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Database Management System

Notes on database Management Systems

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akocyriel5
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2 views

Database Management System

Notes on database Management Systems

Uploaded by

akocyriel5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Management Systems (DBMS)

1. Introduction to Database Management Systems

• Definition: A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that enables users to


define, create, and manage databases efficiently while providing controlled access to the stored
data.
• Purpose: To handle data systematically and provide mechanisms for data manipulation,
security, integrity, and consistency.

2. Features of DBMS

1. Data Abstraction:
• Hides the complexity of data representation and storage.
• Provides three levels of abstraction: Physical, Logical, and View levels.
2. Data Independence:
• Logical independence: Changes in schema at the logical level do not affect the
application.
• Physical independence: Changes in storage do not affect the logical schema.
3. Efficient Data Access:
• DBMS uses advanced algorithms for efficient data retrieval and updates.
4. Data Integrity and Security:
• Ensures data consistency, accuracy, and access control.
5. Backup and Recovery:
• Protects data from failures and ensures data restoration.
6. Multi-user Access:
• Allows concurrent access to the database while maintaining data consistency.

3. Advantages of DBMS

• Reduces data redundancy.


• Enhances data sharing.
• Provides centralized data management.
• Ensures data security.
• Supports transaction management.

4. Types of Database Models

1. Hierarchical Model:
• Data is organized into a tree-like structure.
• Example: Parent-child relationship.
2. Network Model:
• Uses a graph structure to represent many-to-many relationships.
3. Relational Model:
• Organizes data in tables (relations).
• Uses SQL (Structured Query Language) for operations.
4. Object-Oriented Model:
• Stores data as objects, similar to object-oriented programming.
5. Document and NoSQL Databases:
• Designed for unstructured or semi-structured data (e.g., MongoDB).

5. Components of DBMS

1. Database Engine:
• Core service for storing, processing, and securing data.
2. Database Schema:
• Defines the structure of the database.
3. Query Processor:
• Interprets and executes SQL queries.
4. Transaction Manager:
• Ensures that database transactions are processed reliably.
5. Concurrency Control:
• Manages simultaneous database access to maintain consistency.
6. Backup and Recovery System:
• Provides mechanisms to recover data after failures.

6. SQL and Database Operations

• SQL (Structured Query Language): Language for managing and querying relational
databases.
• Operations:
1. DDL (Data Definition Language):
• Commands: CREATE, ALTER, DROP.
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language):
• Commands: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
3. DCL (Data Control Language):
• Commands: GRANT, REVOKE.
4. TCL (Transaction Control Language):
• Commands: COMMIT, ROLLBACK.

7. Key Concepts in DBMS

1. Normalization:
• Process of organizing data to eliminate redundancy and dependency.
• Forms: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, etc.
2. Indexes:
• Data structures that improve query performance.
3. Transactions:
• A sequence of operations performed as a single logical unit.
• Properties (ACID):
• Atomicity: All-or-nothing execution.
• Consistency: Transitions the database from one valid state to another.
• Isolation: Transactions execute independently.
• Durability: Changes are permanent once committed.
4. Keys:
• Primary Key: Unique identifier for a table record.
• Foreign Key: Ensures referential integrity between tables.
• Candidate Key: All possible keys for a table.
• Composite Key: Combination of two or more columns.

8. Database Security

1. Access Control:
• Ensures only authorized users access data.
2. Encryption:
• Protects sensitive data during storage and transmission.
3. Audit Trails:
• Tracks database activity for monitoring and compliance.

9. Distributed Databases

• Definition: A database distributed across multiple physical locations.


• Advantages:
• Scalability, fault tolerance, and increased availability.
• Challenges:
• Maintaining consistency and synchronization.

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