GE-161

Introduction to Information and Communication

Technology
Prof. Nadeem Ahmad Naz

ICT SHORT QUESTIONS

(1st semester complete syllabus)

Govt. Graduate College of Commerce

Peoples Colony
 Course Outline

Unit #1: Introduction to computer

▪ Importance and history of computer Unit # 8: Data processing
▪ Types of computer ▪ Data processing
▪ Computer generations ▪ Levels of data processing
▪ Computer elements Unit # 9: Internet
▪ Hardware ▪ History of internet
▪ Software ▪ ARPANet
Unit # 2: computer architecture and organization ▪ Services of internet
▪ Processor & its types ▪ ISP’s
▪ Memory & its types ▪ Browsers
▪ Registers & its types ▪ Web link
▪ CMOS ▪ Search engines
▪ Ports ▪ Others
Unit # 3: input and output devices Unit # 10: Operating system
▪ Input ▪ MS – DOS
▪ Methods of input ▪ Windows
▪ Types of output ▪ Linux
▪ Others Unit # 11: Word processing
Unit # 4: Storage devices ▪ MS word
▪ Storage ▪ Features of word processor
▪ Storage media ▪ Others
▪ Units of storage Unit # 12: Spread sheet
▪ Others ▪ MS Excel
Unit # 5: Software and programming Languages ▪ Features of spreadsheet
▪ Software ▪ Different formulae
▪ Types of software ▪ Others
▪ Computer languages Unit # 13: presentation
▪ Languages processor ▪ Slide animation
Unit #6: Data communication and computer Unit # 14: SDLC
networks ▪ SDLC
Data communication model ▪ Steps of SDLC
▪ Data transmission Unit # 15: Database
▪ Transmission modes ▪ Database
▪ Digital and analog transmission ▪ DBMS
▪ Modems ▪ Objectives of DBMS
▪ Network and its types Unit # 16: Information systems
▪ Others ▪ Significance of information security…
Unit # 7: Uses of computer ▪ Others
▪ Computer simulation Unit # 17: HTML
▪ Video conferencing ▪ HTML
▪ Others ▪ Tags of HTML
Unit # 18: Computer crime and security
▪ Computer sabotage
▪ Viruses & malware
▪ Online frauds
▪ Others
 Unit # 1: Introduction to computer
Importance and history of computer
Computers started with basic counting tools long ago, then evolved into mechanical calculators
and electronic machines. The first big electronic computer, called ENIAC, came around in the
1940s. Over time, computers got smaller, faster, and more powerful, leading to the laptops,
smartphones, and other gadgets we use today. Basically, they've come a long way from just
crunching numbers to doing almost everything we need in our daily lives
1. Ancient Tools: Humans used basic counting tools like the abacus for arithmetic thousands of
years ago.
2. Mechanical Calculators: In the 17th century, mechanical calculators emerged, enabling faster
arithmetic.
3. Electronic Computers: Mid-20th century saw the birth of electronic computers, starting with
the ENIAC in 1946.
4. Transistors and Integrated Circuits: In the 1950s and 60s, transistors and integrated circuits
miniaturized computers.
5. Personal Computers: The 1970s witnessed the rise of personal computers, becoming more
accessible with the IBM PC in 1981.
6. Internet Era: Late 20th century brought the internet, revolutionizing communication and
information exchange.
7. Mobile Computing: In the 21st century, smartphones and tablets transformed how we access
information and interact with technology.

Generations of computer
1. First Generation (1940s-1950s): Marked by vacuum tube technology, computers were large,
expensive, and primarily used for numerical calculations. Examples include the ENIAC and
UNIVAC.
2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, reducing size and cost.
These computers were faster, more reliable, and used in business and scientific applications.
Examples include IBM 1401 and CDC 1604.
3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated circuits further miniaturized computers, enhancing
speed and reliability. Time-sharing systems and high-level programming languages emerged.
Examples include IBM System/360 and DEC PDP-11.
4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s): Microprocessors enabled the development of personal
computers (PCs). They were smaller, cheaper, and accessible to individuals. Examples include
Apple II and IBM PC.
5. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present): Characterized by advancements in parallel processing,
artificial intelligence, and natural language processing. This era includes modern PCs, laptops,
smartphones, and supercomputers.

Types of computer
What are Analog computers?
Analog computers work with continuous signals, not just 0s and 1s.
They're good for tasks like predicting weather or controlling machines in real-time.
Before digital computers, they were popular for their fast, real-world processing.
Today, they're niche, used mostly in specialized areas like audio engineering.

What are digital computers?

Digital computers use 0s and 1s to do their work, like flipping light switches on and off.
They're everywhere, from laptops to smartphones, processing data lightning fast.
These machines are behind everything we do online, from sending emails to playing games.
In a nutshell, digital computers make our modern world possible, one bit at a time.
What are hybrid computers?
Hybrid computers blend analog and digital tech,
Using continuous signals and discrete data, they check.
They're handy for tasks needing both worlds to mesh,
From simulations to control systems, they're the tech fresh.

Classification of computer according to size

1. Supercomputers: These are the largest and most powerful computers, used for complex
calculations in fields like weather forecasting, scientific research, and simulations.
2. Mainframe Computers: Mainframes are powerful machines designed to handle large-scale
processing tasks for organizations and enterprises, such as banking transactions and airline
reservations.
3. Minicomputers: Smaller than mainframes but larger than personal computers, minicomputers
are used for tasks that require more processing power than PCs can provide, such as scientific
research and engineering simulations.
4. Microcomputers (Personal Computers): Microcomputers, or personal computers (PCs), are
the smallest and most common type of computer. They include desktop computers, laptops,
tablets, and smartphones, and are used for a wide range of tasks, from word processing and web
browsing to gaming and multimedia production.
What are basic elements of computer?
Computer elements refer to the various components that make up a computer system. Here are
the key elements:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): Often called the brain of the computer, the CPU executes
instructions and processes data.
2. Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory stores data temporarily for the CPU to access
quickly. It's volatile, meaning it loses its contents when the computer is turned off.
3. Storage: This includes both primary storage (like hard disk drives and solid-state drives) for
long-term data storage and secondary storage (like optical discs and USB drives) for transferring
and archiving data.
4. Input Devices: These allow users to input data and commands into the computer, such as
keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and scanners.
5. Output Devices: These display or present processed data to users, including monitors, printers,
speakers, and projectors.
6. Motherboard: The main circuit board of the computer, to which all other components are
connected. It houses the CPU, memory, storage, and other essential components.
7. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Responsible for rendering images and videos, particularly in
graphics-intensive tasks like gaming and video editing.
8. Power Supply Unit (PSU): Supplies electrical power to the computer, converting AC power
from the outlet into DC power that the computer's components can use.
9. Expansion Cards: These add additional functionality to the computer, such as graphics cards,
sound cards, and network interface cards.
10. Operating System (OS): Software that manages the computer's resources and provides a user
interface for interacting with the system and running applications.

Unit # 2: computer architecture and organization

Computer architecture & organization

computer architecture refers to the end-to-end structure of a computer system. It encompasses
how various components within the system interact with each other to execute tasks, such as
processing data. Think of it as the blueprint that defines how a computer works and how its
functional units are interconnected. Essentially, it’s the design that ensures a computer system
meets its performance requirements.
computer organization refers to the structural arrangement of a computer system. It
encompasses how various components work together to execute tasks. Think of it as the
blueprint that defines how a computer operates and how its functional units are interconnected.
Essentially, it’s the design that ensures a computer system meets its performance requirements.

What is processor ?
A processor is an integrated electronic circuit that performs the calculations that run a computer.
It handles arithmetical, logical, input/output (I/O), and other basic instructions passed from an
operating system (OS). Essentially, the processor is the brain of the computer, executing trillions
of calculations to provide the output users interact with.
What are different types of processors?
1. Microprocessor: The basic CPU that performs calculations in a computer. It’s like the brain of
the system.
2. Multi-Core CPU: Has multiple processing cores, improving performance by handling tasks
simultaneously.
3. Server CPUs: Designed for data centers, offering reliability and scalability.
4. Embedded Processors: Compact and power-efficient, used in specialized devices.
5. Digital Signal Processors (DSPs): Focus on signal processing tasks like audio and image
processing.
Remember, each type serves different purposes based on specific needs and workloads.
Some other types of processors are as under:
CICS(Complex Instruction Set Computer):
CICS is a type of processor design with a wide variety of complex instructions. These
instructions can perform multiple operations in a single command, making tasks more efficient .
CiCS processorsare known for their versatility and ability to handle diverse tasks, with
specialized instructions. However they can be more complex to design and implement
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer):
Uses a streamlined set of simple instructions for faster and more effficient processing. By
focusing on executing basic operations quickly, RISC processors can achieve high performance
and power efficiency. These architectures are designed to optimize common tasks and minimize
hardware complexity. Commonly used in mobile devices.
What is machine cycle?
machine cycle refers to the basic operational steps that a central processing unit
(CPU) performs to execute an instruction. These steps are typically divided into several stages:
1. Fetch: The CPU retrieves an instruction from memory.
2. Decode: It translates the retrieved instruction into computer commands.
3. Execute: The CPU carries out the computer commands.
4. Store: Send and write the results back in memory.
What is instruction set ?
An instruction set defines the communication rules between a computer’s hardware and
software. It specifies how binary instructions are formatted, which instructions are available for
processing, and how computer memory is accessed. Essentially, it’s the language that allows
software to communicate with the CPU and perform tasks.
What is system clock?
A system clock is like a heartbeat for a computer, keeping track of time. It synchronizes
processes, schedules tasks, and ensures coordination across the system. Essentially, it's the
internal timekeeper that keeps everything running smoothly.
What are MIPS & FLOPS?
MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second) measures a computer's processing speed by counting
how many instructions it can execute in a second. FLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per
Second) quantifies the speed of mathematical calculations involving decimal numbers. Both are
metrics used to gauge the performance of computers and processors.
What is pipelining?
Pipelining is like an assembly line for tasks in a computer processor. It breaks down instructions
into smaller steps, allowing multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously. This improves
efficiency and overall performance by overlapping the execution of different tasks.
What are registers?
Registers are small, high-speed storage units inside a CPU. They store data that the CPU needs to
access quickly during processing. Think of them as temporary workspaces where the CPU can
quickly fetch and store information while performing calculations.
What are special purpose registers?
Special purpose registers can be categorized into several types based on their specific functions,
including:

1. Program Counter (PC): Keeps track of the memory address of the next instruction to be
fetched.
2. Instruction Register (IR): Holds the currently executing instruction.
3. Stack Pointer (SP): Points to the top of the stack in memory.
4. Status Register/Flags: Stores flags indicating the status of the CPU, such as carry, zero,
overflow, etc.
5. Memory Address Register (MAR): Holds the memory address being read from or written to.
6. Memory Data Register (MDR): Stores data being transferred to or from memory.
7. Control Registers: Manage control signals and settings for the CPU operation.
What is processor cooling?
Processor cooling is the process of preventing a CPU from overheating during operation. It
involves using cooling mechanisms like fans, heatsinks, or liquid cooling systems to dissipate
heat generated by the processor. This helps maintain optimal performance and prevents damage
to the CPU.
What is coprocessor?
A coprocessor is like a helper for the main processor, designed to handle specific types of tasks
more efficiently. It offloads certain computations, like mathematical calculations or graphics
processing, to improve overall performance. Essentially, it works alongside the main processor
to divide and conquer tasks, making the system more efficient.
What is benchmarking?
Benchmarking is a way to measure and compare the performance of hardware or software
systems. It involves running standardized tests or simulations to evaluate speed, reliability, or
other characteristics. By comparing results against known standards or competitors,
benchmarking helps users make informed decisions about their technology choices.
What is cache memory?
Cache memory is like a high-speed storage area inside the CPU or between the CPU and main
memory. It stores frequently accessed data and instructions to speed up processing by reducing
the time needed to fetch them from slower memory. Think of it as a quick-access memory bank
that helps the CPU work more efficiently.
What is CMOS?
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) is a type of technology used to create
low-power integrated circuits. In computing, it's often associated with the CMOS battery, which
powers a small amount of memory storing system settings like date and time in a computer's
BIOS. Essentially, it helps retain essential information even when the computer is turned off.
What are ports and its different types?
Ports are connection points on a computer used to interface with external devices. There are
several types:
1. USB ports, versatile for connecting peripherals like mice and keyboards.
2. Ethernet ports for wired network connections.
3. HDMI or DisplayPort for video output.
4. Audio ports for speakers and microphones.
There are many other ports used in computer systems for different purposes.
What is computer memory and its main types?
Computer memory is like the brain of a computer, storing data and instructions for processing. It
comes in two main types: RAM (Random Access Memory), which is fast but volatile, and ROM
(Read-Only Memory), which is slower but retains data even when the power is off. Memory
enables the computer to perform tasks by providing space to hold information temporarily or
permanently.
What are hot swappable devices?
Hot-swappable devices are hardware components that can be removed and replaced while a
system is still running without causing any significant interruption or damage. These devices are
designed to be inserted or removed from a system without requiring a shutdown or restart of the
system.
Some common examples of hot-swappable devices include:
1. Hard Drives: Hot-swappable hard drives allow for easy replacement or upgrade of storage
capacity without shutting down the computer.
2. Solid State Drives (SSDs): Similar to hard drives, hot-swappable SSDs enable easy
replacement or expansion of storage without system downtime.
3. Power Supplies: In some systems, especially servers and networking equipment, power
supplies can be hot-swapped to ensure uninterrupted power delivery.
4. Fans: Hot-swappable fans in servers or network devices allow for continuous cooling without
shutting down the system.
5. Network Interface Cards (NICs): In servers and high-end networking equipment, NICs can
sometimes be hot-swapped to maintain network connectivity without system downtime.
6. Peripheral Devices: Some peripherals, such as USB devices or external storage devices, are
designed to be hot-swappable, allowing users to connect or disconnect them without turning off
the computer.

Unit # 3: Input and output devices

What is Input and its methods?

Input refers to any information or data that is sent to a computer for processing. It is often sent to
the computer from a device such as a keyboard, mouse or another device
Methods of input:
Direct input refers to the immediate interaction between a user and a computer or system, where
the user provides data or commands directly using input devices like keyboards, mice,
touchscreens, or voice recognition systems. It involves real-time engagement and instant
feedback.
Indirect input, on the other hand, involves providing data or commands to a computer or system
through intermediate devices or processes. For example, data may be input indirectly through
sensors, scanners, or files stored on external storage devices. It often involves capturing or
converting data from physical or external sources into a format that the computer can process.
What are MIDI devices?
MIDI devices are tools that communicate musical information between electronic
instruments, like keyboards, synthesizers, and computers. They use a standardized
language to transmit details like notes, pitch, velocity, and more, allowing different
devices to work together and create music.
What is difference between digital camera and DSLR camera?
A digital camera captures images electronically and can vary widely in quality and
features. A DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) camera is a type of digital camera
with advanced features like interchangeable lenses and optical viewfinders,
offering greater control over photography settings and often higher image quality.
What are biometric devices & types of Biometric devices?
Biometric devices are tools that use unique biological characteristics to
identify individuals. Here are some types:
1. Fingerprint scanners: Identify users based on their unique fingerprint
patterns.
2. Facial recognition systems: Authenticate individuals by analyzing their
facial features.
3. Iris scanners: Verify identities by scanning the unique patterns in the iris
of the eye.
 4. Voice recognition systems: Authenticate users based on the characteristics
of their voice.
5. Hand geometry scanners: Identify individuals by analyzing the shape and
size of their hand.
6. Retina scanners: Authenticate users by scanning the unique patterns in the
retina of the eye.
What is output and its types?
In computing and electronics, "output" refers to the information or results
produced by a device or system. Here are some types of output:
- Hard copy: A physical printout of a document or image, usually on paper,
that can be held and viewed without the need for electronic devices.
- Soft copy: A digital version of a document or image that is stored
electronically and viewed on a screen, such as a computer monitor or
smartphone display.
What is difference between LCD projector & DLP projector?
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) projectors and DLP (Digital Light Processing)
projectors are two common types of projectors used for displaying images
and videos. Here are their differences:
- LCD Projector: Utilizes liquid crystal panels to produce images. Light
passes through these panels, with each pixel manipulated to control the
amount of light passing through. The colors are produced by combining light
from three LCD panels (red, green, and blue). LCD projectors typically offer
good color accuracy and sharpness.
- DLP Projector: Uses a digital micromirror device (DMD) chip consisting
of thousands of tiny mirrors that tilt to reflect light. The light is then directed
through a color wheel to produce colors. DLP projectors tend to have higher
contrast ratios and better black levels compared to LCD projectors. They
also often have faster response times, making them suitable for fast-moving
video content like sports.
Unit # 4: Storage devices
What is storage?
Storage is like a digital warehouse where data is kept safe for later use. It holds everything from
documents and photos to programs and videos. Different types of storage, like hard drives and
cloud storage, offer various amounts of space and accessibility options. It's where information is
stored until needed, just like a digital filing cabinet.
What is ROM and its types?
ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of computer memory that retains its contents even when
the power is turned off. Its types include:
1. PROM (Programmable ROM): Can be programmed once with data or instructions.
2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be erased and reprogrammed using UV light.
3. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be erased and reprogrammed
electrically, typically used for BIOS settings and firmware updates.
What is RAM and its different types?
RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of computer memory that stores data and machine
code that the CPU can access quickly. Its types include:
1. SRAM (Static RAM): Faster and more expensive, used in cache memory.
2. DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Slower and cheaper, used as main memory in computers.
3. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM): Synchronized with the system clock for faster data transfer.
4. DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM): Allows data to be transferred twice
per clock cycle, improving speed.
What is solid state memory ?
Solid-state memory is a type of storage that uses electronic circuits to store data persistently.
Unlike traditional hard disk drives, it has no moving parts, making it faster, more durable, and
less prone to mechanical failure. Solid-state memory is commonly found in devices like SSDs
(Solid State Drives), USB flash drives, and memory cards.
What is hardware and its different types?
Hardware refers to physical components of a computer system that you can touch and feel.
Different types include:
1. Input devices: Allow users to input data into the computer, such as keyboards and mice.
2. Output devices: Display or produce results from the computer, such as monitors and printers.
3. Storage devices: Store data permanently or temporarily, like hard disk drives (HDDs) and
solid-state drives (SSDs).
4. Processing units: Perform calculations and execute instructions, such as CPUs (Central
Processing Units) and GPUs (Graphics Processing Units).
5. Communication devices: Enable communication between computers or networks, like network
interface cards (NICs) and modems.
NOTE:Output devices, Input devices, Storage devices, Processing units & Communication
devices (see all of them in text book for detail)
Different storage media:

1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD):

• Description: Uses magnetic storage to store data on spinning platters.
• Capacity: Offers large storage capacities, typically ranging from gigabytes to terabytes.
• Speed: Slower read/write speeds compared to SSDs but more affordable.
2. Solid State Drive (SSD):
• Description: Utilizes flash memory chips to store data, with no moving parts.
• Capacity: Provides fast read/write speeds and lower latency compared to HDDs.
• Speed: Faster performance makes it ideal for operating systems and frequently accessed data.
3. USB Flash Drive:
• Description: Portable storage device with flash memory, often used for transferring files.
• Capacity: Available in various sizes, typically ranging from a few gigabytes to several terabytes.
• Portability: Compact and lightweight, making it convenient for transferring data between
devices.
4. Memory Card:
• Description: Small, removable storage device commonly used in cameras, smartphones, and
other electronic devices.
• Capacity: Comes in different formats (SD, microSD, etc.) and capacities, suitable for storing
photos, videos, and other media files.
• Compatibility: Requires a compatible device with a memory card slot for use.
5. Cloud Storage:
• Description: Stores data on remote servers accessed via the internet, offering scalability and
accessibility.
• Capacity: Provides virtually unlimited storage capacity, with users paying for the amount of
storage used.
• Accessibility: Allows users to access their files from any device with an internet connection.
6. Optical Discs (CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray):
• Description: Uses laser technology to store data on a reflective surface of the disc.
• Capacity: Varies depending on the type of disc, with CDs typically holding up to 700 MB, DVDs
up to 4.7 GB, and Blu-ray discs up to 25 GB or more.
• Durability: Susceptible to scratches and damage, requiring careful handling and storage.
What is processing?
Processing is like a digital brain that takes in data, follows instructions, and produces outcomes.
It involves performing calculations, making decisions, and executing tasks based on input.
Computers and devices use processing to transform raw data into meaningful information, such
as displaying graphics, running programs, or solving problems. It's the core function that powers
everything a computer or device does.

What is terminal?
An interface that allows users to interact with a computer system, typically through a text-based
command line.

What is Dumb terminal?

A basic terminal that lacks processing capabilities and relies entirely on a mainframe or server
for computing tasks. It's essentially a keyboard and screen connected to a central computer.
What is Smart Terminal?

A terminal with limited processing capabilities, capable of performing some tasks locally, such
as simple data processing or display formatting. It can also communicate with a mainframe or
server.

What is Intelligent Terminal ?

A terminal with significant processing power and features, such as graphical capabilities, local
storage, and advanced communication protocols. It can execute applications locally and
communicate with other devices or networks.

What are data storage unit?

A data storage unit refers to a specific amount of digital information that a storage device can
hold. It's commonly used to measure the capacity of storage media, such as hard disk drives,
solid-state drives, USB flash drives, memory cards, and optical discs.

Different data storage units:

1. Bit (b): The smallest unit, representing a single binary digit (0 or 1).
2. Byte (B): Comprises 8 bits, the basic unit of data storage.
3. Kilobyte (KB): Equivalent to 1,024 bytes or 2^10 bytes.
4. Megabyte (MB): Equal to 1,024 KB or 2^20 bytes.
5. Gigabyte (GB): Corresponds to 1,024 MB or 2^30 bytes.
6. Terabyte (TB): Represents 1,024 GB or 2^40 bytes.
7. Petabyte (PB): Equals 1,024 TB or 2^50 bytes.
8. Exabyte (EB): Denotes 1,024 PB or 2^60 bytes.
9. Zettabyte (ZB): Signifies 1,024 EB or 2^70 bytes.
10. Yottabyte (YB): Represents 1,024 ZB or 2^80 bytes.

What is RAID?
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a method of storing data across multiple hard
drives to improve performance, redundancy, or both. It combines the storage capacity of multiple
drives into a single logical unit, offering increased speed, fault tolerance, and data protection.
RAID configurations vary, providing options for data striping, mirroring, or parity to achieve
different goals.

What is backup system?

A backup system is like a digital safety net, making copies of important files to prevent data loss.
It creates duplicates of data on separate storage devices or locations, ensuring that information
can be recovered in case of accidents or system failures. Regular backups provide peace of mind
and protect against unforeseen events.

What is dedicated data entry?

Dedicated data entry involves assigning specific individuals or teams to input data into computer
systems. These individuals focus solely on entering data accurately and efficiently, ensuring that
information is correctly recorded. Dedicated data entry helps maintain data quality and
consistency by emphasizing careful data input without distractions.

What is SDA?
Source data automation (SDA) is a process where data is automatically captured and entered into
a computer system from its original source. It eliminates manual data entry tasks by directly
collecting information from devices like scanners, sensors, or other automated systems. SDA
increases accuracy, efficiency, and timeliness of data input, reducing errors and saving time.

What is organizing computer facility?

Organizing a computer facility involves arranging hardware, software, and resources to optimize
functionality and efficiency. It includes planning the layout of equipment, configuring network
connections, and managing access to resources like printers and servers. By creating a well-
organized environment, tasks can be performed more smoothly, enhancing productivity and
usability.

What is centralized computing faclility?

A centralized computing facility is like a single hub where all computing resources and data
processing occur. It consolidates hardware, software, and data storage in one location, often
managed by a central team. Users access resources remotely, promoting efficient resource
utilization and centralized management.

What is distributed computing faclility?

A distributed computer facility is like a network of interconnected computers working together to
share resources and process data. It disperses computing tasks across multiple locations or nodes,
enabling parallel processing and fault tolerance. Users can access resources from various
locations, promoting scalability and flexibility in handling complex computing tasks.

Unit # 5: Software and programming languages

cWhat is software and its different types?
Software refers to programs and instructions that tell a computer what to do. Types include:
1. System software: Controls computer hardware and provides a platform for running application
software (e.g., operating systems).
2. Application software: Performs specific tasks for users, such as word processors, web
browsers, and games.
3. Utility software: Helps manage and maintain computer resources, like antivirus programs and
disk cleanup tools.
What is packaged software?
Packaged software is a collection of programs that perform similar functions or have similar
features. For example, Microsoft Office includes multiple applications such as Excel, Word,
and PowerPoint. Video and audio editing software may also be available as packaged software,
used for editing music and video files used in a movie.
Some programs included in packaged software may be available for purchase individually.
However, purchasing packaged software is often cheaper than purchasing
each program separately.
What is custom software?
Custom software is like a bespoke suit, made specifically for your business needs. It's designed
to fit perfectly, streamlining processes and boosting productivity. While it may cost more
upfront, it offers long-term savings and a competitive edge.
What is shareware software?
Shareware software is like a free trial for a limited time. Users can try it out before deciding to
purchase or continue using it. It's often distributed freely, but users are encouraged to pay if they
find it useful. It's a way for developers to showcase their software and potentially earn from it.
What is freeware software?
Freeware software is like a gift - it's completely free to use. There's no need to pay or register to
access its features. Developers offer it without expecting payment, making it available for
anyone to download and enjoy. It's a generous gesture to the community, often used for
educational or personal purposes.
What is public domain software?
Public domain software is like a treasure chest of free goodies. It's software that has no copyright
restrictions, meaning anyone can use, modify, and distribute it however they like. It's essentially
free for all to benefit from without any legal restrictions. It's like an open invitation to tinker,
innovate, and share without limitations.
What is open source software?
Open source software is like a collaborative project where everyone can pitch in. Its source code
is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. It encourages transparency,
innovation, and community participation. It's like a shared playground where developers work
together to create and improve software for the common good.
What is web application software?
Web application software is like a tool accessed through a web browser. It runs on remote servers
and is accessed over the internet, eliminating the need for installation. It allows users to perform
various tasks, from shopping to socializing, and is accessible from any device with internet
access. It's like having a versatile toolbox available wherever there's an internet connection.
What is mobile application software?
Mobile application software is like a pocket-sized helper on your smartphone or tablet. It's
designed specifically for use on mobile devices, offering a range of functions like messaging,
gaming, or productivity tools. Users can download these apps from app stores, installing them
directly onto their devices for convenient access. They're like mini-programs tailored to fit the
small screens and touch interfaces of mobile devices.
What are portable softwares?
Portable software refers to applications that can be executed on different computer systems
without the need for installation. They are designed to run directly from a portable storage
device, such as a USB flash drive, without leaving any traces on the host computer's system.
These programs retain their settings and data on the portable device, allowing users to carry and
use them on various computers with different configurations and operating systems.
What are computer languages & its different types?

Computer languages are sets of rules and instructions that computers understand and
use to perform tasks. They allow humans to communicate with computers by writing
code in a structured way. These languages are designed to be understandable by both
humans and computers, and they vary in complexity and purpose.There are different
types of computer languages:

1. High-Level Languages: These are languages like Python, Java, and C++, which
are closer to human language and easier to read and write. They're used for
general-purpose programming and application development.
2. Low-Level Languages: These are languages like Assembly Language, which are
closer to the machine code that computers understand. They're more complex
and less readable than high-level languages but offer more control over
computer hardware.
3. Assembly language: is a low-level programming language that uses mnemonic codes to
represent machine instructions. It directly controls a computer's hardware and is more
readable than machine code but less so than high-level languages. Programmers use it for
tasks needing precise hardware control or high performance, like embedded systems or
device drivers.
 What are different language processors?
1. Compiler: Translates high-level language code into machine code all at once,
producing an independent executable file.
2. Interpreter: Executes high-level code line-by-line without generating a separate
executable, commonly used in languages like Python and JavaScript.
3. Assembler: Converts assembly language code into machine code, offering direct
control over hardware in systems programming.

Unit # 6: Data communication & computer networks

What is data communication ?
Data communication is like exchanging messages between devices, allowing them to share
information. It involves transmitting data over networks using various technologies like cables,
Wi-Fi, or cellular networks. Data communication enables devices to communicate, access the
internet, and share resources like files and emails.

Data communication model:

A data communication model is like a blueprint that explains how data is sent and received
between devices. It consists of layers, each with specific responsibilities like packaging data,
addressing, and error detection. The model ensures reliable communication by breaking down
the process into manageable steps, enabling compatibility between different systems.
An example of data communication model is OSI model which is as under:
1. Physical Layer: Deals with the physical transmission of data over a communication channel,
such as cables or wireless signals.
2. Data Link Layer: Handles the framing of data into frames, error detection, and flow control.
3. Network Layer: Manages the addressing and routing of data packets across interconnected
networks.
4. Transport Layer: Ensures reliable and orderly delivery of data between hosts, including error
detection and correction.
5. Session Layer: Establishes, maintains, and terminates communication sessions between
applications.
6. Presentation Layer: Handles data formatting, encryption, and compression for efficient
transmission.
7. Application Layer: Provides interfaces for user applications to access network services, such as
email, web browsing, and file transfer.

What is data transmission ?

Data transmission is like sending a message from one point to another through a communication
channel. It involves encoding data into signals, transmitting them over mediums like cables or
wireless connections, and decoding them at the receiving end to retrieve the original information.
Data transmission enables devices to communicate and exchange information over networks.
Data transmission modes:
Data transmission modes refer to the ways data is sent between devices over a communication
channel. There are three main modes:

1. Simplex: Data flows in one direction only, like a one-way street, from sender to receiver.
2. Half-duplex: Data can flow in both directions, but not simultaneously, like a walkie-talkie
where only one person can speak at a time.
3. Full-duplex: Data flows in both directions simultaneously, like a telephone conversation where
both parties can speak and listen at the same time.

What is analog and digital tranmission?

Analog transmission involves sending continuous signals that represent data in a smooth, varying
manner, similar to waves. It's like speaking in a language where words flow smoothly without
breaks.
Digital transmission involves sending discrete signals that represent data as individual bits, either
0 or 1. It's like using a binary code where information is conveyed through a series of on-off
signals.

What is modem and its different types?

A modem is a device that connects computers to the internet by converting digital signals from
the computer into analog signals for transmission over telephone or cable lines. Different types
include:
1. Dial-up Modem: Connects to the internet via a telephone line, but has slow speeds.
2. DSL Modem: Uses a digital subscriber line to provide faster internet speeds over traditional
telephone lines.
3. Cable Modem: Connects to the internet through cable television lines, offering higher speeds
than dial-up and DSL.

What is asynchronous and synchronous transmission?

Asynchronous transmission sends data without using a shared clock signal, allowing each bit to
be sent at its own pace, like sending text messages where replies don't need to match a fixed
rhythm.
Synchronous transmission synchronizes data with a shared clock signal, ensuring bits are sent at
regular intervals, similar to a group of people dancing in sync with music's beat.

What is communication media and its types?

Communication media are the channels through which data is transmitted between devices. They
include:
1. Wired Media: Uses physical cables like copper wires or fiber optics for data transmission.
2. Wireless Media: Transmits data over the airwaves using technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or
cellular networks.
3. Guided Media: Sends signals through a physical medium with a fixed path, like cables.
4. Unguided Media: Broadcasts signals through the air with no fixed path, like radio waves or
infrared.

What is protocol and its types?

Protocols are rules or standards that govern communication between devices. Types include:
1. TCP/IP: Ensures reliable data transmission over the internet, dividing data into packets for
delivery.
2. HTTP/HTTPS: Used for transferring web pages and secure data over the internet.
3. SMTP/POP3/IMAP: Facilitates email transmission, sending and receiving messages between
email servers and clients.
4. FTP/SFTP: Manages file transfer between computers, allowing users to upload and download
files securely.
These protocols ensure efficient and secure communication between devices across networks.

What is network , network topologies?

A network is a group of interconnected devices that can communicate and share resources.
Network topologies refer to the layout or structure of these connections. Types of network
topologies include:
1. Star: Devices are connected to a central hub or switch.
2. Bus: Devices are connected to a single main cable or "bus."
3. Ring: Devices are connected in a circular fashion, with each device connected to two others.
4. Mesh: Devices are connected to multiple other devices, creating redundant paths for
communication.
These topologies determine how devices communicate and share data within a network.

Network types:
Network types refer to the classification of networks based on their geographical scope and
purpose. Common types include:

1. LAN (Local Area Network): Connects devices within a limited area like a home, office, or
campus, allowing for local sharing of resources like files and printers.

2. WAN (Wide Area Network) : Spans large geographical distances and connects multiple
LANs or other networks, enabling long-distance communication between devices and locations.

3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) : Covers a larger area than a LAN but smaller than a
WAN, typically serving a city or metropolitan area with high-speed connectivity.

4. CAN (Campus Area Network) : Similar to a LAN but covers a larger area like a university
campus or corporate office complex, connecting multiple buildings or sites.

5. PAN (Personal Area Network) : Connects devices within a person's immediate vicinity, such
as Bluetooth-enabled devices like smartphones, laptops, and wearable technology.

These network types vary in size, scope, and purpose, catering to different communication needs
and requirements.

Unit # 7: Usage of computer

What is computer simulation?
Computer simulation is a method of mimicking real-world processes or systems using a
computer program. It allows us to study, understand, and predict how these systems behave
without the need for physical experimentation. By inputting data and rules into the simulation
software, we can observe how different variables interact and how the system evolves over time.
This helps in making decisions, testing hypotheses, and solving problems in various fields such
as science, engineering, economics, and medicine.
What is video conferencing?
Video conferencing is a technology that allows people in different locations to hold face-to-face
meetings over the internet. Using a computer, tablet, or smartphone with a camera and
microphone, participants can see and hear each other in real-time, just like being in the same
room. It's commonly used for remote work, virtual meetings, online classes, and staying
connected with family and friends.

Unit # 8: Data processing

What is Data processing?
Data processing is the act of gathering, organizing, analyzing, and transforming raw data into
useful information. It involves taking in data, whether it's numbers, text, images, or any other
form, and converting it into a format that can be easily understood and utilized. This process
often includes tasks like sorting, filtering, calculating, and summarizing data to extract
meaningful insights and support decision-making.
What are different levels of data processing?
1. Mechanical Data Processing: Using mechanical devices like typewriters, punch cards, or
mechanical calculators to handle and process data. It involves manual input and mechanical
operations for data storage and manipulation.
2. Manual Data Processing: Involves humans manually handling and processing data without the
aid of mechanical or electronic devices. This could include tasks like writing, sorting, and
calculating by hand.
3. Electronic Data Processing: Utilizes electronic devices like computers to handle and process
data. It involves inputting data electronically, processing it using software or algorithms, and
producing output digitally. This method is faster, more accurate, and capable of handling larger
volumes of data compared to mechanical or manual methods.

Unit # 9: Internet
Briefly state history of internet
The internet began in the late 1960s as ARPANET, a U.S. Defense Department project
connecting computers at research institutions. By the 1980s, it expanded globally, with the
development of TCP/IP protocols for data transmission. In the 1990s, the World Wide Web
emerged, making the internet accessible to the public. Today, the internet is an essential part of
modern life, connecting billions of people worldwide for communication, information sharing,
and commerce.

What is WWW?
The World Wide Web (WWW) is like a digital library where information is stored and accessed
through web pages. It's made up of websites containing text, images, videos, and links that users
can browse using web browsers like Chrome or Firefox. The WWW uses hypertext transfer
protocol (HTTP) to transmit data, allowing users to navigate between pages by clicking on
hyperlinks. It revolutionized information access, communication, and collaboration, shaping the
modern internet experience.

What is ARPAnet?
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) created ARPANET, like a digital highway
connecting computers at research institutions in the late 1960s. It was the precursor to the
modern internet, allowing scientists to share data and collaborate remotely. ARPANET
introduced concepts like packet switching and email, laying the foundation for today's
interconnected world. It pioneered technologies that evolved into the internet we use today for
communication, research, and commerce.

What are internet service providers?

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are companies that offer access to the internet for individuals
and organizations. They provide services such as broadband, dial-up, or fiber optic connections,
allowing users to connect to the internet from their homes or offices. ISPs also offer additional
services like email, web hosting, and technical support to their subscribers.
Working of ISP’s:
Sure, here's a concise overview of how ISPs work in points:

1. Connectivity : ISPs provide access to the internet through various technologies like fiber
optics, cable, DSL, or wireless connections.

2. Infrastructure : They maintain networks of servers, routers, and data centers to transmit data
between users and the internet.

3. IP Address Allocation : ISPs assign unique IP addresses to each connected device, allowing
them to communicate and access online resources.

4. Technical Support : They offer customer support services to troubleshoot issues, set up
equipment, and resolve connectivity problems.

5. Bandwidth Management : ISPs manage bandwidth to ensure fair and efficient use of
network resources, preventing congestion and slowdowns.

6. Billing and Subscription : They handle billing and subscription services, offering various
plans and packages tailored to the needs of individual users or businesses.

What is weblink and its types?

A weblink is like a digital address that directs users to specific content or resources on the
internet. Types include:
1. Hyperlink: Text or image-based link embedded in a webpage that redirects to another
webpage or location.
2. URL (Uniform Resource Locator) : A web address that specifies the location of a resource
on the internet, such as a webpage, file, or image.
3. Bookmark : A saved link to a webpage stored in a browser for quick access later.
Weblinks facilitate navigation and information access on the internet by connecting users to
relevant content with a click.

What is browser ?
A browser is like a gateway to the internet, allowing users to access websites and online content.
It's a software application that interprets and displays web pages, enabling users to navigate the
internet by typing in web addresses or clicking on links. Examples include Google Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari.

Functions & features of browsers:

Certainly! Here are the functions of browsers in simple words, outlined in points:

1. Rendering Web Pages : Browsers interpret HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code to display web
pages with text, images, videos, and interactive elements.

2. Navigation : Browsers allow users to navigate the internet by typing URLs, clicking links,
and using bookmarks to access different websites.

3. Tabbed Browsing : Browsers support tabbed browsing, allowing users to open multiple web
pages in separate tabs for easy multitasking.

4. Bookmarking : Browsers enable users to save and organize their favorite websites by
bookmarking them for quick access later.

5. Search : Browsers offer built-in search functionality, allowing users to search the web
directly from the browser's address bar using search engines like Google.

6. Security : Browsers include security features such as phishing protection, malware detection,
and SSL/TLS encryption to protect users' privacy and security while browsing the web.

7. Customization : Browsers allow users to customize their browsing experience by installing

extensions, themes, and add-ons to add new features or change the browser's appearance.

8. History : Browsers keep a history of visited websites, allowing users to revisit previously
viewed pages or track their browsing activity.

These functions make browsers essential tools for accessing and interacting with the vast amount
of information available on the internet.

What is search engine? Examples

Search engines are like digital librarians that help users find information on the internet. They
scan billions of web pages and organize results based on relevance to the user's query. Examples
include:
 1. Google : The most popular search engine, offering a vast index of web pages and a variety of
search features.
2. Bing : Microsoft's search engine, providing web search, image search, and video search
capabilities.
3. Yahoo : Offers search functionality along with news, email, and other online services.
4. DuckDuckGo : Known for privacy-focused search, it doesn't track users' searches or collect
personal information.
5. Baidu : China's largest search engine, providing web search, image search, and multimedia
content.

What are common services of internet?

Common services of the internet include:

1. Email : Allows users to send and receive electronic messages.

2. Web Browsing : Enables users to access and navigate websites.
3. Search Engines : Help users find information on the web.
4. Social Media : Platforms for connecting and interacting with others online.
5. Online Shopping : Websites for purchasing goods and services.
6. Streaming : Platforms for watching videos, movies, and listening to music online.
7. Cloud Storage : Services for storing and accessing files remotely.
8. Online Banking : Platforms for managing finances and conducting transactions.
9. Gaming : Online gaming platforms for playing games with others over the internet.
10. Video Conferencing : Allows users to hold virtual meetings and conferences.
11. Gopher : A protocol used for retrieving and viewing documents on the internet, similar to the
World Wide Web but with a simpler structure. Gopher was popular in the early days of the
internet but has since been largely replaced by the web.

12. Telnet : A protocol that allows users to remotely access and control computers or network
devices over a network. It provides a command-line interface to interact with remote systems as
if you were physically present.

13. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) : A protocol used for transferring files between computers over a
network, such as the internet. FTP allows users to upload, download, and manage files on remote
servers.

14. Extranet : A private network that allows authorized users from outside an organization to access
certain resources or services, typically for collaboration with partners, customers, or suppliers.

15. Intranet : A private network within an organization that uses internet technologies to share
information, resources, and applications among employees. It's used for internal communication,
collaboration, and accessing company information.
What is multimedia web design?
Multimedia web design involves creating websites that incorporate various forms of media, such
as text, images, videos, audio, and animations. It aims to enhance user engagement and
interaction by delivering rich, dynamic content. Designers use tools like HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, and multimedia software to create visually appealing and interactive web
experiences.
What is E- commerce and its types?
E-commerce, or electronic commerce, is the buying and selling of goods or services over the
internet. Types include:

1. B2C (Business-to-Consumer) : Retailers selling directly to consumers online, like Amazon or

Walmart.com.
2. B2B (Business-to-Business) : Companies selling products or services to other businesses,
such as wholesale suppliers or software providers.
3. C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer) : Individuals selling goods or services to other individuals,
often through online marketplaces like eBay or Craigslist.
4. C2B (Consumer-to-Business) : Individuals offering products or services to businesses, such as
freelancers or influencers partnering with brands.

E commerce business models:

Certainly! Here are e-commerce business models explained concisely:

1. Retail : Selling products directly to consumers online, either through a dedicated website or a
third-party platform like Amazon.
2. Subscription : Offering goods or services on a recurring basis, where customers pay a
subscription fee for regular access, like Netflix or Spotify.
3. Marketplace : Providing a platform for multiple sellers to list and sell their products or
services, earning revenue through commissions or fees, such as eBay or Etsy.
4. Dropshipping : Acting as a middleman between suppliers and customers, where products are
shipped directly from the supplier to the customer, and the retailer earns a markup on each sale.
5. Crowdfunding : Pre-selling products or raising funds for a project or venture through online
platforms like Kickstarter or Indiegogo.
6. Digital Products : Selling digital goods or services, such as e-books, software, or online
courses, which can be downloaded or accessed online after purchase.
What is MS DOS ?
MS-DOS, short for Microsoft Disk Operating System, was the foundation of early Microsoft
operating systems. It provided a text-based interface for users to interact with their computers,
primarily through typed commands. MS-DOS managed files, directories, and hardware resources
like disks and printers. It was widely used in the 1980s and early 1990s before graphical user
interfaces became prevalent.

Unit # 10: Operating system

Different MS DOS Commands

1. DIR: Displays a list of files and directories in the current directory. Example: dir
2. CD: Changes the current directory. Example: cd C:\Windows
3. MD or MKDIR: Creates a new directory. Example: mkdir NewFolder
4. RD or RMDIR: Removes a directory. Example: rmdir OldFolder
5. COPY: Copies one or more files to another location. Example: copy File1.txt C:\Backup
6. DEL or ERASE: Deletes one or more files. Example: del File2.txt
7. REN: Renames a file or directory. Example: ren OldName.txt NewName.txt
8. CLS: Clears the screen. Example: cls
9. TYPE: Displays the contents of a text file. Example: type Document.txt
10. EDIT: Opens a simple text editor. Example: edit File3.txt
11. FORMAT: Formats a disk for use with MS-DOS. Example: format C: /q
12. CHKDSK: Checks a disk and displays a status report. Example: chkdsk C:
13. XCOPY: Copies files and directory trees. Example: xcopy SourceFolder DestinationFolder /s
14. TREE: Displays the directory structure of a drive or path. Example: tree C:\
15. EXIT: Quits the MS-DOS command prompt. Example: exit

What is windows and its features?

Windows is a widely used operating system developed by Microsoft, known for its user-friendly
interface and versatility. Some of its key features include:
1. Graphical User Interface (GUI): Windows provides a visual interface with icons, windows,
and menus, making it easy for users to interact with their computers.
2. Multitasking: Users can run multiple programs simultaneously, switching between them
seamlessly.
3. File Explorer: Windows includes a file management tool called File Explorer, which allows
users to navigate their files and folders, copy, move, and delete files, and manage storage
devices.
4. Taskbar and Start Menu: The taskbar provides quick access to frequently used programs and
displays open windows, while the Start menu serves as a centralized hub for accessing
applications, settings, and files.
5. Windows Update: Windows regularly releases updates to improve security, fix bugs, and add
new features, helping to keep the operating system up-to-date and secure.
6. Windows Search: Users can quickly find files, programs, and settings on their computer using
the built-in search functionality.
7. Security Features: Windows includes various security features such as Windows Defender
antivirus software, User Account Control (UAC), and BitLocker encryption to help protect users'
data and devices.
8. Integration with Microsoft Services: Windows seamlessly integrates with Microsoft services
such as OneDrive cloud storage, Microsoft Office applications, and Cortana virtual assistant for
enhanced productivity and convenience.
9. Customization Options: Users can personalize their Windows experience by customizing
desktop backgrounds, themes, colors, and other settings according to their preferences.
10. Accessibility Features: Windows offers a range of accessibility features, including screen
readers, magnifiers, and speech recognition, to make the operating system more accessible to
users with disabilities.

What is linux ?
Linux is an open-source operating system similar to Windows or macOS. It's known for its
stability, security, and flexibility, and it's used in various devices like computers, servers, and
smartphones. Linux offers a wide range of distributions, each with its own set of features and
software packages.
Different commands of Linux:
1. ls: Lists files and directories in the current directory. Example: ls
2. cd: Changes the current directory. Example: cd Documents
3. mkdir: Creates a new directory. Example: mkdir NewDirectory
4. rm: Removes files or directories. Example: rm file.txt
5. cp: Copies files and directories. Example: cp file1.txt file2.txt
6. mv: Moves or renames files and directories. Example: mv file1.txt new_location/
7. pwd: Prints the current working directory. Example: pwd
8. cat: Displays the contents of a file. Example: cat file.txt
9. grep: Searches for patterns in files. Example: grep "pattern" file.txt
10. chmod: Changes file permissions. Example: chmod 755 file.sh
11. chown: Changes file ownership. Example: chown user:group file.txt
12. sudo: Executes a command with superuser privileges. Example: sudo apt-get update
13. apt-get (or yum, pacman, etc.): Package management commands for installing, updating, and
removing software packages. Example: sudo apt-get install package_name
14. top: Displays real-time system information and processes. Example: top
15. ssh: Connects to a remote server securely using the SSH protocol. Example: ssh
username@hostname

Unit # 11: Word Processing

What is word processing?

Word processing is like digital typing with added features for editing and formatting text. It
allows users to create, edit, and format documents, such as letters, reports, and essays, on a
computer. Examples include Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and Apple Pages, which provide
tools for text styling, spell-checking, and inserting images. It's like having a virtual typewriter
with advanced capabilities.
Write some features of word processors?
1. Text editing: Ability to type, delete, and rearrange text.
2. Formatting options: Adjust font style, size, color, and alignment.
3. Document layout: Create headers, footers, and page numbering.
4. Spelling and grammar check: Identify and correct errors in text.
5. Insertion of images and tables: Incorporate visual elements into documents.
6. Collaboration tools: Share and edit documents with others in real-time.
7. Printing and exporting: Output documents to paper or digital formats.
How to print a document through MS word?
To print a document through Microsoft Word, follow these steps:
1. Open the document you want to print in Microsoft Word.
2. Go to the "File" tab in the top-left corner of the window.
3. Click on "Print" in the menu on the left-hand side. You can also press "Ctrl + P" on your
keyboard as a shortcut.
4. In the Print pane, you can adjust settings such as the printer selection, number of copies, and
page range if needed.
 5. Click on the "Print" button to start printing the document. If you want to preview the
document before printing, you can click on "Print Preview" to see how the document will appear
on paper.
6. Wait for the printer to finish printing the document. Once it's done, you can retrieve your
printed document from the printer tray.
What is footnote and endnote in MS word?
Footnotes and endnotes are used in Microsoft Word to provide additional information or
citations in a document:
1. Footnotes: These are notes placed at the bottom of the page, usually indicated by a superscript
number or symbol in the main text. They provide additional explanations, references, or
comments related to specific points in the text without interrupting the flow of the document.
2. Endnotes: Similar to footnotes, endnotes are also used to provide additional information or
citations. However, they are placed at the end of the document instead of at the bottom of each
page. Endnotes are often used in longer documents or academic papers where footnotes might
clutter the pages.
What is word art in ms word?
WordArt is a feature in Microsoft Word that allows users to create decorative and stylized text
effects. With WordArt, users can apply various formatting options such as different fonts, colors,
sizes, and styles to their text to create visually appealing and artistic effects. WordArt can be used
to make titles, headings, or other text stand out in documents, presentations, or other projects. It
offers flexibility in design and customization, enabling users to enhance the visual appeal of their
documents with creative text effects.
What is header and footer in ms word?
Headers and footers are sections at the top and bottom of each page in a Microsoft Word
document, respectively. They allow users to insert consistent information such as page numbers,
document titles, author names, dates, and logos across multiple pages. Headers appear at the top
margin of each page, while footers appear at the bottom margin. They provide a professional and
structured layout to documents, ensuring continuity and easy navigation for readers.
How many types of margins in ms word?
1. Top Margin: The space between the top edge of the paper and the beginning of the document
text.
2. Bottom Margin: The space between the bottom edge of the paper and the end of the document
text.
3. Left Margin: The space between the left edge of the paper and the beginning of the document
text.
4. Right Margin: The space between the right edge of the paper and the end of the document text.
5. Gutter margin: is a setting used primarily for documents that will be bound, such as books or
reports. It adds extra space to the side margin of a page to accommodate for binding or hole
punching. This ensures that text or images near the binding area remain visible and legible after
the document is bound. Adjusting the gutter margin helps to prevent content from being
obscured or lost during the binding process, improving the readability and presentation of the
document.

Unit # 12: Spreadsheet

What is spreadsheet software?
Spreadsheet software is like a digital table where you can organize data into rows and columns.
It's commonly used for tasks like budgeting, tracking inventory, or creating charts and graphs.
You can perform calculations, analyze data, and visualize information easily. Popular examples
include Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, and Apple Numbers.
What are the features of spreadsheet software(MS Excel)?
1. Grid Interface: Organizes data into rows and columns for easy manipulation.
2. Formulas and Functions: Enables users to perform calculations and automate tasks.
3. Charts and Graphs: Allows for visual representation of data for better analysis.
4. Data Analysis Tools: Includes tools like filters, sorting, and pivot tables for deeper insights.
5. Data Import and Export: Supports importing data from various sources and exporting to
different formats.
6. Collaboration: Facilitates real-time collaboration with others through cloud integration.
7. Customization: Offers customizable formatting, templates, and macros to tailor to specific
needs.

Some basic formulae of MS Excel:

1. =SUM(): Adds up values in a range.

2. =AVERAGE(): Calculates the average of values in a range.
3. =MAX(): Returns the largest value in a range.
4. =MIN(): Returns the smallest value in a range.
5. =IF(): Allows conditional calculations based on a specified condition.
6. =VLOOKUP(): Searches for a value in the first column of a table and returns a value in the
same row from a specified column.
7. =COUNT(): Counts the number of cells that contain numbers.
8. =COUNTIF(): Counts the number of cells that meet a specified condition.
9. =SUMIF(): Adds the cells specified by a given condition.
10. =CONCATENATE(): Joins multiple text strings into one.

What is cell reference in MS excel and its types?

a cell reference is a combination of the column letter and row number that uniquely identifies a
cell within a worksheet. For example, "A1" refers to the cell in the first column and first row.

There are mainly three types of cell references in Microsoft Excel:

1. Relative References: When you copy a formula containing relative references to another cell,
Excel adjusts the references based on the new location relative to the original cell. For example,
if you copy a formula from cell A1 to B1, any reference to cell A1 in the formula will
automatically change to B1.
2. Absolute References: An absolute reference remains constant, regardless of where the formula
containing it is copied. It is denoted by adding a dollar sign ($) before the column letter and/or
row number. For example, $A$1 will always refer to cell A1, even if the formula is copied to
other cells.
3. Mixed References: Mixed references contain both relative and absolute components. You can
fix either the column or row reference while allowing the other part to change when the formula
is copied. For example, $A1 will keep the column fixed (absolute) but allow the row number to
change (relative) when copied vertically.
What is cell address in ms excel?
In Microsoft Excel, a cell address refers to the unique identifier for a specific cell within a
worksheet. It is formed by combining the column letter and the row number of the cell. For
example, the cell address "A1" represents the cell in the first column and the first row of the
worksheet. Cell addresses are used to reference and manipulate data within Excel formulas,
functions, and formatting options. They provide a convenient way to identify and interact with
individual cells or ranges of cells within a spreadsheet.
What is cell range in MS excel?
A cell range in Excel is like selecting a group of cells on a game board. It's identified by the
starting cell and ending cell, separated by a colon. For instance, "A1:B5" refers to all cells from
A1 to B5. Ranges are handy for performing actions on multiple cells at once, like calculations or
formatting.

Unit # 13: Presentation

What is slide animation?
Slide animation is a visual effect used in presentation software like PowerPoint or Google Slides
to transition from one slide to another. It adds movement and style to the presentation by
smoothly transitioning between slides, such as sliding, fading, or zooming effects. These
animations help capture the audience's attention and make the presentation more engaging and
dynamic.

Unit # 14: SDLC

What is SDLC?
In simple terms, the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a step-by-step process that
software developers follow to design, build, and maintain software applications. It involves
stages like planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance,
ensuring that software is developed efficiently, meets user requirements, and is of high quality.
What are different steps of SDLC?
1. Planning: Define project goals, requirements, and scope. Identify resources,
timelines, and budget.
2. Analysis: Gather and analyze user requirements and business needs. Document
functional and non-functional requirements.
3. Design: Create a blueprint for the software solution, including architecture, data
models, and user interface design.
4. Implementation: Write code based on the design specifications. Develop, test,
and integrate individual components.
5. Testing: Verify that the software meets requirements and functions correctly.
Identify and fix any defects or issues.
6. Deployment: Release the software to users or customers. Install, configure, and
deploy the application in the production environment.
 7. Maintenance: Provide ongoing support, updates, and enhancements to ensure
the software remains functional and meets evolving needs.

Unit # 15: Database systems

What is database?
Database is a Collection of logically related data sets or files. Each data set or file may contain
different kind of information
What is DBMS and its objectives?
It stands for database management system. It is a Collection of programs used to create,
maintain, and access databases in convenient and efficient manner.
Its different objectives are as follows:
1. Shareability
2. Availability
3. Evolvability
4. Database Integrity
What are different components of database?

The components of a database typically include:

1. Tables: Structures that organize data into rows and columns, representing entities and their
attributes.
2. Columns: Also known as fields or attributes, these represent the individual data elements within
a table.
3. Rows: Also known as records or tuples, these represent individual instances of data stored within
the table.
4. Primary Key: A unique identifier for each row in a table, ensuring data integrity and facilitating
efficient data retrieval.
5. Foreign Key: A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing
relationships between tables.
6. Indexes: Data structures that improve the speed of data retrieval operations by enabling quick
lookup of specific values.
7. Queries: Requests for extracting or manipulating data from the database based on specified
criteria.
8. Constraints: Rules or conditions applied to the data to enforce integrity, such as uniqueness
constraints, foreign key constraints, and check constraints.
9. Database Management System (DBMS): Software that enables users to interact with the
database, manage data, and perform operations such as querying, updating, and administering the
database.

Unit # 15: Information systems

What is the significance of information security and privacy in information age?
In the information age, information security and privacy are crucial for protecting sensitive data
and ensuring trust in digital transactions.
1. Information Security : Prevents unauthorized access, modification, or destruction of data,
safeguarding against cyber threats like hacking and malware.

2. Privacy Protection : Ensures that individuals have control over their personal
information, limiting access and use by unauthorized parties, and respecting their rights
to confidentiality.

These measures are essential for maintaining trust in digital systems, promoting safe online
interactions, and protecting individuals' rights in the digital world.
Unit # 17: HTML
What is HTML?
HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language, is like the language used to create and structure web
pages on the internet.
It consists of a series of tags that define the content and layout of a webpage, such as headings,
paragraphs, images, and links.
HTML tags are enclosed in angle brackets and are used to format text, insert images, create
hyperlinks, and define the overall structure of a webpage.
Main HTML tags:
Sure, here are some main HTML tags along with examples:

1. <html> : Defines the root of an HTML document.

Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Content goes here -->
</body>
</html>

2. <head> : Contains metadata about the HTML document.

Example:
```html
<head>
<title>My Webpage</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="description" content="A description of my webpage">
<!-- Other meta tags and links to stylesheets/scripts -->
</head>
```

3. <title> : Defines the title of the HTML document.

 Example:
```html
<title>My Webpage</title>
```

4. <body> : Contains the content of the HTML document that is visible to users.
Example:
```html
<body>
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<!-- Other content -->
</body>
```

5. <h1>, <h2>, ..., <h6> : Define headings of different levels.

Example:
```html
<h1>This is a heading level 1</h1>
<h2>This is a heading level 2</h2>
```

6. <p> : Defines a paragraph.

Example:
```html
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
```

7. <a> : Defines a hyperlink.

Example:
```html
<a href="https://www.example.com">Visit Example</a>
```

These are just a few of the most commonly used HTML tags. There are many more tags
available for various purposes like formatting text, adding images, creating lists, and more.

Unit # 18: computer crime and security

What is computer sabotage ?
Computer sabotage is like intentionally causing harm to computers or computer systems,
disrupting their normal functioning. It involves actions like introducing viruses, malware, or
hacking into systems to damage data, steal information, or disrupt operations. Computer
sabotage can result in financial loss, data breaches, and system downtime, affecting businesses,
organizations, and individuals alike.
What is computer virus and malware ?
Computer virus and malware are like malicious software programs designed to harm or disrupt
computers and networks.

1. Computer Virus : A type of malware that infects computer files and spreads to other files or
systems when the infected files are shared or opened. It can corrupt data, steal information, or
cause system malfunctions.

2. Malware : A broader term that encompasses various types of malicious software, including
viruses, worms, trojans, spyware, and ransomware. Malware can damage systems, steal sensitive
information, or grant unauthorized access to attackers.

Both computer viruses and malware pose significant threats to cybersecurity and can result in
data loss, financial damage, and privacy breaches if not detected and mitigated promptly.
Different types of malware:
Certainly! Here are different types of malware explained concisely:

1. Virus : A program that attaches itself to legitimate files and spreads when those files are
executed.

2. Worm : Self-replicating malware that spreads across networks without user interaction,
exploiting vulnerabilities in computer systems.

3. Trojan : Malware disguised as legitimate software, tricking users into installing it, allowing
attackers to gain unauthorized access to the system.

4. Spyware : Software that secretly monitors and collects user information without their
knowledge, such as browsing habits or keystrokes.

5. Ransomware : Malware that encrypts files on a victim's computer and demands payment for
their release, often causing data loss or financial damage.

6. Adware : Software that displays unwanted advertisements on a user's computer, often

bundled with legitimate software downloads.

7. Rootkit : Malicious software that hides itself within a computer's operating system, allowing
attackers to maintain unauthorized access and control over the system.

These types of malware can cause various harms, including data theft, system damage, and
financial loss, highlighting the importance of cybersecurity measures.
What is DOS attack ?
A Denial of Service (DoS) attack is like overwhelming a target system or network with excessive
traffic or requests, making it unable to respond to legitimate users. Attackers flood the target with
traffic, exhausting its resources and causing slowdowns or complete downtime. DoS attacks
disrupt services, leading to financial losses and reputational damage for organizations.

What is meant by online data?

Online data refers to information that is stored, accessed, or transmitted over the internet. It
includes things like text, images, videos, documents, and any other digital content that can be
viewed or manipulated using electronic devices connected to the internet. Online data can be
stored on servers, cloud storage, or accessed directly from websites and online platforms.
What is meant by information and security theft?
Information and identity theft are like stealing someone's personal belongings and pretending to
be that person.
Information theft involves stealing sensitive data like passwords, financial information, or
personal records, while identity theft involves using that information to impersonate the victim
for fraudulent purposes.
Both can lead to financial loss, damage to reputation, and other serious consequences for the
victim.
What is online fraud & its types?
Online fraud is like tricking someone into giving away their money or personal information over
the internet.

Types of online fraud include:

1. Phishing : Sending fake emails or messages that appear to be from trusted sources to steal
sensitive information.

2. Scams : Deceptive schemes that promise rewards or benefits but actually aim to defraud
victims of their money or assets.

3. Identity Theft : Stealing someone's personal information to impersonate them or commit

fraudulent activities.

4. Credit Card Fraud : Unauthorized use of credit card information to make purchases or
withdraw funds without the cardholder's permission.

5. Fake Websites : Creating fake websites that mimic legitimate ones to trick users into entering
personal or financial information.

Online fraud can lead to financial loss, identity theft, and other negative consequences for
victims.
What is internet scam and its types?
Internet scams are like traps set online to trick people into giving away money or personal
information.

Types of internet scams include:

1. Lottery Scams : Fraudulent messages claiming that the recipient has won a lottery or prize, but
must pay a fee to claim it.
2. Tech Support Scams : Impersonating tech support representatives and tricking victims into
paying for unnecessary services or providing remote access to their computers.

3. Phishing Scams : Sending fake emails or messages that appear to be from reputable companies
to steal login credentials, financial information, or personal data.

4. Investment Scams : Promising high returns on investments with little to no risk, but ultimately
stealing the victim's money.

These scams can lead to financial loss, identity theft, and emotional distress for victims.
What is phishing and pharming?
Phishing and pharming are types of online scams used to steal personal information or financial
data.

1. Phishing : Involves sending fake emails or messages that appear to be from trusted sources,
tricking users into revealing sensitive information like passwords or credit card numbers.

2. Pharming : Redirects users to fake websites without their knowledge, usually through
manipulation of DNS (Domain Name System) servers, to steal their personal information or
login credentials.

Both tactics aim to deceive users into disclosing confidential information, which can lead to
identity theft, financial loss, or other harmful consequences.
What are privacy and security issues in social media ?
Privacy and security issues in social media involve risks related to the protection of personal
information and the prevention of unauthorized access or misuse of data.

1. Privacy Concerns : Users may unknowingly share sensitive information like personal details,
location, or private messages, which can be accessed by unauthorized parties or used for targeted
advertising.

2. Data Breaches : Social media platforms may experience security breaches, resulting in the
exposure of user data to hackers or malicious actors, leading to identity theft or fraud.

3. Cyberbullying : Users may face harassment, threats, or other forms of abuse from other users
on social media platforms, affecting their mental health and well-being.

4. Fake Accounts and Scams : Fake accounts and scams may impersonate legitimate users or
organizations, deceiving users into sharing personal information or engaging in fraudulent
activities.

Addressing these issues requires measures such as strengthening privacy settings, educating
users about online safety, implementing robust security measures, and enforcing policies to
combat misuse and abuse on social media platforms.
 Some Important Questions in Past Papers
What is verichip?
VeriChip is like a small implantable microchip that contains a unique identification number.
It's often used for medical purposes, allowing healthcare providers to access a patient's medical
records or emergency contact information quickly in case of an emergency.
However, concerns about privacy and security have been raised regarding the use of VeriChip, as
it raises questions about potential misuse or unauthorized tracking of individuals.

What is throughput?
Throughput is like the rate at which data is successfully transmitted from one point to another in
a network or system.
It measures the amount of data that can be processed or transferred over a specified period,
usually expressed in bits per second (bps) or bytes per second (Bps).
A higher throughput indicates faster and more efficient data transfer, while lower throughput may
indicate congestion or limitations in the network or system.

What is RIFD?
RFID, or Radio Frequency Identification, is like a technology that uses radio waves to identify
and track objects or people wirelessly.
It consists of small tags containing electronic chips that store unique identification data, which
can be read by RFID readers or scanners.

RFID is used in various applications such as inventory management, access control, payment
systems, and tracking of goods in supply chains.