Digital Electronics and

Microprocessor Fundamentals

Chapter 05 : Logic Families

2023/11/7 p.1
 Semiconductor Process Technologies
 2 major process technologies
 Bipolar 雙極性

 High speed,

 High power dissipation

 Low density of integration

 Example: TTL, ECL, I2L

 MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor)

 Low speed

 Low power dissipation

 High density of integration

 Example: PMOS, NMOS,

CMOS, CHMOS
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Semiconductor Process Technologies

2023/11/7 p.3
Common 7400 series ICs

Part number Function

74LS00 Four 2-input NAND

74LS04 Six inverters
74LS08 Four 2-input AND
74LS11 Three 3-input AND
74LS30 One 8-input NAND
74LS32 Four 2-input OR
74LS83 4-bit binary full-adder

2023/11/7 p.4
Electrical Characteristics of an Integrated Circuit
 Logic Level & Voltage Ranges
 Current Sourcing & Sinking
 Fan-out
 Noise Margins
 Propagation Delay
 Power Dissipation
 Speed-Power Product

2023/11/7 p.5
Logic Level & Voltage Ranges
 Typical acceptable (input) voltage ranges for logic-1 and
logic-0 of TTL (Standard series) and CMOS are shown in
below: 5.0V 5.0V

Logic-1
Logic-1 3.5V

2.0V Indeterminate

Indeterminate
1.5V

0.8V
Logic-0 Logic-0
0V 0V
TTL ‘Standard’ CMOS
Series

 A logic gate with an input voltage falling at the

‘indeterminate’ region will produce unpredictable output
logic
2023/11/7 p.6
Voltage & Current
 For a High-state gate driving a load gate
 VOH, IOH

 VIH, IIH Driving gate outputs ‘High’

Driving
Gate Load
IOH IIH Gate

VOH VIH

(Note: +ve sign stands for current flowing into a logic gate,
and –ve sign for current flowing out of a logic gate.)
2023/11/7 p.7
Voltage & Current
 For a Low-state gate driving a load gate
 VOL, IOL

 VIL, IIL Driving gate outputs ‘Low’

+Vcc
Driving
Gate Load
IOL IIL Gate

VOL VIL

2023/11/7 p.8
 Fan-out

 A measure of gate drive capability

 the no. of parallel loads that can be

driven simultaneously by one logic source,

keeping logic levels within specifications
 Driving modes
 Current Sink – receiving current

=> a circuit or device that consumes power

 Current Source – supplying current

=> a circuit or device that supplies power

 Floating input – an input that is not connected (i.e. open)
 Note: a floating TTL(Transistor–transistor logic) input is
equivalent to a ‘High’ input
2023/11/7 p.9
Fan-out
 Ratio of output and input currents decide how many logic
gates can be driven by a logic gate

IOH(max)
 Fan-out(High) =
IIH(max)
I
 =Fan-out(Low) = OL(max)
IIL(max)

 overall fan-out = Fan-out(High) or Fan-out(Low)

whichever is lower

 Example:
How many 74LS00 NAND gate inputs can be driven by a
74LS00 NAND gate output ?
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 Electrical Characteristics of TTL 74LS00
2023/11/7 p.11
Fan-out – Example (refer p.10)
 Solution:

Refer to data sheet of 74LS00, the maximum values of

IOH(max) = -0.4mA, IOL(max) = 8mA,
IIH(max) = 20uA, IIL(max) = -0.36mA
(Note: What is meant by ‘-ve’ current? )

IOH(max)
Fan-out(High) = = | -0.4mA/20uA | = 20
IIH(max)
IOL(max)
Fan-out(Low) = = | 8mA/-0.36mA | = 22
IIL(max)

the Overall Fan-out = Fan-out(High) or Fan-out(Low)

whichever is lower;  Overall Fan-out = 20
2023/11/7 p.12
Noise Margins
 A quantitative(量化) measure of noise immunity
 Noise immunity of a logic circuit refers to the circuit’s

ability to tolerate noise voltages on its inputs (such

that it will not fall into the indeterminate (不確定的)
region.)
 The voltage range in which noise will not affect the
operation of a logic circuit

 High-level Noise Margin VNH = VOH(min) - VIH(min)

 Low-level Noise Margin VNL = VIL(max) - VOL(max)

Noise margin is whichever the lowest of VNH and VNLp.13

2023/11/7

Noise Margins

Logic-1
Logic-1
VOH(min)
VNH
VIH(min)

Indeterminate Indeterminate

VIL(max)
VNL
VOL(max) Logic-0
Logic-0

Output Input
Voltage Range Voltage Range

2023/11/7 p.14
Noise Margins - Examples

 Given the following parameters, calculate the noise

margin of 74LS series.

Solution:
High-level Noise Margin :
VNH = VOH(min) - VIH(min) = 2.7V - 2.0V = 0.7V
Low-level Noise Margin :
VNL = VIL(max) - VOL(max) =0.8V - 0.4V = 0.4V

2023/11/7 p.15
 Noise Margins - Examples
 Given the electrical characteristics of logic families A and
B as follows:

Which family of devices will you recommend to

implement a digital circuit to be used in a high noise
environment ? Justify your answer.
A: High-level Noise Margin : VNH = VOH(min) - VIH(min) = 2.4V - 2.0V = 0.4V
Low-level Noise Margin : VNL = VIL(max) - VOL(max) =0.8V - 0.4V = 0.7V

B: High-level Noise Margin : VNH = VOH(min) - VIH(min) = 4.9V – 1.5V = 3.4V

Low-level Noise Margin : VNL = VIL(max) - VOL(max) =1.5V - 0.1V = 1.4V p.16
2023/11/7
Propagation Delay
 A logic gate always takes some time to propagate(傳播)
the changes of state to output
 tPLH - the delay time before output changes from low to

high
 tPHL - the delay time before output changes from high

to low

 both tPLH & tPLH are measured between the 50% points
on the input and output transitions

2023/11/7 p.17
Propagation Delay

1 Propagation Delay:

Input tpHL + tpLH

tp =
2
0

Output

tpHL tpLH

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Speed-Power Product
 Speed (propagation delay) and power consumption are
the two most important performance parameters of a
digital IC.
 A simple means for measuring and comparing the
overall performance of an IC family is the speed-power
product (the smaller, the better).

2023/11/7 p.19
Speed-Power Product

2023/11/7 p.20
Speed-Power Product - Examples

 An IC has an average propagation delay of 10ns and an

average power dissipation of 5mW. What is the speed-
power product of the IC ?

Solution:

Speed-power product
= (10 ns) x (5 mW)
= 50pJ (picojoules)

2023/11/7 p.21
 TTL(Transistor–transistor logic) Families
TTL is a logic family built from bipolar junction transistors.

 Standard, 74 series - introduced by Texas Instruments in 1964.

 Low-power, 74L series - large resistor values reduce power
dissipation.
 High-speed, 74H series - small resistor values & Darlington pair
reduce propagation delay.
 Schottky, 74S series - Schottky barrier diode is used to reduce time
delay.
 Low-power Schottky, 74LS series - like 74S but uses larger resistor
values.
 Advanced Schottky, 74AS series - improved version of 74S
 Advanced Low-power Schottky, 74ALS - have lowest power-speed
product

p.22
2023/11/7
CMOS Families
 4000/14000 series - introduced by RCA/Motorola
 74C series - pin for pin and function for function compatible with TTL
devices having the same number, e.g. CMOS 74C74 and TTL 7474.
 74HC series - high speed (comparable with TTL) and higher output
current
 74HCT series - voltage levels compatible with that of TTL devices,
i.e. a TTL device can directly drive a 74HCT device.

 Compared to TTL families : lower power dissipation but slower

speed.

2023/11/7 p.23
Data Sheet Specifications
 Manufacturers always produce a datasheet for each of
their ICs.
 Interpretation of a datasheet is one of the main task of a
digital designer

2023/11/7 p.24
VCC VCC VCC VCC
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND GND GND GND
'00 ' 02 '04 '08

VCC VCC VCC VCC

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND GND GND GND
'10 '11 '20 '21

VCC VCC VCC VCC

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND GND GND GND
'27 '30 '32 '86
Typical Logic Functions provided in TTL Families
2023/11/7 p.25
 Q&A

End-of-Ch 05

2023/11/7 p.26