LAB

• Necessary equipments/apparatus should be taken only from the lab assistant by

making an issuing slip, which would contain name of the experiment, names of
batch members and apparatus or components required.
• Never switch on the power supply before getting the permission from the faculty.

BEFORE LEAVING THE LAB

• The equipments/components should be returned back to the lab assistant in good

condition after the completion of the experiment.
• The students should get the signature from the faculty in the observation copy.
• They should also check whether their file is checked, and counter signed in the
index.
 SR. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
NO.
1. Plot gain-frequency characteristics of BJT amplifier with and without
negative feedback in the emitter circuit and determine bandwidths, gain
bandwidth products and gains at 1 kHz with and without negative
feedback.
2. Study of series and shunt voltage regulators and measurement of line
and load regulation and ripple factor.
3. Plot and study the characteristics of small signal amplifier using FET.
4. Study of push pull amplifier. Measure variation of output power &
distortion with load.
5. Study Wein bridge oscillator and observe the effect of variation in R &
C on oscillator frequency.
6. Study transistor phase shift oscillator and observe the effect of variation
in R & C on oscillator frequency and compare with theoretical value.
7. Study the following oscillators and observe the effect of variation of C
on oscillator frequency: (a) Hartley (b) Colpitts.
8. To plot the characteristics of UJT and UJT as relaxation
 Experiment no: -1

Object. -Plot gain, frequency characteristic of BJT amplifier with and without feedback in the
emitter and determine bandwidth, gain bandwidth products and gain at 1 KHz with and ' without
negative feedback.

Equipment Required:

S No. Equipment Range Quantity

1. Power supply (0 to 30) v 1
2. CRO 30MHz 1
Function 1
3. 3 MHz
Generator
Table 1.1

Component Required:

S.No. Equipment Range Qty.

1. Transistor BC107 1
5.6KQ 1
10 KQ
3
2. Resistor 33 KO
1
1.5 KO
15 KO 1
10 nF 1
3. Capacitor 47 pF 1
10 pF
4. Power Supply 0-30 V
5. CRO 0-20MHz 1
6. Connecting wires - -
Table 1.2
Theory:

When any increase in the output signal results into the input in such a way as to cause the decrease
in the output signal, the amplifier is said to have negative feedback. The advantages of providing
negative feedback are that the transfer gain of the amplifier with feedback can be stabilized against
variations in the hybrid parameters the transistor or the parameters of the other active devices used
in the circuit. The most advantage of the negative feedback is that by proper use of this, there is
significant improvement in the frequency response and in the linearity of the operation of the
amplifier. This disadvantage of the negative feedback is that the voltage gain is decreased. In
Voltage-Series feedback, the input impedance of the amplifier is decreased, and the output
impedance is increased. Noise and distortions are reduced considerably.

Circuit diagram:

Fig 1.1 Circuit diagram of CE Amplifier

Observation table:

• With Feedback

S.No. Frequency Vi(v) Vo(v) Gain=Vo/Vi Gain(db.) =201og (Vo/Vi)

Table 1.3
Without Feedback

S.No. Frequency Vi(v) Vo(v) Gain=Vo/Vi Gain(db)=201og (V o/V i)

Table 1.4

Model graph

Fig 1.2 Frequency response curve of BJT amplifier

Precautions:
1. Connections should be neat and clean.
2. Connections should be tight.
3. Check whether the two components are not touching each other. This can create the
problem of short-circuiting.
4. Simultaneously apply the input and output to CRO.
 3EE4-21 Analog Electronics Lab

Practical No:-1
Objective:-
Plot gain, frequency characteristic of BJT amplifier with and without feedback in the emitter and
determine bandwidth, gain bandwidth products and gain at 1 KHz with and without negative
feedback.

S.No. Viva Questions (to be answered in the Lab file)

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of multi-stage amplifiers?

2. Why does gain fall at HF and LF?

3. Why does the gain remain constant at MF?

4. Explain the function of emitter bypass capacitor, Ce?

5. How will the band width effect as more number of stages are cascaded?

What is the effect of Current-Series Feedback amplifier on the input

6. impedance of the amplifier?

7. What is the effect of negative feedback on the Bandwidth of an amplifier?

8. State the reason for the usage of negative feedback in an amplifier?

9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of multi-stage amplifiers?

10. What are the fundamental assumptions that are made in studying feedback
 Experiment -2
Object: Study and implementation of series and shunt voltage regulators and calculate line
regulation and ripple factor.

Equipment Required:

S.No. Equipment Range Quantity

1. Power supply (0 to 30) v 1
2- Voltmeter (0 to 20) v 1

Table 2.1

Component Required:

S.No. Component Value Quantity

BC107 1
1. Transistor
2N3053A 1
2. Zener diode lN3020(10v) 1
1
3300 100Q 1
4700 4.7KO 1
3. Resistor 5.6KO 1
1.5kO 100KO 1
1KO 1
1
5KO 1
4 Potentiometer
I0KO 1
Connecting
5 - -
wire

Table 2.2
Theory:

Regulator is a circuit, which maintains the terminal voltage constant even if input voltage varies or
load current is varying.

2.1 Shunt regulator. The simplest form of voltage regulator uses a zener diode. This
circuit gives more or less constant voltage irrespective of change in input voltage and load
current. The unregulated voltage Vi is applied to the series current limiting resistor Rs and
 the regulated output is taken across zener diode. A zener diode is in parallel with load, it is
known as shunt regulator.

2.2 Series regulator: A low power zener diode is employed in simple regulator circuit,
then the load current is limited by the maximum load current. In series voltage regulator,
output is continuously sampled and then compared with a reference voltage any variation in
the output is amplified and then fed to base of pass transistor. Negative feedback is used in
this circuit.

2.3 Load regulating is the change in output voltage for a given change in load current (for
example: "typically 15mV, maximum 100 mV for load currents between 5mA and 1.4A, at
some specified temperature and input voltage").

2.4 Line regulation or input regulation is the degree to which output voltage changes with
input (supply) voltage changes - as a ratio of output to input change (for example "typically

Fig 2.1Circuit diagram of voltage shunt regulator ,

13mV7V"), or the output voltage change over the entire specified input voltage range (for
example "plus or minus 2% for input voltages between 90V and 260V, 50-60Hz").
 Fig 2.2 circuit diagram of Series voltage regulator

Procedure:

Line regulation-
1.Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2.Connect the load resistance of higher wattage (say 1KQ /1W).
3. Vary the input DC supply in a regular step.
4. Note down the corresponding output voltage using a voltmeter.
5. Plot the graph: Vin vs. Vo.

Load regulation
1.For the same circuit shown, fix the input de supply voltage, more than the regulating
value.
2.Replace the fixed resistance by resistors of 1KQ. 5KQ, 1OKQ one by one.
3. Vary the load in regular steps.
4. Note down the corresponding output voltage across each load using voltmeter.
5.Plot the graph V0 vs VL

Observation:
Shunt Regulator (line regulation)

Input voltage (Vi)

S No. Output voltage Vo (v)
(v)

Table 2.3
Shunt regulator load regulation

Load resistance RL Output

S No. voltage
(O) (Vo) (v)

Table 2.4

Series regulation load regulation

Input voltage (Vi) Output voltage Vo

S No.
(v) (v)

...

Table 2.5

Series regulation line regulation

Load resistance RL Output voltage (Vo)

S No.
(Q) (v)

Table 2.6
Precautions:

1.Connections on the breadboard should be tight.

2.Components should not touch each other.

3. Note down the reading carefully.

4. Connections should be neat and tight

Result: Series and shunt regulators have been successfully constructed

Shunt regulator- Line regulation =

Load regulation =
Series regulator - Line regulation =
Load regulation =
 3EE4-21 Analog Electronics Lab

Practical No:-2
Objective:-
Study and implementation of series and shunt voltage regulators and calculate line regulation and
ripple factor.

S.No. Viva Questions (to be answered in the Lab file)

What is the basic principle of a series voltage regulator?
1.
How does the series voltage regulator maintain a constant output voltage?
2.
What is the role of the error amplifier in the series voltage regulator?
3.
Calculate the line regulation of a series voltage regulator.
4.

How does the shunt voltage regulator handle changes in input voltage?
5.

What is the advantage of using a shunt voltage regulator over a series regulator?
6.

Design a shunt voltage regulator to regulate the output voltage of a power supply.
7.

How does the shunt voltage regulator affect the ripple factor of the output voltage?
8.

What is the difference between line regulation and load regulation?

9.

How do you calculate the ripple factor of a voltage regulator?

10.
 Experiment-3

Object: To plot and study the characteristics of small signal amplifier using FET.

Apparatus Required: FET(BFW-ll)

S No. Equipment Range Quantity

Dual Power
1. (0 to 30) v 1
supply
2. Voltmeter (0 to 20) v 2

3. Ammeter (0-100mA) 1

Connecting
4.
wires
5. FET (BFW- 11) 1

Table 2.1
Theory:

A FET is a three-terminal device, having the characteristics of high input impedance and less noise,
the Gate to Source junction of the FET s always reverse biased. In response to small, applied
voltage from drain to source, the n-type bar acts as sample resistor, and the drain current increases
linearly with VDS. With increase in ID the ohmic voltage drop between the source and the channel
region reverse biases the junction and the conducting position of the channel begins to remain
constant. The VDS at this instant is called “pinch off voltage”. If the gate to source voltage (Vos) is
applied in the direction to provide additional reverse bias, the pinch off voltage ill is decreased. In
amplifier application, the FET is always used in the region beyond the pinch-off.
FDS = IDSS( 1 -VGS/VP)2
 FIG 3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF FET CHARACTERISTICS

Procedure:
1. All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. To plot the drain characteristics, keep VGS constant at OV.

3. Vary the VDD and observe the values of VDS and ID.
4. Repeat the above steps 2, 3 for different values of VQS at 0.1 V and 0.2V.
5. All the readings are tabulated.

6. To plot the transfer characteristics, keep Vos constant at 1V.

7. Vary VGG and observe the values of VGs and ID.

8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for different values of VDs at 1.5 V and 2V.

9. The readings are tabulated.

10. From drain characteristics, calculate the values of dynamic resistance (rd) by using the

formula
rd = AVDS/AID
11. From transfer characteristics, calculate the value of transconductance (gm) ty using the

formula
Gm=AID/AVDS
12. Amplification factor (p) = dynamic resistance. Tran conductance

p = AV DS/AVos
Observations:

Drain Characteristics:

S.NO VGS=0V VGS=0.1V VGS=0.2V

VDS(V) ID(mA) VDS(V) ID(mA) VDS(V) ID)(mA)

Table 3.1

Transfer Characteristics:

VDS Vos
S.NO VDS=1
=0.5V =1.5V
vGS(V) ID(mA) VGS(V) ID(mA) VGS (V) ID(mA)

Table 3.2

Model Graph:

Transfer Characteristics

Fig 3.2 Transfer Characteristics Of FET

Drain Characteristics

Fig 3.3 Drain Characteristics of FET

Precautions:
1. The three terminals of the FET must be carefully identified
2. Practically FET contains four terminals, which are called source, drain. Gate, substrate.
3. Source and case should be short circuited.
4. Voltages exceeding the ratings of the FET should not be applied.

Result:
The drain and transfer characteristics of a given FET are drawn
The dynamic resistance (rd), amplification factor (p) and Tran conductance (gm) of the given FET
are calculated.
 3EE4-21 Analog Electronics Lab

Practical No:-3
Objective:-
To plot and study the characteristics of small signal amplifier using FET.

S.No. Viva Questions (to be answered in the Lab file)

1. What is the level of IG in an FET?

2. What is the range of an FET's input impedance?

3. Which of the following applies to a safe MOSFET handling?

4. At which of the following condition(s) is the depletion region uniform?

5. What is the ratio of ID / IDSS for VGS = 0.5 VP?

6. Which of the following controls the level of ID?

Which of the following is (are) the terminal(s) of a field-effect transistor

7. (FET).

8. How many terminals can a MOSFET have?

9. What are the applications of FET?

10. What are the disadvantages of FET?

 Experiment no-4

Object:- Study and implementation of push pull amplifier. Measure variation of output power &
distortion with load and calculate the efficiency.

Equipment required:
S.No. Equipment Range Quantity
Function
1. (0-30)MHz 1
generator
2. Multimeter - 1
Push-pull
3. - 1
amplifier kit
4. Potentiometer IK 1

Table 4.1
Theory:
Power amplifiers are designed using different circuit configuration with the sole purpose of
delivering maximum undistorted output power to load. Push-pull amplifiers operating either
in class-B are class-AB are used in high power audio system with high efficiency. In
complementary-symmetry class-B power amplifier two types of transistors. NPN and PNP
are used. These transistors act as emitter follower with both emitters connected together. In
class-B power amplifier Q-point is located either in cut-off region or in saturation region. So,
that only 180° of the input signals is flowing in the output. In * complementary-symmetry
power amplifier, during the positive half cycle of input signal NPN transistor conducts and
during the negative half cycle PNP transistor conducts. Since, the two transistors are
complement of each other and they are connected symmetrically so, the name complementary
symmetry has come. Theoretically efficiency of complementary symmetry power amplifier is
78.5%. Class-B push-pull amplifier helps in getting higher efficiency and consequently
higher output power for a given type of transistor. Here no biasing is required because in
class-B operation, operating point is set at cut-of region (on x-axis) for which no biasing is
required.
Efficiency, = Pac/Pdc
η= (Vcc-Vmin) Im/2
= 2Vcc Im/π
η = π /4 *(Vcc-Vmin)/Vcc
% η = π /4 *(Vcc-Vmin)/Vcc *100

= 78.5[1-Vmin/Vcc]
Maximum conclusion efficiency, ηmax
η is maximum when Vmin=0
% η =78.5%

Circuit diagram:

Fig 4.1 circuit diagram of push pull amplifier

Alternate Circuit:
 Fig 4.2 Alternate circuit diagram of push pull amplifier

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit has shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Measure base, emitter and collector D.C voltages of both transistors and compare
against estimated values.
3. Apply the input at input terminals of the circuit from the function generator.
4. Keep the input signal at constant frequency under mid frequency region and adjust the
amplitude such that output voltage undistorted.
5. Calculate the power efficiency and compare it with theoretical efficiency.

Observations:

Estimated voltages Observed voltages

Vbl ,Vcl, Vel

Vb2, Vc2. Ve2

Table 4.2
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of AC output power to DC input power

DC input power = Vcc x ICQ

AC output power = VP.P2 / 8RL

Calculations:
Input DC power = Vcc x ICQ

Output AC power = Vrms * Irms

= VPP2/8RL

η = output AC power/ input DC power

Graph:

Fig 4.3 Graph of Push Pull Amplifier

Precautions:

1. Use matched pair NPN & PNP transistors for this experiment. Matching can be
done by observing h of the transistor using DMM.
2. Transistors recommended are SL100, SK100.
3. Transistors heat up at large signal which is necessary to obtain high efficiency.
4. Do not short the output which will result in burning of the transistors.
5. In the absence of signal DC voltage at emitters is 0 V.
6. When alternate circuit uses series resistors to compensate any difference in VBE
of transistors, ensure obtaining expected DC voltages and proceeds after that.
Applications:
This circuit is used to drive low impedance without Transformer.

Discussion:

The efficiency of class-B amplifier is 78.5% in maximum condition whereas in class-A

amplifier it is 50%. The difference is due to the fact that for zero signals the power loss
on transistor is zero in class-B operation while it is maximum in class-A operation.

Result:

The maximum input signal amplitude which produces undistorted output signal is
The practical efficiency of the circuit is ……………….
 3EE4-21 Analog Electronics Lab

Practical No:- 4
Objective:-
To study the class-B push-pull amplifier and measure variation of output power
& distortion with load

S.No. Viva Questions (to be answered in the Lab file)

1. Differentiate between voltage amplifier and power amplifier

2. Explain impedance matching provided by transformer?

Under what condition power dissipation is maximum for transistor in this

3. circuit?

4. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency?

5. Sketch current waveform in each transistor with respective input signal?

6. How do you test matched transistors required for this circuit with DMM?

7. What is the theoretical efficiency of the complementary stage amplifier?

8. How do you measure DC and AC output of this amplifier?

9. Is this amplifier working in class A or B.?

What component will be added in order to eliminate crossover distortion in a

10. Class B amplifier?
 Experiment no. 5

Objective: To study wien bridge oscillator and observe the effect of variation in r and c in
oscillator frequency.

Equipment required:
S. No. Equipment Range Quantity
1 Power Supply 0-30V 1
2 CRO 0-30 MHZ 1
3 Oscillator Kit 1
Table 5.1
Theory
An oscillator is an electronic circuit for generating an AC signal voltage with a DC supply as
the only input requirement. The frequency of the generated signal is decided by the circuit
elements used. An oscillator requires an amplifier, a frequency selective network and positive
feedback from the output to the input. The Barkhausen’s criterion for sustained oscillation is
Aβ = 1 where A is the gain of the amplifier and β is the feedback factor (gain). The unity gain
means signal is in phase. (If the signal is 1800 out of phase and gain will be -1). A Wien
bridge oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator that generates sine waves. It can generate a
large range of frequencies. The oscillator is based on a bridge circuit originally developed by
Max Wien in 1891 for the measurement of impedances. The bridge comprises four resistors
and two capacitors. The oscillator can also be viewed as a positive gain amplifier combined
with a bandpass filter that provides positive feedback. Automatic gain control, intentional
non-linearity and incidental non-linearity limit the output amplitude in various
implementations of the oscillator. The circuit shown to the right depicts a common
implementation of the oscillator, with automatic gain control, using modern components.
Under the condition that R1=R2=R and C1=C2=C, the frequency of oscillation is given by:

f= 1/2 Π RC
and the condition of stable oscillation is given by
Rb = Rf/2

Circuit Diagram

Fig 5.1 Circuit diagram of Wein Bridge Oscillator

Procedure:
As per circuit given on the panel
1. Connect the terminal Y1 to Y2.
2. Connect the terminal R1 to R2 and terminal B1 to B2
3. Connect the terminal R2 to B to CRO which output has to be taken.
4. Find the output frequency from CRO.

Observation:

Given R= 10KΩ, C= 0.01µF

fT=1/2πRC

Observation Table:
S. No. Inductance Capacitance Practical Theoretical
Frequency fp Frequency ft

Fig.5.2 output waveform of wein bridge oscillator

Result:
Study of Wein Bridge Oscillator is done successfully.
Theoretical value is=
Practical value is =
Percentage error = (( fp-ft ) /fp)*100

Discussion:
Wein Bridge is used in the circuit to achieve good frequency stability. By adding the Wein
Bridge in the feedback network, the oscillator circuit becomes sensitive to one particular
frequency. This particular frequency is that for which the bridge is in balanced condition. The
voltage across the parallel combination of R and C is fed to the input of the amplifier.
 3EE4-21 Analog Electronics Lab

Practical No:-5
Objective:-
To study Wein Bridge Oscillator and observe the frequency effect of Variation
in R and C.

S.No. Viva Questions (to be answered in the Lab file)

1. Give the formula for frequency of oscillations?

2. What is the condition for wien bridge oscillator to generate oscillations?

3. What is the total phase shift provided by the oscillator?

4. What is the function of lead-lag network in Wein bridge oscillator?

5. which type of feedback is used in Wein bridge oscillator?

6. What is gain of Wein bridge oscillator?

7. What are the applications of Wein bridge oscillator?

8. What is the condition for oscillations?

9. What is the difference between damped oscillations undamped

Oscillations?
What is the ratio of the output impedance with series feedback to that
10.
without feedback?
 Experiment No.-6

Object: -Study and implementation of transistor phase shift oscillator and observe the effect

of variation in R& C on oscillator frequency and compare with theoretical value.

Equipment required:
S. No. Equipment Range Quantity
1 Power Supply 0-30V 1
2 CRO 0-30 MHZ 1
3 Oscillator Kit 1

Table 6.1
Theory:
RC-Phase shift Oscillator has a CE amplifier followed by three sections of RC phase shift
feedback Networks the output of the last stage is return to the input of the amplifier. The
values of R and C are chosen such that the phase shift of each RC section is 60°Thus The RC
ladder network produces a total phase shift of 180° between its input and output voltage for
the given frequencies. Since CE Amplifier produces 180° phases shift the total phase shift
from the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base will be exactly 360° or
0°. This satisfies the Barkhausen’s condition for sustaining oscillations and total loop gain of
this circuit is greater than or equal to 1, this condition used to generate the sinusoidal
oscillations.

The frequency of oscillations of RC-Phase Shift Oscillator is,

f = (1/2ΠRC√6)
 Fig 6.1 circuit diagram of RC phase shift oscillator

Procedure:
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram as shown above.
2. Observe the output signal and note down the output amplitude and time period (Ta).
3. Calculate the frequency of oscillations theoretically and verify it practically (f-1/T).
4. Calculate the phase shift at each RC section by measuring the time shifts (T) between
the final waveform and the waveform at that section by using the below formula.

Observations:
Theoretical Calculations: R = 10KΩ C= 0.001µF

f = 1/2πRC√6
Practical Calculations:
f = 1/Td

1. ϴ1 = Tp1/td *360°
2. ϴ2 = Tp2/td *360°
3. ϴ1 = Tp3/td *360°

Output Waveform

Fig 6.2 Output waveform of RC phase shift oscillator

Precautions:
1. Make required connections carefully.
2. Take the reading from CRO carefully.
3. Connections must be tight.

Result:
The theoretical & practical values are close to each other
Theoretical freq. =
Practical freq. =
% Error = Theoretical Value - Practical Value / Theoretical value

Discussion:
There are only two types of oscillators that used RC feedback
a. RC phase shift oscillator
b. Wein Bridge
They operate well at lower frequency.
 3EE4-21 Analog Electronics Lab

Practical No:-6
Objective:-
Object:-Study of R.C. phase shift oscillator and observe the effect in R and C
oscillator frequency and obtain theoretical and practical value.

S.No. Viva Questions (to be answered in the Lab file)

1. At what phase shift is the magnitude of A at its maximum in the Nyquist plot?
Which of the following improvements is (are) a result of the negative feedback in a
2. circuit?

3. What is the attenuation of the three-section RC feedback phase-shift oscillator?

Which of the following is (are) the determining factor(s) of the stability of a
4. feedback amplifier?

5. What is the total phase shift produce by the RC ladder network?

6. What is the minimum frequency at which a crystal will oscillate?

7. Whether the oscillator is positive feedback or negative feedback?

8. What are the applications of RC oscillations?

9. How the Barkhausen’s criterion is satisfied in RC phase shift oscillator?

10. What is the gain of RC phase shift oscillator?

 Experiment No. -7
Object: Study the following oscillators and observe the effect of variation of C on oscillator
frequency: (a) Hartley (b) Colpitts

Equipment required:
S. No. Equipment Range Quantity
1 Power Supply 0-30V 1
2 CRO 0-30 MHZ 1
3 Oscillator Kit 1
Table 7.1
Theory:
Hartley oscillator is very popular and is commonly used as a local oscillator in radio
receivers. It has two main advantages viz. Adaptability to wide range of frequencies and easy
to tune. The tank circuit is made up of LI, L2, and Cl. The coil LI is inductively coupled to
coil L2, the combination functions as auto transformer. The resistances R2 and R3 provide
the necessary biasing. The capacitance C2 blocks the d.c component. The frequency of
oscillations is determined by the values of LI, L2 and Cl and is given by,
F=1/(2 Π(C1(√L1+L2)))
The energy supplied to the tank circuit is of correct phase. The auto transformer provides
180° out of phase. Also, another 180° is produced By the transistor. In this way, energy
feedback to the tank circuit is in phase with the generated oscillations.

Circuit Diagram:
 Fig 7.1 circuit diagram of Hartley Oscillator

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect CRO at output terminals and observe wave form.

3. Calculate practically the frequency of oscillations by using the Expression.

4. F=l/T, Where T= Time period of the waveform

5. Repeat the above steps 2, 3 for different values of LI and note Down practical values

of oscillations of colpitis oscillator.

6. Compare the values of frequency of oscillations both theoretically and practically.

Model graph:

Fig 7.2 Hartley oscillator output waveform

Observation Table:
S. No. Inductance Capacitance Practical Theoretical
Frequency fp Frequency ft

Table 7.2

Procedure:

As per the circuit given on the panel-

1. Connect terminal RI to R2.
2. Connect the terminal Bl to B2 and G1 to G2.
3. The input signal is applied between the terminals G2 and B2.
4. Connect the terminals R2 and B to the CRO from which output has to be taken
5. Find the output frequency from CRO.
6. Find the theoretical value from the formula.
Precautions:-
1. .Make connections as per circuit diagram carefully.
2. Reading should be taken carefully from the CRO
3. Power supply should be switched off, when experiment is completed
Result:-
Study of Hartley Oscillator is done successfully.
Theoretical value is =
Practical value is =
Percentage error = [ft-fp/fp] *100

Discussion:
Here we have seen that the output of the transistor is coupled back to the transistor input
through tank circuit. Transistor (CE) itself produce 180° phase shift and another phase shift is
provided by inductive feedback. Thus, the total phase shift of 360° is obtained. This is the
essential condition of development of oscillation.
 3EE4-21 Analog Electronics Lab

Practical No:-7-a
Objective:-
To study Hartley Oscillator and calculate theoretical and practical frequency.

S.No. Viva Questions (to be answered in the Lab file)

1. Which of the following oscillators is (are) tuned oscillators?

What will the value of the phase shift around the feedback loop for positive
2. feedback?

3. How the oscillations are produced in Hartley oscillator?

4. What is the difference between amplifier and oscillator?

5. What the expression for frequency of oscillations?

6. What is the loop gain of an oscillator?

7. How many inductors and capacitors are used in Hartley Oscillator?

8. What type of feedback is used in oscillators?

9. What is the frequency range of Hartley Oscillator?

What is the ratio of the input impedance with series feedback to that without
10. feedback?
 Experiment -7-b

Object:-To study Colpitts Oscillator and observe the frequency effect of variation of C on

oscillator frequency.

Equipment Required: -

S. no. Equipment Range Quantity

1 Power Supply (0-30)V 1
2 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
3 Oscillator Kit 1
Table 7-b-1

Theory:
The Colpitts Oscillator is very popular and widely used in signal generator up to 100 MHz.
For biasing the transistor consists of two resistors R, and R? and battery Vcc is used. A tank
circuit here is connected between collector and base. Here C1, and C 2are gang capacitors,
values of both the capacitors vary simultaneously. Keeping their ratio the same charging and
discharging develops oscillations in tank circuit whose frequency is decided by Cjand C2 and
I. polarity of voltage Viand V2 are shifted by 180°. The voltage V2 acts as an input for
transistor, which further amplifies and shifts the phase by 180°. Thus, net phase shift
provided by the transistor is 360°. Thus, Oscillation sustained in the circuit.
Oscillation Frequency is given by-
F = (1/2π √(LC))
where, L= inductance
Ceq=effective Capacitance
= (C1C2)\(CI+C2)

Circuit Diagram:
 Fig 7-b-1 circuit diagram of colpitis oscillator

Calculation:

Practical value of frequency of oscillation fp=1KHz

Inductance L= l00 mH
Capacitance C= 0.1 µF
Theoretical value of Oscillation

F=1/ (2 Π((√LC)))

Percentage error=[(fI-fp)/fp] * 100

Procedure: -

As per the circuit given on the panel-

1. Connect terminal RI to R2.
2. Connect the terminal Bl to B2 and G1 to G2.
3. The input signal is applied between the terminals G2 and B2.
4. Connect the terminals R2 and B to the CRO from which output has to be taken.
5. Find the output frequency from CRO.
Find the theoretical value from the formula

Observation Table:
S. No. Inductance L Capacitance C Practical Theoretical
Frequency fp Frequency ft

Table 7.b-2

Model Waveform:

Fig 7-b-2 Output waveform of Colpitts Oscillator

Procedure
1. Make connections as per circuit diagram carefully.
2. Reading should be taken carefully from the CRO
3. Power supply should be switched off, when experiment is completed.
4. The input voltage must remain constant.
5. Supply should be switched off, after the completion of experiment.
Result: -

Study of Colpitts Oscillator is done successfully.

Theoretical value is =
Practical value is =

Percentage error=[(ft-fp)/fp] * 10

Discussion:
When supply voltage is switched on capacitors Charges through the supply, thereafter they
discharge through the inductor. Charging and discharging develops oscillations in the tank
circuit whose frequency is decided by capacitors and inductor.
 3EE4-21 Analog Electronics Lab

Practical No:-7-b
Objective:-
To study Colpitts Oscillator and observe the frequency effect of variation of C on
oscillator frequency.

S.No. Viva Questions (to be answered in the Lab file)

1. What are the applications of LC oscillators?

What is the total phase shift requirement, around the feedback loop, for
2. a phase- shift oscillator?

3. What type of feedback is used in oscillators?

What is the expression for the frequency of oscillations of colpitis

4. oscillator?

5. Which pair in circuit forms stabilizing circuit?

6. What is the frequency of oscillation?

7. What is coupling capacitor?

8. Is an oscillator DC to AC converter?

9. What is the function of input and output capacitor?

10. How does Colpitts’s differ from Hartley?

 Experiment No-8

Object: To plot the characteristics of UJT and UJT as relaxation.

Equipment Required: -

S. no. Equipment Range Quantity

1 Power Supply (0-30)V 1
2 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
3 UJT oscillator board 1
4. Connecting wires

Table 8.1
Theory:
A Unijunction Transistor (UJT) is an electronic semiconductor device that has only one
junction. The UJT Unijunction Transistor (UJT) has three terminals an emitter (E) and two
bases (B1 and B2). The base is formed by lightly doped n-type bar of silicon. Two ohmic
contacts B1 and B2 are attached at its ends. The emitter is of p-type, and it is heavily doped.
The resistance between B1 and B2, when the emitter is open circuit is called interface
resistance. The original unijunction transistor, or UJT, is a simple device that is essentially a
bar of N type semiconductor material into which P type material has been diffused
somewhere along its length. The 2N2646 is the most commonly used version of the UJT. The
UJT is biased with a positive voltage between the two bases. This causes a potential drop
along the length of the device. When the emitter voltage is driven approximately one diode
voltage above the voltage at the point where the P diffusion (emitter) is, current will begin to
flow from the emitter into the base region. Because the base region is very lightly doped, the
additional current (actually charges in the base region) causes (conductivity modulation)
which reduces the resistance of the portion of the base between the emitter junction and the
B2 terminal. This reduction in resistance means that the emitter junction is more forward
biased, and so even more current is injected
Overall, the effect is a negative resistance at the emitter terminal. This is what makes the UJT
useful, especially in simple oscillator circuits. When the emitter voltage reaches Vp, the
current starts to increase, and the emitter voltage starts to decrease. This is represented by
negative slope of the characteristics which is referred to as the negative resistance region,
beyond the valley point, RB1 reaches minimum value and this region, VEB proportional to
IE.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig 8.1 Circuit diagram of UJT

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in above figure.
2. Keep VBB = 5V, Vary VEB smoothly with fine control such that VE Varies in steps
of 0.5 volts from zero and note down the resulting emitter current IE for each step in
the tabular form.
3. Repeat the experiment for VBB = 7V and for VBB = 10V.
4. Draw the graph between VEB Vs IE by keeping VBB constant
Observation Table:

Sr. No. VBB VBB VBB

VEB (V) IE (mA) VEB (V) IE (mA) VEB (V) IE (mA)
1
2
3
Table 8.2 observation table of UJT

Model Graph:

Fig 8.2 model graph of UJT

Result: The V-I Characteristics of UJT is plotted on graph paper

 3EE4-21 Analog Electronics Lab

Practical No:-8
Objective:-
To plot the characteristics of UJT and study UJT as relaxation oscillator.

S.No. Viva Questions (to be answered in the Lab file)

1. What is the symbol of UJT?

2. Draw the equivalent circuit of UJT?

3. What are the applications of UJT?

4. Formula for the intrinsic standoff ratio?

5. What does it indicate the direction of arrow in the UJT?

6. What is the difference between FET and UJT?

7. Can UJT be used as an oscillator? Why?

8. What is the Resistance between B1 and B2 is called as?

9. What is its value of resistance between B1 and B2?

10. Draw the characteristics of UJT?