40 Javascript Questions

Beginner Level

1. What is JavaScript?
JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted programming language
primarily used for
creating interactive web pages.

2. What are the different data types in JavaScript?

JavaScript supports various data types including strings,
numbers, booleans,
null, undefined, objects, and symbols (added in ES6).

3. How do you declare variables in JavaScript?

Variables in JavaScript can be declared using the `var`, `let`, or
`cons`
Keywords.

4. What is the difference between `let`, `const`, and `var`?

var has function scope, `let` has block scope, and `const` is used
to
declare constants whose value cannot be reassigned.

5. What is the use of `==` and `===` operators in JavaScript?

`==` is used for loose equality comparison, whereas `===` is
used for strict
equality comparison, which checks both value and type.

6. How do you comment in JavaScript?

Single-line comments are denoted by `//`, and multi-line
comments are
enclosed between /* and */.

7. What are JavaScript primitive data types?

Primitive data types in JavaScript include strings, numbers,
booleans, null, undefined, and symbols.

8. What is the `typeof` operator used for?

The `typeof` operator is used to determine the type of a variable
or an expression.

9. Explain hoisting in JavaScript.

Hoisting is JavaScript's default behavior of moving variable and
function declarations to the top of their containing scope during
compilation.

10. What is NaN in JavaScript?

`NaN` stands for "Not-a-Number" and is a value returned when
a mathematical operation cannot produce a meaningful result.

Intermediate Level

11. Explain closures in JavaScript.

Closures are functions that have access to their outer function's
scope, even after the outer function has finished executing.

12. What are higher-order functions in JavaScript?

Higher-order functions are functions that operate on other
functions, either by taking them as arguments or by returning
them.

13. What is a callback function?

A callback function is a function passed as an argument to
another function, which is then invoked inside the outer function
to complete some kind of routine or action.

14. What is event delegation in JavaScript?

Event delegation is a technique where a single event listener is
attached to a parent element to listen for events that occur on
its children. This is particularly useful when dealing with
dynamically added elements.

15. Explain the concept of prototypal inheritance in JavaScript.

Prototypal inheritance is the mechanism by which objects in
JavaScript inherit properties and methods from other objects,
known as prototypes.

16. What is the `this` keyword in JavaScript?

The `this` keyword refers to the object on which a method is
being invoked or the context in which a function is called.

17. How does JavaScript handle asynchronous operations?

JavaScript uses mechanisms such as callbacks, promises, and
async/await to handle asynchronous operations.

18. What are JavaScript promises?

Promises are objects representing the eventual completion or
failure of an asynchronous operation, and they allow for more
readable and manageable asynchronous code.

19. Explain the difference between `null` and `undefined` in

JavaScript.
`null` represents the intentional absence of any object value,
while `undefined` represents the absence of a defined value.

20. What is the event loop in JavaScript?

The event loop is a mechanism that handles asynchronous
operations in JavaScript, ensuring that they are executed in a
non-blocking manner.

21. What is the difference between `null`, `undefined`, and

`undeclared` in JavaScript?
`null` is an explicitly assigned value that represents the absence
of any object value, `undefined` indicates a variable that has
been declared but has not yet been assigned a value, and
`undeclared` refers to variables that have not been declared at
all.

22. Explain the concept of event-driven programming in

JavaScript.
Event-driven programming is a paradigm where the flow of the
program is determined by events such as user actions, network
requests, or timer events, rather than being strictly sequential.

23. What is the difference between synchronous and

asynchronous JavaScript?
Synchronous JavaScript executes code sequentially, blocking
further execution until the current operation is completed,
whereas asynchronous JavaScript allows multiple operations to
be executed concurrently, without blocking the main execution
thread.

24. How do you handle errors in JavaScript?

Errors in JavaScript can be handled using try-catch blocks to
catch exceptions and handle them gracefully, preventing the
program from crashing.

25. What are JavaScript modules and how do they improve code
organization?
JavaScript modules are reusable pieces of code that encapsulate
related functionality and are designed to promote modularity,
encapsulation, and code reuse, leading to better code
organization and maintainability.

Advanced Level
26. What are generators in JavaScript?
Generators are functions that can be paused and resumed,
allowing for more flexible control flow.

27. What are arrow functions in JavaScript?

Arrow functions are a concise way to write anonymous functions
in JavaScript, introduced in ES6.

28. Explain the concept of currying in JavaScript.

Currying is the technique of converting a function that takes
multiple arguments into a sequence of functions that each take
a single argument.

29. What is memoization and how is it useful in JavaScript?

Memoization is an optimization technique used to speed up
function execution by caching the results of expensive function
calls and returning the cached result when the same inputs
occur again.

30. What are closures and how are they implemented in

JavaScript?
Closures are functions that have access to the outer function's
variables even after the outer function has finished executing.
They are implemented by creating
a scope chain that remains intact even after the outer function
exits.

31. What are modules in JavaScript?

Modules are reusable pieces of code that encapsulate related
functionality. They help in organizing code, managing
dependencies, and promoting reusability.

32. Explain the difference between `null` and `undefined` in

JavaScript.
`null` is an explicitly assigned value that represents the absence
of any object value, while `undefined` indicates a variable that
has been declared but has not yet been assigned a value.

33. What are the different ways to create objects in JavaScript?

Objects in JavaScript can be created using object literals,
constructor functions, the `Object.create()` method, and class
syntax (introduced in ES6).

34. What is event bubbling and event capturing in JavaScript?

Event bubbling is a mechanism where an event occurring in a
child element is propagated up to its parent elements, while
event capturing is the reverse process where the event is
captured from the top of the DOM hierarchy down to
the target element.

35. Explain the concept of `bind, call`, and `apply` methods in

JavaScript.
`bind`, `call`, and `apply` are methods used to manipulate the
this keyword in JavaScript functions. `bind` creates a new
function with a specified this value, call calls a function with a
specified `this` value and arguments passed individually, and
`apply` calls a function with a specified `this` value and
arguments passed as an array.

36. Explain the concept of function currying with an example.

Function currying is the process of transforming a function that
takes multiple arguments into a series of functions that each
take a single argument.
For example:
function multiply(a) {
return function(b) {
return a * b;
};
}
const multiplyByTwo = multiply(2);
console.log(multiplyByTwo(3));
// Output: 6

37. What are closures and how can they lead to memory leaks
in JavaScript?
Closures are functions that have access to their outer function's
scope even after the outer function has finished executing. They
can lead to memory leaks if they hold references to large objects
or variables that are no longer needed, preventing them from
being garbage collected.

38. Explain the concept of prototypal inheritance and how it

differs from classical inheritance.
Prototypal inheritance is a mechanism in JavaScript where
objects inherit
properties and methods from other objects through prototype
chains. It differs from classical inheritance, which involves the
creation of classes and instances, by being more flexible and
dynamic.

39. What are the differences between `==` and `===` in

JavaScript? Provide examples.
`==` performs type coercion before comparison, while` ===`
does not. For example:
console.log(1 == '1'); // Output: true (coerces string to number)
console.log(1 === '1'); // Output: false (strict comparison)

40. Explain the difference between the `for...in` and `for...of`

loops in JavaScript.
The `for...in` loop iterates over the enumerable properties of an
object, while the `for...of` loop iterates over iterable objects such
as arrays, strings, maps, and sets, returning their property
values.

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