Mach4 Lathe G-Code and M-

Code Reference

Chapter 1: Introduction
G-Code is a special programming language that is interpreted by Computer Numerical Control
(CNC) machines to create motion and other tasks. It is a language that can be quite complex at
times and can vary from machine to machine. The basics, however, are much simpler than it first
appears and for the most part follows an industry adopted standard. Mach4 has made a large leap
closer to this standard.

An important point to remember when reading this manual: In describing motion of a machine it
will always be described as tool movement relative to the work piece. In many machines the work
piece will move in more axes than the tool; however the program will always define tool movement
around the work piece. Axes directions follow the right hand rule, see figure A.
Glossary
Block A single line of G-Code

Canned Cycle Complex cycle defined by a single block of code

Dwell Program pause with a duration defined by “P” in seconds

End of block. Required at the end of every block of G-Code.

EOB
In Mach4 this is a carriage return

Feedrate Velocity, set by F, at which an axis will move

Collection of G-Codes that control the same function or

Group
mode, i.e. G90 and G91 positioning modes

Modal Active until a code from the same group is called

A line perpendicular to a plane, pointing in the positive

Normal
direction.

Origin Point in a coordinate system where X, Y and Z are zero

RPM Revolutions per minute

UPM Units per minute (inches, millimeters, degrees, etc.)

A single word of G-Code is a letter followed by a number.

Word
G01, X1.0, etc. are words

Preparatory function, G followed by a numerical code,

G
specifies machining modes and functions

Miscellaneous function, M followed by a numerical code,

defines program flow and can control auxiliary functions
M
such as coolant. Can also perform machine specific
functions and macros user or builder.

Absolute movement commands followed by a numerical

X, Y, Z, C value, define the end point of a motion command in the
user coordinate system.

Incremental movement commands followed by a

U, V, W, H numerical value, define the distance and direction to the
end point of a motion command.

Spindle speed, followed by numerical value of desired rpm

S
or surface speed

Tool call, followed by next tool number and offset to be

T
used

Followed by a numerical value to define the feedrate. The

F magnitude and value of which will be determined by the
feed mode setting
 Followed by a numerical value, specifies dwell time in
P
seconds. (also used in other functions)

Sequence numbers. Used for program organization and go

N
to commands

Format
In writing G-Code programs there are some rules to be aware of as well as some general formatting
guidelines that should be followed or at least considered.

The first part of any program should be a safe start up block. This line of code is used to make sure
that some modes are disabled and others are set to their most common setting. An example safe
start block would look like this:

G00 G18 G54 G40 G80

This block of code tells the machine that we want to be in rapid mode and using absolute position
in the ZX plane of fixture offset 1. At the same time we want to cancel tool nose radius
compensation and make sure any active canned cycles are cancelled.

G00 – Rapid mode

G18 – ZX plane select

G54 – Fixture offset 1

G40 – tool nose compensation cancel

G80 – Canned cycle cancel

It is recommended that this safe start block be used at the start of the program and also before or
immediately following every tool change. It is common to restart a program from a tool change,
having the safe start line there can greatly reduce the chance of a machine not acting as expected,
the results of which can be aggravating at best and a crash at worst. The safe start block shown
here is just an example. Every machine and every programmer are a little different and each will
have their own start up block.

Jumping to the end of the program there is not a lot required. Typically there will be a couple blocks
of code to return the X and Z axes to a safe position. Shutting off the spindle and coolant or any
other accessories is also a good idea here. The final block in a program is a program end code,
most commonly M30 but there are other options. Make sure this final block is followed by an end of
block. It is easy to forget this last EOB in a program for Mach because it is just a carriage return
and not always readily apparent. One way to make sure that there is always an EOB on your
program end block is to follow it with %. Like this:

M30
%

This percent sign is a familiar symbol to CNC programmers in industry; however any symbol or
character can be used as it will not be read by the control because of the program end before it. If
there is no EOB following the percent sign it will not show up in the program when loaded into
Mach.

In between the start and end is the body of the program. There are a few rules here. Each block of
code will contain a combination of words. Multiple G-Codes can be specified in a single block,
however if more than one from the same modal group is specified the last one in the block will be
valid, with the exception of group 00. Modal G-Codes stay active until another from the same group
is called. For example; G01 is modal so it is not necessary to put it in consecutive blocks. Once
active every successive positioning block will be in the G1 mode unless another code from group
one is called (G00, G02, G03, etc.). All G-Codes not in group 0 behave this way.

Only one M-Code can be specified in a single block. Same holds true for all other words.

Generally leading zeroes are not required in G-Code. For example G01 and G1 are the same. The
same holds true for M-Codes, position commands, feedrates, etc. When specifying values for
position, feedrate, variables, etc., it is good practice to always use a decimal point and trailing zero,
instead of X1 use X1.0. Although the decimal point is not required (in Mach X1 = X1.0) it is HIGHLY
recommended.

Chapter 2: G-Code List

Code Group Description Modal

G00 1 Rapid Move Y

G01 1 Linear Feed Move Y

G02 1 Clockwise Arc Feed Move Y

Counter Clockwise Arc Feed

G03 1 Y
Move

G04 0 Dwell N

G09 0 Exact stop N

Fixture and Tool Offset

G10 0 N
Setting
G18 2 ZX Plane Select Y

G20 6 Inch Y

G21 6 Millimeter Y

G28 0 Zero Return N

G30 0 2nd, 3rd, 4th Zero Return N

G31 1 Probe function N

G32 1 Threading* N

Tool Radius Compensation

G40 7 Y
Cancel

Tool Radius Compensation

G41 7 Y
Left

Tool Radius Compensation

G42 7 Y
Right

G50 0 Max Spindle Speed Y

Local Coordinate System

G52 0 Y
Shift

G53 0 Machine Coordinate System N

G54 12 Fixture Offset 1 Y

G54.1 12 Additional Fixture Offsets Y

G55 12 Fixture Offset 2 Y

G56 12 Fixture Offset 3 Y

G57 12 Fixture Offset 4 Y

G58 12 Fixture Offset 5 Y

G59 12 Fixture Offset 6 Y

G61 13 Exact Stop Mode Y

Cutting Mode (Constant

G64 13 Y
Velocity)

G76 0 Thread Cutting Cycle N

G80 16 Canned Cycle Cancel Y

G83 16 Face Drilling Y

G84 16 Face Tapping Y

G85 16 Face Boring Y

G87 16 Side Drilling Y

G89 16 Side Boring Y

G90.1 4 Arc Center Absolute Mode Y

Arc Center Incremental

G91.1 4 Y
Mode

G93 5 Inverse Time Feed Y

G96 14 Constant Surface Speed* Y

G97 14 Constant Speed Y

G98 5 Feed Per Minute Y

G98.1 10 Initial Point Return Y

G99 5 Feed Per Revolution* Y

G99.1 10 R Point Return Y

* Implementation based on machine and control configuration

G-Code Descriptions and Examples

G00 – Rapid move

Rapid moves are used to move from point to point in free space, not
cutting material. These moves do not require a feed rate input as they
take place at max velocity of the machine. For absolute positioning X
and Z define the end point of the move in the user coordinate system.
For incremental positioning U and W define the distance and direction
to move from the current position.
Format: G00 X__ Z__

Example: Program a rapid move to X1.0, Z3.0

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T1 M6 Tool change

S2500 M3 Start spindle

G0 X1.0 Z3.0 Rapid to XZ position

M30 Program end and rewind

G01 – Linear Feed Move

Linear feed moves are point to point moves in a straight line at a federate specified by F. The
moves are interpolated so all axes in motion reach the end point at the same time. . For absolute
positioning X and Z define the end point of the move in the user coordinate system. For
incremental positioning U and W define the distance and direction to move from the current
position.

Format: G01 X__ Z__ F__.

Example: Program a feed move from X1.0, Z3.0 to X10.0, Z-1.0 at a feedrate of 15.0 UPM.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T1 M6 Tool change

S2500 M3 Start spindle

G98 Feed per minute mode

G0 X1.0 Z3.0 Rapid to XZ position

 G1 X10.0 Z-1.0 F15.0 Move to XZ position at feedrate

M30 Program end and rewind

G02/G03 – Arc Feed Move

Used to cut an arc at a federate specified by F. An arc is defined by its start and end points, its
radius or center point, a direction, and a plane. Direction is determined by G02, clockwise, and
G03, counterclockwise, when viewed from the plane’s positive direction (If ZX plane is selected
look down so that the X axis positive direction is pointing to the forward, and the Z axis positive
direction is pointing to the right). See figure 2-1 for a graphic representation of the motion of a
G02. The start point is the current position of the machine. Specify the end point with X and Z. For
absolute positioning X and Z define the end point of the move in the user coordinate system. For
incremental positioning U and W define the distance and direction to move from the current
position.

Next is to specify the radius or the center point of the arc, only one or the other, not both.

To specify the radius, use R and input the actual radius of the desired arc, see Format 2.
When an arc is created knowing only start and end points and a radius there are two
possible solutions, an arc with a sweep less than 180° and one with sweep greater than
180°. The sign of the radius value, positive or negative, determines which arc will be cut,
see figure 2-2. A positive value for R cuts an arc with sweep less than 180°. A negative
value for R cuts an arc with sweep greater than 180°.
A more accurate and reliable way to define an arc is by specifying the center point, this is
done with addresses I, and K, see Format 1. The center point must be defined in the
current plane. I and K correspond to X and Z respectively. Mach has two settings for how I
and K should be specified, absolute and incremental. This setting can be changed by G-
Code, G90.1 and G91.1, or in the general tab in the Mach configuration. If arc center mode
is set to incremental then I and K are the distance and direction from the start point to the
center point of the arc, I is a radius value. If arc center mode is set to absolute then I and
K are the absolute position of the arc center point in the current user coordinate system, I
is a diameter value.

Format 1: (G18) G02/03 X__ Z__ I__ K__ F__

Format 2: (G18) G02/03 X__ Z__ R__ F__

Example: Program an arc centered at X1.0, Z-0.2 in the ZX plane with radius 0.2. Start point at
X1.0, Z0.0 and sweep 90 degrees counter clockwise. Feedrate 0.006 UPR. (Arc center mode set to
incremental)

Format 1:
 G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0101 Tool change

S2500 M3 Start spindle

G0 X1.0 Z0.0 Position to X and Y start point

G99 Feed per revolution mode

G3 X1.4 Z-0.2 I0.0 K-0.2 F0.006 Arc move

G0 G53 X0.0 Return X to home

G0 G53 Z0.0 Return Z to home

M30 Program end and rewind

Format 2:

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0101 Tool change

S2500 M3 Start spindle

G0 X1.0 Z0.0 Position to X and Y start point

G99 Feed per revolution mode

G3 X1.4 Z-0.2 R0.2 F0.006 Arc move

G0 G53 X0.0 Return X to home

G0 G53 Z0.0 Return Z to home

M30 Program end and rewind

Lathes with Y axis capability can also make arc moves in other planes. The function of G02 and
G03 remains the same, but the format changes slightly to accommodate the additional axis and
plane options. For specifying the arc center position use J for the Y axis component.

Format 1: (G17) G02/03 X__ Y__ I__ J__ F__

(G18) G02/03 X__ Z__ I__ K__ F__

(G19) G02/03 Y__ Z__ J__ K__ F__

Format 2: (G17) G02/03 X__ Y__ R__ F__

(G18) G02/03 X__ Z__ R__ F__

(G19) G02/03 Y__ Z__ R__ F__

Helical interpolations are also possible using G02 and G03; however a Y axis is required for the
third coordinate of the end point. The third coordinate will define the height of the helix. See the
following format for what this looks like in the XY plane:

Format 1: (G17) G02/03 X__ Y__ Z__ I__ J__ F__

Format 2: (G17) G02/03 X__ Y__ Z__ R__ F__

Example: Program a helix with radius 1.0 and center point 0.0, 0.0 in the X,Y plane, start point 0.0,
.5, height 1.0 with initial Z at 0.0. Feedrate 10.0 UPM. Arc sweep should be 270° clockwise. See
figure 2-2 for the tool path.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0101 Tool change

S2500 M3 Start spindle

G0 X0.0 Y.5 Position to X and Y start point

G0 Z.5 Activate tool offset 1 and move to Z rapid plane

G98 Feed per minute mode

G1 Z0.0 F10.0 Z plunge at feedrate

G2 X-.5 Y0.0 Z-1.0 I0.0 J-.5 F10.0 Helical interpolation

G0 Z.5 Retract Z to rapid plane

G0 G53 Z0.0 Return Z to home

M30 Program end and rewind

G04 – Dwell
A dwell is simply a pause in the program. The duration of the dwell is specified by P in seconds. No
machine movement will take place during a dwell. No auxiliary codes will be turned off, i.e. if the
spindle is on it will stay on, coolant will stay on, etc.

Format: G04 P__

Example: Program a 5 second dwell after positioning to X1.0, Z1.0.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0101 Tool change

S2500 M3 Start spindle

G0 X1.0 Z1.0 Rapid to XZ position

 G4 P5. Dwell for 5 seconds

M30 Program end and rewind

G09 – Exact Stop

G09 is a non modal exact stop. Machine accelerations cause corners to be slightly rounded; when a
true sharp corner is required G09 should be used. Although similar to G61 in function, G09 is not
modal while G61 is. When G09 is included in a movement block, axis motion is decelerated to the
end point of motion and the position is checked to be exactly as specified. This position check at
the end of the move ensures that the machine actually reaches the desired position before moving
onto the next block

Format: G01 G09 X__ Z__ F__

Example: Program a stepped shaft, first diameter is 1.0 inch for 2.0 inch length, second diameter is
1.5 inch for 2 inch length. Make sharp corners at X1.5, Z-2.0. Feedrate 0.008 IPR.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0101 Tool change

S2500 M3 Start spindle

G99 Feed per revolution mode

G0 X0.0 Z1.0 Rapid to XY position

G1 Z0.0 F0.008 Move to position at feedrate

X1.0 Move to position at feedrate

Z-2.0 Move to position at feedrate

G9 X1.5 Move to position at feedrate, exact stop active

Z-4.0 Move to position at feedrate

G0 G53 X0 Z0 Return X and Z to home position

M30 Program end and rewind

Figure 9-1 shows what this shaft would look like, slightly exaggerated.

G10 – Fixture and Tool Offset Setting

It is possible to set fixture and tool offsets in the program. This can be very useful for programming
multiple fixtures that have known zero points, multi pallet machines, applying automatic
compensation of tool wear, and many other situations that require changing offset values. G10 is
also one of the least understood G-Codes and is therefore underutilized. Changing offset values in a
program requires a bit of cautiousness, a mistake can easily result in ruined parts and damaged
tools. When used properly however, G10 can add flexibility and safety to a program and machine,
especially with automation and lights out capacity or inexperienced operators.

Starting with fixture offset setting the G10 block will look like the following:

Format (Absolute): G10 L2 P__ X__ Y__ Z__ A__ B__ C__

Format (Absolute): G10 L2 P__ U__ V__ W__ H__

L selects the function of the G10 block, different values will have different functions. L2 is the
designation for fixture offset setting. The value of P specifies which offset is being set. For the basic
6 fixture offsets P values are as follows:

Fixture offset (G__) P__

54 1

55 2

56 3

57 4

58 5

59 6

The data for the fixture offset is set by X, Y, Z, C and U, V, W, H.

X(U) X axis offset

Y(V) Y axis offset

Z(W) Z axis offset

C(H) C axis offset

All values do not need to be specified, only the ones to be set. If, for example, a Z is not
programmed it simply will not be changed in the fixture offset.

When specified in absolute mode (X, Y, Z, C) the values in the G10 line will be directly input into
the fixture offset. When specified in incremental mode (U, V, W, H) the values will be added to the
desired fixture offset. This is a major difference in functionality and care should be taken to make
sure the correct arguments are used for the desired effect.

Example: Set G56 fixture offset to X-8.0, Y-3.0, Z-5.0, C45.0 in a program.
 G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G10 L2 P3 X-8.0 Y-3.0 Z-5.0 C45.0 Set G56 fixture offset values

M30 Program end and rewind

Additional fixture offsets, G54.1 Pxx, can also be set using G10. Setting of these offsets is the
same, except it is done using L20. The legacy additional fixture offsets (see fixture offset section of
this manual for more details) can still be set with G10. The following table shows the additional
fixture offset P number and its corresponding G10 P number as well as the legacy offsets. Note that
G54.1 P1 is the same offset as G59 P7, so G10 L20 P1 and G10 L2 P7 both set the same offset
values.

G54.1 P__ G10 L20 P__ Legacy G59 P__ Legacy G10 L2 P__

1 1 7 7

2 2 8 8

3 3 9 9

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

248 248 254 254

Example: Set G54.1 P5 fixture offset to X3.0, Y3.4, Z-10.0 in a program.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G10 L20 P5 X3.0 Y3.4 Z-10.0 Set G54.1 P5 fixture offset values

M30 Program end and rewind

Work shift and head shift can also be set with G10. Work shift is set using G10 L2 P0. Head shift is
set using G10 L20 P0. Notice the L20 for head shift. All other values are set in the same format as
the other fixture offsets.

Tool offset setting requires just as much care as setting of fixture offsets. G90 and G91 affect the
setting of offset values in the same way. Specifying in absolute causes the current value to be over
written with the value in the G10 block, while incremental adds the value from the G10 block to the
current value.
For tool geometry offsets:

Format (Absolute): G10 L1 P__ X__ Y__ Z__ R__ Q__

Format (Incremental): G10 L1 P__ U__ V__ W__ C__ Q__

For tool wear offsets:

Format (Absolute): G10 L3 P__ X__ Y__ Z__ R__ Q__

Format (Incremental): G10 L3 P__ U__ V__ W__ C__ Q__

Again, not all values are required, if omitted that value simply will not be set. L1 specifies tool
geometry offset setting, L3 specifies tool wear offset setting, P is again the offset number to be set
(offset #1 = P1, offset #2 = P2, etc.). The remaining arguments specify the type and value of
offset to be set.

X(U) X offset

Y(V) Y offset

Z(W) Z offset

R(C) Tool nose radius

T Tool tip direction

Example: Set X value of tool offset #5 to -5.0. Add .05 to Z axis wear offset #2.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G10 L1 P5 X-5.0 Set X axis offset #5 to -5.0

G10 L3 P2 W.05 Add .05 to Z wear for offset #2

M30 Program end and rewind

G17/G18/G19 – Plane Selection

Arcs, circles and drill cycles require the selection of a plane. The three axes X, Y and Z define three
available planes XY, ZX, and YZ, see figure 17-1. The third axis defines the top of the plane, this
axis is also known as the normal see figure 17-2. Selection of a plane is done by specifying one of
three G-Codes: G17 for XY, G18 for ZX and G19 for YZ. These are modal G-Codes and will stay
active until another plane is selected or the system is reset. The default plane selection is G18.

All arc and circular motion will take place on a single plane. Direction of motion, clockwise or
counterclockwise, is as viewed from the normal direction, see figure 17-2.
Canned drill cycles also require the selection of a plane. In this case all hole positions will be
located in the selected plane and the normal axis will be the drilling axis. For example in the XY
plane the Z axis is the drilling axis.

G20/G21 – Unit selection

Programming units are selected using G20 for inch and G21 for millimeter. Use these G-Codes to
specify the units in the program only; the setting will not affect Mach DRO’s, configuration settings,
or offsets.

G28 – Zero Return

This function is used to send one or more axes to the home position via an intermediate point.
Exercise caution when using this function. If not fully understood the resulting motion may differ
greatly from what is expected. When used correctly the intermediate point can be useful for
avoiding obstacles in the way of a direct path to the home position, see figure 28-1.

Format: G28 X__ Y__ Z__ A__ B__ C__

This is not a modal code and will only be active in the block in which it is specified. Following the
G28 are the axes to be sent home. For example, to send the Z axis back to the home position
program: G28 Z0. The value specified with the axis letter specifies the intermediate point.

Look at an example program:

G0 G90 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G0 X1.0 Z1.0 Rapid position to point

G28 Z0.0 Send Z axis home via point Z0

M30 Program end and rewind

Reading through the program there is a safe start up block that sets the machine to absolute
position mode. The next line causes the machine to move to the point X1, Z1. in the coordinate
system set by the G54 fixture offset. Now for the G28 block. This line of code, G28 Z0, gives
instructions to send the Z axis to the home position via the point Z0. The motion will be as follows:
First the Z axis will plunge to the point Z0 then return to home. If not intended this motion could
result in a broken tool or scrapped part. To avoid this unintended motion the common
programming format is as follows:

G91 G28 Z0

In this case the intermediate point is an incremental move of 0 inches resulting in no motion before
the Z axis returns home.
G30 – 2nd, 3rd, 4th Zero Return
G30 functions the same way as G28, moving the machine to a zero return point via an
intermediate point. However, instead of sending the machine to the home position, G30 movement
ends at a user definable 2nd, 3rd, or 4th zero return point, specified by P2, P3, or P4 respectively. If
P is omitted the 2nd zero return point is selected. This is handy for tool changers that are not
located at the home position or any number of other applications.

Format: G30 P__ X__ Y__ Z__ A__ B__ C__

The 2nd zero return point is defined by # variables as follows:

Axis P2 # Variables P3 # Variables P4 # Variables

X 5301 5311 5321

Y 5302 5312 5322

Z 5303 5313 5323

A 5304 5314 5324

B 5305 5315 5325

C 5306 5316 5326

The position values in the # variables can be set in a program or in MDI mode.

G31/G31.X – Probe function

Also known as skip function, G31 allows the use of part and tool probes. Multiple probes can be
used, G31 for probe 1, G31.1 probe 2, G31.2 probe 3 and G31.3 probe 4. Motion is defined along
linear axes, in a similar format to G01, with a feedrate.

Format: G31 X__ Y__ Z__ F__

The machine will move toward the specified end point, at the same time it is looking for the probe
input to be activated. When the probe input is activated the current position is recorded to #
variables according to the table below and motion is stopped. The recorded position can then be
used to calculate tool offsets, work offsets, measure parts, etc.

Axis G31 # Variables G31.1 # Variables G31.2 G31.3

X 5061 5071

Y 5062 5072

Z 5063 5073

A 5064 5074

B 5065 5075
 C 5066 5076

G32 – Threading
Equal lead straight, tapered and scroll threads can be cut using the thread cutting command.
Spindle speed feedback from an encoder, index pulse, tachometer or other device is required for
this operation. The syncing of the feed axis to the spindle speed creates an accurate thread;
however, axis acceleration can cause variations in the thread lead especially at the start and end
of the thread. To compensate, program a slightly longer thread to give the axis time to accelerate.
The amount of extra thread length will vary based on machine specifications. Changes in spindle
speed and feedrate will impact thread quality and accuracy. Using constant surface speed mode
can also result in variations in thread lead when cutting tapered or scroll threads, use G97 constant
RPM mode instead. During the threading move the spindle speed and feedrate overrides will be
disabled and the machine will run at 100%. Feed hold will be delayed. If pressed, the machine will
stop at the end of the threading move.

Format: G32 X__ Y__ Z__ F__ Q__

The G32 threading cycle is a single linear move synced to the spindle speed. F specifies the lead or
pitch of the thread. For example a 20 TPI thread would have a pitch of .05 inches, so program F.05.
By default the movement is basic linear move with synced feedrate. By default the lead is assumed
to be along the major axis of the current plane selection; for G17 XY plane lead is along the X axis,
G18 ZX plane is along the Z axis, G19 is along the Y axis. Machine builders and advanced users
have the added option to create custom M-Codes to specify the feed vector to create custom
threads. Address Q specifies the start angle of the thread. This can be used for creating threads
timed to a feature of the part or for cutting threads with multiple starts. This feature requires
position feedback from the spindle, the accuracy of the feedback will determine the accuracy of the
start angle. Not all machines will have this capability.

Example: Thread a ¼-20 rod held in the spindle, 1” length of thread.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G0 X1.0 Z0.1 Rapid position

G97 S1000 M3 Start spindle at 1000 RPM

G0 X0.22 Move to start position for rough

G32 X0.22 Z-1.0 F.05 Cut straight thread

G0 X0.3 Retract X axis

Z0.1 Retract Z axis

X0.21 Move to start position for finish

G32 X0.21 Z-1.0 F.05 Cut straight thread

 G0 X0.3 Retract X axis

Z0.1 Retract Z axis

G53 X0.0 Z0.0 M5 Return home and stop spindle

M30 Program end and rewind

Threads can also be cut with a taper by adding the proper end point.

Example: Cut same thread as previous example with 0.03 taper.

G0 G90 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G0 X1.0 Z0.1 Rapid position

G97 S1000 M3 Start spindle at 1000 RPM

G0 X0.22 Move to start position for rough

G32 X0.25 Z-1.0 F.05 Cut tapered thread

G0 X0.3 Retract X axis

Z0.1 Retract Z axis

X0.21 Move to start position for finish

G32 X0.24 Z-1.0 F.05 Cut tapered thread

G0 X0.3 Retract X axis

Z0.1 Retract Z axis

G53X0.0 Z0.0 M5 Return home and stop spindle

M30 Program end and rewind

G40 – Cutter Compensation Cancel

Cancels the cutter compensation mode.

G41/G42 – Cutter Compensation Left/Right

Enables cutter compensation to the left (G41) or right (G42) of the cutter path by an amount
specified in the tool offset.

Format: G1 G42 X__ Y__ Z__ F__

For detailed information see the cutter compensation section of this manual, chapter 6.
G50 – Minimum and Maximum Spindle Speed
In the G96 constant surface speed (CSS) mode the spindle RPM will vary based on current X
position. The spindle speed will increase as the diameter gets smaller and decrease as the
diameter gets bigger. Machining in this mode can produce superior finishes and accuracy.
However, some setups can only handle a certain RPM range. Castings, or similar near net shape
stock, is a prime example of this. An unbalanced part can create harsh vibration when spun over a
certain RPM. In cases like these the maximum RPM can be limited using G50 while still being able
to take advantage of the benefits of CSS mode.

Format: G50 S__ Q__

In this format S specifies the maximum spindle speed. It is also possible to specify a minimum
spindle speed using Q.

G50.1 – Scaling Cancel

Cancels scaling.

G51.1 – Scaling/Mirroring Function

When activated the scaling function multiplies all commanded positions by the specified scale
factor. The DROs and offsets are not affected, but motion commanded from a program or the MDI
screen is affected.

Format: G51 X__ Y__ Z__ A__ B__ C__

Specify the axis to be scaled and the desired scale factor. For example:

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G0 X4.0 Y0.0 Z1.0 Rapid position to point (X position is 4.)

G51 X2.0 Activate scaling on X axis (scale factor = 2)

G0 X5.0 Rapid position to point (X position is 10.)

G50 Cancel Scaling

G0 X5.0 Rapid position to point (X position is 5.)

M30 Program end and rewind

When scaling is active position moves will be calculated by multiplying the commanded position by
the scale factor. In the example above the scale factor on the X axis is set to 2, then a move to X5.
is commanded. The actual end position of this move will be 5 * 2 = 10. So the X axis moves to 10.
Exercise caution when using scaling, the results can be unpredictable depending on program
complexity. For example if G52 X2 Y4 is programmed followed by an arc move in the XY plane, the
arc will NOT be scaled 2x in the X axis and 4x in the Y axis to obtain an ellipse. The start and end
positions will be as expected, but the motion from one to the other may not be. Check and double
check the tool path display before running the program.

To mirror a program, enter a negative scale value. For example:

G0 G90 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G0 X4.0 Y0.0 Z1.0 Rapid position to point (X position is 4.)

G51 X-1.0 Mirror X axis (scale factor = 1)

G0 X5.0 Rapid position to point (X position is -5.)

G50 Cancel Scaling

G0 X5.0 Rapid position to point (X position is 5.)

M30 Program end and rewind

G52 – Local Coordinate System Shift

The local coordinate system setting is a programmable work shift. The setting is global; the entire
system is shifted by the specified values. Every fixture offset will be affected, although the actual
fixture offset values will not be changed.

Format: G52 X__ Y__ Z__ A__ B__ C__

To activate a local coordinate system with G52 use the above format. Setting of a local coordinate
system is just like setting a fixture offset. In the G52 block specify the desired axes to set, and the
value of the shift. For example (see figure 52-1 for the tool path):

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G0 X-4.0 Y0.0 Z1.0 Rapid position to point

G12 I2.0 F30.0 Cut circle with radius 2.0

G52 X7.0 Local Coordinate system active, X offset = 7

G0 X-4.0 Y0.0 Z1.0 Rapid to same start point

G12 I2.0 F30.0 Cut same circle with radius 2.0

G52 X0.0 Local coordinate system cancelled

M30 Program end and rewind

Once set, the setting will remain until cancelled by another G52 or the system is reset. As in the
example above, a local coordinate system can be cancelled by specifying the axis with a value of
zero. This effectively sets the local coordinate system shift to zero, giving it no effect.

G53 – Machine Coordinate System

Although the majority of machine positioning will take place in a user created coordinate system it
is sometimes beneficial to program positions in the machine coordinate system. G53 is a non-
modal, only active for the block in which it is specified, G-Code that allows the user to make
positioning moves in the machine coordinate system. This can be useful for moving to a
load/unload position at the end of a program or moving to a tool change location in a tool change
macro. This is also a much safer way to move back to the machine home position, G53 X0 Y0 Z0,
than using G28 as there is no intermediate position to be concerned with.

Format: G53 X__ Y__ Z__ A__ B__ C__

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G0 X4.0 Y0.0 Z1.0 Rapid position in G54

… Body of program

G53 Z0.0 Return directly to Z home position

G53 X10.0 Y0.0 Move to load/unload position

M30 Program end and rewind

In the example above, the last two positioning moves are made in the machine coordinate system.
These two blocks could be the same for every program in this machine.

G54-G59 – Fixture Offset

Used to select the active fixture offset in a program. The fixture offset will stay active until another
is called or the system is reset. It is possible to use multiple fixture offsets in a single program.

G54.1 – Additional Fixture Offsets

Additional fixture offsets are provided for users with many fixtures/parts/ setups. There are 248
additional offsets available.

Format: G54.1 P__

P specifies the number of the additional offset, 1 thru 248.

Previous version of Mach use G59 P7, P8 and so on. These legacy offsets can still be used in place
of the G54.1. G59 P7 = G54.1 P1, G59 P8 = G54.1 P2, and so on. G54.1 is more consistent with
industry machines.

Please see the fixture offset section of this manual for more detail on setting up fixture offsets.

G60 – Unidirectional Approach

In cases where mechanical backlash causes positioning errors unidirectional approach can be used
to increase accuracy. G60 is a non-modal code, when specified in a movement block motion will
move to the end point from a parameter defined distance and direction, see figure 60-1. The
distance and direction of the approach movement is specified by setting values in # variables as
shown in the following table:

Axis # Variable

X 5440

Y 5441

Z 5442

A 5443

B 5444

C 5445

Format: G60 G0/G1 X__ Y__ Z__

When unidirectional approach is used in a drill cycle the Z axis motion is not affected. G76 and G87
boring cycles have a tool shift that is also not affected by the G60 unidirectional approach.

G61 – Exact Stop Mode

In exact stop mode the machine will decelerate to a complete stop at the end of each commanded
move, see figure 9-1. This is a modal code, once activated it will remain on until canceled. For
sharp corners and simple positioning this mode works well. However, when the code gets more
complex, or in side milling with arcs, the exact stop mode will produce jerky motion and witness
marks on the work piece. For most milling jobs use G64.

G64 – Constant Velocity Mode

In constant velocity mode Mach will try to maintain feedrate even around sharp corners. As a result
sharp corners will be slightly rounded and the machine may never reach the programmed point
before a direction change. The magnitude of these position errors will be determined by the
acceleration capability of the machine and the programmed feedrate. In most cases the error will
be too small to notice or affect part function. Cutting will be faster and smoother with better
finishes and no witness marks from stopping. This will be the active mode for the majority of
machining time. It is modal and will be active until exact stop mode is activated.

G76 – Multiple Thread Cutting Cycle

Equal lead straight and tapered threads can be cut using the thread cutting command. Spindle
speed feedback from an encoder is required for this operation. The syncing of the feed axis to the
spindle speed creates an accurate thread; however, axis acceleration can cause variations in the
thread lead especially at the start and end of the thread. To compensate, program a slightly longer
thread to give the axis time to accelerate. The amount of extra thread length will vary based on
machine specifications. Changes in spindle speed and feedrate will impact thread quality and
accuracy. Using constant surface speed mode can also result in variations in thread lead when
cutting tapered or scroll threads. Use G97 (constant RPM mode) instead. During the threading
move, the spindle speed and feedrate overrides will be disabled and the machine will run at 100%.
Feed hold will be delayed if pressed. The machine will stop at the end of the threading move.

Format Line 1: G76 P__|__|__ Q__ R__ K__

P–Three part word each section will be divided as (m) (r) (a) in their respective order.

(m) = Number of repetitive finish passes (1 to 99)

(r) = The amount of chamfer for the machine to pull out of the thread. The r value will be multiplied
by the pitch to calculate the position to start pulling out. An r value of 05 (0.5) will cause the thread
to pull out in half a pitch.

(a) = Angle of the thread to be cut

Example: 2 Spring passes, retract in 1 pitch, 60 degree thread would be represented as: P021060

Q–Minimum cutting depth when doing a threading pass

R–Finish pass allowance

K–Cutting method

K = 0: Flank in-feed constant volume removal for each pass

K = 1: Alternate flank in-feed constant volume removal for each pass

K = 2: Flank in-feed constant depth removal for each pass (each pass same as first pass)

K = 3: Alternate flank in-feed constant depth removal for each pass (each pass same as first pass)

Format Line2: G76 X__ Z__ R__ P__ Q__ F__

X–End Diameter of thread

Z–End Position of thread

R–Difference in radius from start to end of thread (straight thread r=0)

P–Height of thread

Q–Depth of First cut

F–Lead of thread

Example: Thread a UNC 0.50-13” rod held in the spindle, 0.75” length of thread.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 G99 Safe start line

G0 X1.0 Z0.1 Rapid position

G97 S1200 M03 Start spindle at 1200 RPM

G76 P040060 Q0.001 R0.001 K1 Threading line 1

G76 X0.4931 Z-0.75 P0.0651 Q0.025 F0.0909 Threading line 2

G0 X1.0 Retract X axis

Z0.1 Retract Z axis

M05 Stop Spindle

M30 Rewind Program

G80-G89 – Hole Machining Canned Cycles

Canned cycles are special G-Codes used to simplify programming. See the Hole Machining Canned

Cycles section of this manual for detailed information.

Standard Hole Machining Cycles

G80 Canned Cycle Cancel G80

G83 Deep Hole Peck Drilling G83 X_ Y_ Z_ R_ Q_ F_

G84 Tapping G84 X_ Y_ Z_ R_ F_

G85 Boring, Retract at Feed, Spindle On G85 X_ Y_ Z_ R_ F_

G87 Back Boring G87 X_ Y_ Z_ R_ I_ J_ F_

Boring, Dwell, Retract at Feed,

G89 G89 X_ Y_ Z_ R_ P_ F_
Spindle On
G90.1/G91.1 – Absolute/Incremental Arc Center Mode
This setting affects arcs when programmed in the I, J, K format. In absolute arc center mode the I, J,
K values designate the position of the arc center in the user coordinate system. In incremental arc
center mode the I, J, K values designate the distance and direction to the arc center from the start
point. See figure 2-1 for a graphical description.

Example: Program an arc centered at 1.0, 0.0 in the XY plane with radius 2. Start point at 3.0,0.0
and sweep 90 degrees counter clockwise. Program two times, once in incremental arc center mode
and once in absolute arc center mode.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G91.1 Incremental arc center mode

T0101 Tool change

S2500 M3 Start spindle

G0 X3.0 Y0.0 Position to X and Y start point

G43 h3 Z.5 Activate tool offset 1 and move to Z rapid plane

G1 Z0.0 F10.0 Z plunge at feedrate

G3 X1.0 Y2.0 I-2.0 J0.0 F10.0 Arc move

G0 Z.5 Retract Z to rapid plane

G0 G53 Z0.0 Return Z to home

M30 Program end and rewind

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G90.1 Absolute arc center mode

T0101 Tool change

S2500 M3 Start spindle

G0 X3.0 Y0.0 Position to X and Y start point

G43 h3 Z.5 Activate tool offset 1 and move to Z rapid plane

G1 Z0.0 F10.0 Z plunge at feedrate

G3 X1.0 Y2.0 I1.0 J0.0 F10.0 Arc move

G0 Z.5 Retract Z to rapid plane

G0 G53 Z0.0 Return Z to home

M30 Program end and rewind

Notice the difference in the I values of the example programs. Both programs will produce the
same arc.

G92 – Local Coordinate System Setting

The coordinate system can be set by issuing G92 in the program. This function differs from G52
(Local Coordinate System Shift) in the way that it is specified. While G52 is specified with shift
values, G92 is specified with the desired axis position. The affect is global and should be used with
caution.

Format: G92 X__ Y__ Z__ A__ B__ C__

Using the above format specify a value for the desired axis. When G92 is specified the position
DRO’s are updated to the values specified. The local coordinate system setting will be cancelled
when a G92.1 is specified or the system is reset.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G0 X4.0 Y0.0 Z1.0 Rapid move, current position X4, Y0, Z1

G92 X1.0 Y2.0 Z3.0 Set local coordinate system, current position X1, Y2, Z3

G92.1 Cancel local coordinate system, current position X4, Y0, Z1

M30 Program end and rewind

G92 was used for fixture offset setting before fixture offsets were available. It is recommended that
the fixture offsets be used instead of using G92. The offset amount of the G92 setting is not
immediately known by the user, because of this the results can be unpredictable when fixture
offsets and G92 are combined.

G93 – Inverse Time Feed

Inverse time feed is most commonly used for machine movement containing at least one rotary
axis, however that is not the only application. Instead of specifying a velocity a time to complete
the movement is specified. The following formula is used to determine F:

When inverse time feed is active an F word is required in every block of code containing a feed
move.

G96 – Constant Surface Speed

Spindle speed can be specified two ways. One is constant surface speed. In this mode the surface
speed will be kept constant by varying the spindle RPM based on the current cutting diameter.
Maintaining a constant surface speed results in in superior surface finishes and more consistent
parts. Surface speed is specified in surface units per minute. In the inch mode this is surface feet
per minute, in millimeter mode it is surface meters per minute.

G97 – Constant RPM

In this mode the spindle speed is specified in revolutions per minute. Spindle RPM is maintained
regardless of current cutting diameter.

G98 – Feed per Minute

Sets the machine to feed per minute mode. Specify the desired feedrate in units/minute, in the
imperial system this is inches per minute, in the metric system this is millimeters per minute. In
this mode the feedrate is modal and not required in all feed move blocks.

G98.1 – Initial Point Return

Specifies that a canned cycle end at the initial Z level. The machine will also return to the initial
point before a rapid move to the next position. Initial point return is useful for avoiding steps in
parts or fixture clamps without adding a significant amount of cycle time. See figure 981-1.

G99 – Feed per Revolution

In this mode the feed rate is specified in units/revolution; for every revolution of the spindle the
machine will move the specified units. By specifying the feedrate in this way if the spindle speed
varies the chip load of the tool is kept constant. This can provide and increase in surface finishes
and tool life. Feed per rev mode requires RPM feedback from the spindle.

G99.1 – R Point Return

Specifies that a canned cycle end at the programmed R level, see figure 981-1. When drilling holes
in a flat plate, G99 can be used to reduce excessive machine movement decreasing cycle time.

Chapter 4: Hole Machining Canned Cycles

Standard Hole Machining Cycles

G80 Canned Cycle Cancel G80

G83 Face Drilling G83 X_ Z_ R_ Q_ P_ F_

G84 Face Tapping G84 X_ Z_ R_ P_ F_

G85 Face Boring G85 X_ Z_ R_ P_ F_

G87 Side Drilling G87 Z_ X_ R_ Q_ P_ F_

G89 Side Boring G89 Z_ X_ R_ P_ F_

Canned cycles are used to reduce program complexity. For example peck drilling a 1 inch hole with
.1 inch peck depth would use 30 lines of regular code, but with a canned cycle this same hole can
be competed in just 2 lines of code. More importantly if multiple holes are required only 1 extra line
of code per hole is needed. There are a variety of canned cycles for different hole types including
drilling, boring, and tapping.

There are two sets of hole machining canned cycles available for use, the standard lathe set and an
advanced set. In the standard set the drilling direction is set by the code called, the current plane
selection does not determine the drilling axis. For the face machining cycles the Z axis will always
be the drilling axis and for side machining cycles the X axis will always be the drilling axis. In the
advanced cycles the current plane selection determines the drilling axis.

For the advanced cycles positioning will take place in the active plane, and the drilling operation
will be on the normal axis. For example in G17 (XY Plane) hole position will be on the XY plane and
the drilling axis will be Z. In G18 (ZX Plane) positioning will be on the ZX plane and the drilling axis
will be Y. Specifying G19 (YZ Plane) selects the X axis for the drilling axis and positioning will be on
the YZ plane. For the purposes of this manual all advanced cycle examples and definitions will be in
the XY plane (G17).

When the canned cycle is complete the machine will return to a final position in the drilling axis,
either the initial point or the R point as determined by the G98.1/G99.1 setting.

Axis positions can be programed in the absolute or incremental modes; specify X, Y, Z, C for
absolute and U, V, W, H for incremental. All active machine axes are allowed for positioning, some
axes have been left out of examples for clarity.

The basic format of a canned cycle is as follows:

Absolute:

Gcc G98.1/99.1 Xxx Zzz Qqq Rrr Ppp Lll Fff

Xxn

G80

Incremental:

Gcc G98.1/99.1 Uuu Www Qqq Rrr Ppp Lll Fff

Uun

G80
 cc Number of the desired canned cycle (i.e. 83, 84, 85, etc).

X position of the center point of the first hole with respect

xx
to the current work zero point

Distance and direction along X axis to center point of first

uu
hole from the current position

Z position of bottom of hole with respect to the current

zz
work zero point

Distance and direction along Z axis, from point R, to

ww
bottom of hole

qq Peck increment if deep hole drilling, always positive

Retract plane, always programmed in incremental and

rr
always in radius values

pp Dwell, in seconds, at bottom of hole

ll Number of repetitions

ff Feedrate

xn Position of nth hole X axis, same rules as applied to xx

yn Position of nth hole Y axis, same rules as applied to yy

Please note that not all arguments will appear in all cycles, and there are a couple special cases
that will be discussed.

Figure 102: Example hole pattern

G80 – Canned Cycle Cancel

To end a canned cycle a G80 must be called. G80 should be specified on its own line to avoid any
unintended movements. For example:

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0101 Tool change

S2500 M3 Start spindle

G0 Z1.0 Move to Z initial point

X0.0 Move to X position

G81 G99.1 X0.0 Z-1.0 R.25 F0.01 Drill cycle start

G80 Canned cycle cancel

 G0 G53 X0.0 Z0.0 Return to home

M30 Program end and rewind

Drilling
G83 – Face Drilling
The face drilling cycle allows drilling holes in the face of a part; the Z axis is always the drilling axis.
Shallow holes can be straight drilled, or with the addition of address Q deep holes can be peck
drilled. For straight drilling cycle use format 1, for deep hole peck drilling cycle use format 2. See
figure 83-1 for a graphic of the tool motion.

Format 1: G83 X__ Z__ R__ P__ L__ F__

Format 2: G83 X__ Z__ R__ Q__ P__ L__ F__

X – Position of hole

Z – End point of hole

R – Retract plane

Q – Peck depth

P – Dwell time

L – Number of repetitions

F – Feedrate

Example: Spot drill hole A from figure 102 and then drill to depth.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0101 Tool change

S2500 M3 Start spindle

G0 Z1.0 Move to Z initial point

X0.0 Move to X position

G83 G99.1 X0.0 Z-0.1 R.25 F0.01 Drill cycle start

G80 Canned cycle cancel

G0 G53 X0.0 Z0.0 Return to home

 G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0202 Tool change

S3000 M3 Start spindle

G0 Z1.0 Move to Z initial point

X0.0 Move to X position

G83 G99.1 X0.0 Z-1.0 R0.25 Q0.20 F0.008 Drill cycle start

G80 Canned cycle cancel

G0 G53 X0.0 Z0.0 Return to home

M30 Program end and rewind

G87 – Side Drilling

The side drilling cycle allows drilling holes in the OD of a part; the X axis is always the drilling axis.
Shallow holes can be straight drilled, or with the addition of address Q deep holes can be peck
drilled. For straight drilling cycle use format 1, for deep hole peck drilling cycle use format 2. See
figure 87-1 for a graphic of the tool motion.

Format 1: G87 Z__ X__ R__ P__ L__ F__

Format 2: G87 Z__ X__ R__ Q__ P__ L__ F__

Z – Position of hole

X – End point of hole

R – Retract plane

Q – Peck depth

P – Dwell time

L – Number of repetitions

F – Feedrate

Example: Spot drill holes C from figure 102 and then drill to depth.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0101 Tool change

 S2500 M3 Start spindle

G0 Z-1.97 Move to Z initial point

X3.0 C0.0 Move to X and C position

G87 G99.1 Z1.97 C0.0 X2.30 R3.0 F0.01 Drill cycle start

C180.0 Drill 2nd hole

G80 Canned cycle cancel

G0 G53 X0.0 Z0.0 Return to home

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0202 Tool change

S3000 M3 Start spindle

G0 Z-1.97 Move to Z initial point

X3.0 C0.0 Move to X and C position

G87 G99.1 Z-1.97 C0.0 X1.50 R3.0 Q0.20 F0.008 Drill cycle start

C180.0 Drill 2nd hole

G80 Canned cycle cancel

G0 G53 X0.0 Z0.0 Return to home

M30 Program end and rewind

Tapping
G84 – Face Tapping
A cycle for creating threaded holes in the face of a part using a tap; the Z axis is always the
tapping axis. For the tapping cycle the spindle is started in the clockwise direction. When the
bottom of the hole is reached the spindle reverses for retraction. Changes to feedrate or spindle
speed mid cycle can be damaging to the tool and work piece, for this reason the feedrate and
spindle speed overrides are disabled. The machine will run at 100% override for the duration of the
cycle. Feed hold is also disabled during the cycle. If feed hold is pressed motion will stop when the
tool reaches the retract point.

Tapping requires synchronization of the spindle speed and feed rate to create the correct thread
form. The feedrate can be programmed in either feed per minute mode, G98, or feed per revolution
mode, G99. In the feed per rev mode the commanded feedrate will be simply the pitch of the
thread. Metric threads are classified with the thread pitch, i.e. M8x1.25mm thread has a 1.25mm
pitch. Unified threads are classified by threads per inch which requires a bit of calculation to get
the pitch, don’t worry it’s easy. Simply divide 1 inch by the TPI. For a ¼-20 fastener we would
calculate 1/20 = .05, this is the pitch. The catch is, to use feed per rev requires some form of rpm
feedback from the machine, not every machine will have this. For the machines without feedback
the tapping cycle can be programmed in feed per min mode (G98). This method requires a little
more math to obtain the correct feedrate based on spindle rpm and pitch of the thread. The
equation looks like this: RPM*Pitch=IPM. To tap that ¼-20 hole at 1500 RPM we first need to
calculate the pitch, remember 1/TPI = Pitch, so 1/20=.05. Now we calculate the feed per min as
1500 * .05=75 IPM. It is important to note that if the spindle speed is changed, the feed per minute
must also be changed to match. For this reason, if the machine is capable of feed per rev
programming use it.

Format: G84 X__ Z__ R__ P__ L__ F__

X – Position of hole

Z – End point of hole

R – Retract plane

P – Dwell time

L – Number of repetitions

F – Feedrate

Example:

Create the program to tap hole A shown in figure 102 to a depth of .500 with a ¼-20 tap using
feed/min.

1/TPI = 1/20 = .05 Pitich

RPM*Pitch = 1000*.05 = 50.0 UPM

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0202 Tool change

S1000 M3 Start spindle

G0 Z1.0 Move to Z initial point

X0.0 Move to X position

G98 Feed per minute mode

G84 G99.1 X0.0 Z-0.5 R.25 F50.0 Tap cycle start

G80 Canned cycle cancel

 G0 G53 X0.0 Z0.0 Return to home

M30 Program end and rewind

Boring
G85 – Face Boring
Boring a hole provides superior size and position accuracy as well as much finer finishes. Generally
a boring bar is used of either an adjustable or non-adjustable type. When the boring cycle is
activated the machine will drill down to the desired depth at the specified feedrate. The retract
move will be at twice the programmed feedrate. The G85 cycle is for boring holes in the face of a
part, the Z axis will always be the drilling axis.

Format 1: G85 X__ Z__ R__ P__ L__ F__

X – Position of hole

Z – End point of hole

R – Retract plane

P – Dwell time

L – Number of repetitions

F – Feedrate

Example: Bore hole A from figure 102 to a depth of 0.250.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0303 Tool change

S750 M3 Start spindle

G0 Z1.0 Move to Z initial point

X0.0 Move to X position

G85 G99.1 X0.0 Z-0.250 R.25 F0.003 Bore cycle start

G80 Canned cycle cancel

G0 G53 X0.0 Z0.0 Return to home

M30 Program end and rewind

G89 – Side Boring
The side boring cycle is used to bore holes in the OD of a part; the X axis will always be the boring
axis. All other parameters and functions are the same as the G85 face boring cycle.

Format 1: G89 Z__ X__ R__ P__ L__ F__

Z – Position of hole

X – End point of hole

R – Retract plane

P – Dwell time

L – Number of repetitions

F – Feedrate

Example: Bore holes C from figure 102 to a depth of 0.250.

G0 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

T0303 Tool change

S750 M3 Start spindle

G0 Z-1.97 Move to Z initial point

X3.0 C0.0 Move to X and C position

G89 G99.1 Z1.97 C0.0 X2.00 R3.0 F0.003 Bore cycle start

C180.0 Bore 2nd hole

G80 Canned cycle cancel

G0 G53 X0.0 Z0.0 Return to home

M30 Program end and rewind

Chapter 6: Tool Radius Cutter

Compensation
Cutter compensation provides the user with the ability to adjust the tool path for variations in tool
cutter diameter. It can be used in two ways. First, when programming by hand, without the aid of
CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) software, it is much easier to program the actual part
dimensions, part line programming. This saves the programmer for having to calculate to correct
path at the center of the tool when the edge is doing the cutting. When given a proper diameter
offset, cutter compensation will make the appropriate tool path adjustments to cut the part
correctly. Essentially the machine does the math for the programmer. Second, with the more
widespread use of CAM systems the tool path is already adjusted for the tool diameter and the part
should, in theory, be cut perfectly to size. In practice however, there are many factors that
determine the finished size of a machined part, cutter and machine deflection, machine positioning
accuracy, cutter diameter variations, etc. Cutter compensation allows for fine tuning the tool path,
and adjustment of part dimensions, without having to change the program itself.

There are two G-Codes used to enable cutter compensation. G41 offsets the tool to the left of the
tool path and G42 offsets the tool to the right of the tool path. This is only true for positive
diameter offset values. If negative offset is specified the offset direction will be reversed, see figure
41-1. There are two ways to call the offset value with G41 and G42.

Format 1: G00/G01 G41/G42 D__ X__ Y__ F__

Format 2: G00/G01 G41/G42 P__ X__ Y__ F__

Use D to call a diameter offset from a specific tool offset number. For example, D2 will use the
diameter offset value of tool offset number 2. An alternative is to use P. The value specified with P
will be the actual offset value. For example, P.05 will offset the tool path .05 to the left or right.

Cutter compensation only works on the two in plane axes, so for G17 (XY plane) the X and Y axes
are affected by the comp, G18 ZX and G19 YZ.

There are two types of milling, which style is used determines how the tool should be
compensated. The two types are climb milling and conventional milling, see figure 41-1.
Conventional milling is the standard in manual machines, but with CNC it is possible and
recommended to climb mill when possible. This manual will assume the tool will always be climb
milling. With that assumption if G41 is used for outside features, the profile of a part, then a
positive offset will make the part bigger and a negative offset will make the part smaller. For inside
features, a hole, G42 will make the hole bigger with a positive offset and smaller with a negative
offset, see figure 41-2. This method tends to make the offset values more intuitive for the operator.
If conventional milling is used, this description will be reversed.

Cutter comp should be enabled on a linear lead-in move; an error will be produced if cutter comp is
enabled in a block with an arc. If there is a value other than zero in the offset then this lead-in
move may not be parallel to the programmed path, see figure 41-1, 41-6 and 41-7. The end point
of the start block is the point at a 90° angle to the movement in the next block and at the offset
distance. See figure 41-3 for examples. This linear move must be longer than the offset amount, if
it is not there will be an error. Also, if there are any segments of the tool path shorter than the
offset amount a gouge is likely, see figure 41-4. The tool path display in Mach will display the
actual tool path with comp, check to make sure there are no gouges or abnormalities before
running a part.

Figure 41-4 shows three tool paths generated by the same program with different cutter
compensation offset values. The gouge is created when an offset value greater than the step of .10
is input. When this happens the compensated tool path over laps and is reversed, causing a gouge.
Another example of this is in small grooves as shown in figure 41-5.

Cutter compensation is cancelled by specifying G40 in the program, or when the control is reset.
When G40 is specified it should be on a lead-out move following the same rules as when
compensation is enabled. The path will be determined as shown in figure 41-3. Errors will occur if
the lead-out distance is smaller than the offset amount or if G40 is specified on a block containing
an arc move.

Chapter 7: M-Code List

Code Description

M00 Mandatory Program Stop, with optional message display

M01 Optional Program Stop

M02 Program End

M03 Spindle Forward/Clockwise

M04 Spindle Reverse/Counterclockwise

M05 Spindle Stop

M07 Mist Coolant On

M08 Flood Coolant On

M09 All Coolant Off

M19 Spindle Orient

M30 Program End and Rewind

M48 Enable Feed/Speed Overrides

M49 Disable Feed/Speed Overrides

M98 Subprogram Call

M99 Return From Subprogram / Rewind

M??? Custom Macro M-Codes

M-Code Descriptions
M00 – Mandatory Program Stop
To pause a program at any point specify an M00. All motion will be halted and the spindle stopped.
To resume operation press the cycle start button. A message can be included to display on the
screen as well: M00 (This message will be displayed)

M01 – Optional Program Stop

Program pauses same as M00, but only when the optional stop switch is turned on. This allows the
operator to stop and check program points when needed, but also to run without stops.

M02 – Program End

Ends the program at the M02 block. All program operation will be ended and defaults (G54, G17,
G90, etc.) reset. The program will not rewind and if the cycle start button is pressed program
operation will begin with the next block following the M02.

M03 – Spindle Forward/Clockwise

Turns the spindle on in the forward direction at the designated speed. M03 is usually combined
with an S word to define the speed. If an S word is not specified the last spindle speed is used.

M04 – Spindle Reverse/Counterclockwise

Turns the spindle on in the reverse direction at the designated speed. M04 is usually combined
with an S word to define the speed. If an S word is not specified the last spindle speed is used.

M05 – Spindle Stop

Stops spindle rotation.

M06 – Tool Change

Tells the machine to change to a tool number specified by T. The T word must appear in the same
block as the M06 or above it in the program. For example:

G0 G90 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G0 X4.0 Y0.0 Z1.0 T1 Rapid move, pre call tool 1

M6 Tool change to tool 1

G0 X10.0 Y-5.0 Z1.0 Rapid move

T2 M6 Tool change to tool 2

M30 Program end and rewind

M07 – Mist Coolant On
Turns on the mist coolant output.

M08 – Flood Coolant On

Turns on the flood coolant output.

M09 – All Coolant Off

Turns off all coolant outputs.

M19 – Spindle Orient

Although this code is not built into Mach and is completely user defined, it is required to orient the
spindle for some machining cycles, G76 and G87 for example. Tool changers usually will require a
spindle orientation, and although this orientation could be any M-Code defined by the user or even
built into the M6, M19 is recommended as it is an industry standard M-Code.

M30 – Program End and Rewind

Ends the current program and rewinds back to the beginning. Pressing the cycle start button will
start program execution from the first block. All defaults (G54, G17, G90, etc.) will be reset.

M48 – Enable Feedrate/Spindle Speed Overrides

Enables the feedrate and spindle speed overrides after an M49 has been issued.

M49 – Disable Feedrate/Spindle Speed Overrides

Disables the feedrate and spindle speed overrides. This can be beneficial in production
environments and also in programs or macros that are sensitive to feedrate and spindle speed by
preventing accidental overrides.

M98 – Subprogram Call

Subprograms are external programs referenced by the current running program. When called
program execution will continue in the subprogram. This allows the user to reduce program length
and complexity by providing the ability to easily repeat sections of code, run the same section of
code in multiple locations or in multiple fixture offsets, the possibilities are limited only by the
programmer. To call a subprogram command M98 with the program number as shown.

Format: M98 P____ Q__ L__

P specifies the number of the program to be called. This is a four digit integer number. When the
M98 is read Mach scans the current file for a block containing the program number in the following
form:
Format: O1234

Note that the letter “O” is used to specify the program number 1234, NOT the number “0”.
Program execution will continue with the block following the O number. For this method the
subprogram should be below the end of the current program:

(MAIN PROGRAM) Main program header

G0 G90 G54 G18 G40 G80 Safe start line

G0 X4.0 Y0.0 Z1.0 Rapid move

T1 M6 Tool change to tool 1

G0 X10.0 Y-5.0 Z1.0 Rapid move

M98 P1000 Call subprogram number 1000

M30 Program end and rewind

O1000 (SUB PROGRAM BEGIN) Subprogram number

G12 I-0.25 Cut circle

M99 Return to main program

There are limitations to this method; mainly the subprogram must be pasted into every program
that it is to be called from. Mach also allows a subprogram to be called from an external file. This
way, multiple programs can call the same subprogram, without having the program in the main
file. If a change needs to be made to the subprogram it only needs to be done in one file, not every
file in which the sub is called. If the control does not find the program number in the current file it
will then search for it in the Mach4\Subroutines directory. This time it will be searching filenames.
The files in this directory should be named with the program number as follows:

Format: O____

Note the letter “O” followed by four numbers, and no file extension; O1234 not O1234.txt. When
the program is loaded this file will be found and loaded into the memory, the tool path display will
reflect what is in the subprogram. When running the file the M98 block will be read and program
execution will continue with the first block of the subprogram file.

The arguments Q and L are optional. Q specifies the sequence number in the subprogram to start
at. If Q is omitted then execution will start at the beginning of the sub program; see figure 198-1. L
is the number of repetitions. For example, if L=2 the subprogram is run two times before
execution of the main program continues. If L is omitted the program will run only once.

M99 – Return From Subprogram / Rewind

To return to the main program from a subprogram an M99 is used.

Format: M99 P__

M99 specified in a subprogram will return to the main program at the block immediately following
the M98 subprogram call. The addition of a P in the M99 block will return to a desired sequence
number in the main program. See figure 199-1.

If M99 is specified in a main program (not in a subprogram) a program rewind is performed.

Execution will continue from the first block of the program.

Custom M-Codes
Every machine is a little different and has different functions and options. Custom M-Codes allow
the user to create simple programming calls for complex processes, activating or deactivating
outputs, reading inputs, performing math, or whatever else the user and machine could require.
These M-Codes are programmed in Lua and placed in the macros folder under each profile. Every
profile can have its own unique set of M-Codes. The file name must be the macro to be called. For
example to make a tool change macro, M6, add a Lua script with the filename M6.mcs to the
macros folder in the desired profile. When an M6 is called in a program or in MDI the macro will be
executed.

Keywords: MCode, M Code, M-Code, GCode, G Code, G-Code