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Unix UNIT 1

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68 views2 pages

Unix UNIT 1

Uploaded by

Sandeep Nayal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unix os:::

Unix OS (Operating System) refers to a family of multitasking, multiuser computer


operating systems that derive from the original Unix system developed at AT&T's
Bell Labs in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Unix is known for its stability,
flexibility, and powerful command-line interface, and it has influenced many other
operating systems.

Features of UNIX ::

Unix is a powerful, multiuser, multitasking operating system originally developed


in the 1960s and 1970s at Bell Labs. Its design philosophy and architecture have
greatly influenced many other operating systems.

Multitasking: Unix allows multiple tasks to run concurrently, enabling efficient


use of system resources and improved productivity.

Multiuser Capability: Unix supports multiple users simultaneously, each with their
own set of permissions and processes, making it ideal for environments where many
people need to use the same system.

Portability: Unix was designed to be portable, meaning it can run on various


hardware platforms with minimal modifications. This is achieved through its use of
the C programming language for implementation.

Security and Permissions: Unix provides a robust security model with file
permissions (read, write, execute) for user, group, and others, along with various
security features like user authentication and access control.

Hierarchical File System: Unix uses a hierarchical file system structure with
directories and subdirectories, providing a clear and organized way to manage
files.

Shell and Command-Line Interface: Unix offers powerful command-line interfaces


(shells) such as Bourne Shell (sh), C Shell (csh), and Korn Shell (ksh), allowing
users to execute commands, scripts, and utilities efficiently.

Pipes and Redirection: Unix allows the output of one command to be used as the
input for another command (piping) and supports input/output redirection, which
enhances the flexibility and power of command-line operations.

Tools and Utilities: Unix includes a rich set of standard utilities and tools for
text processing, system management, programming, and networking, making it highly
versatile for various tasks.

Networking: Unix has built-in support for networking, including protocols like
TCP/IP, enabling seamless communication over networks and the internet.

Modularity and Extensibility: Unix's modular design allows users to combine small,
simple programs to perform complex tasks, and its extensibility makes it easy to
add new functionality.

Internal and external command:::

Definition::
Internal Command: Internal commands are built into the shell itself. When you
execute an internal command, the shell interprets and executes it directly without
calling any external program or process. These commands are part of the shell's
executable code and are always available when the shell is running.

External Command: External commands are not built into the shell. They are separate
executable files stored on disk. When you execute an external command, the shell
searches the directories listed in the PATH environment variable to find the
corresponding executable file and then launches a new process to run it.

Examples-

Internal Commands:

cd (change directory)
echo (display message)
pwd (print working directory)

External Commands:

ls (list directory contents)


cp (copy files and directories)
mv (move/rename files and directories)

Differences--

Execution:

Internal Command: Executed directly by the shell, without invoking a separate


process.
External Command: Involves launching a new process to execute the command.

Location:

Internal Command: Part of the shell's binary; no separate file on the filesystem.
External Command: Resides as a separate executable file on the filesystem.

Speed:

Internal Command: Generally faster since they do not require the overhead of
starting a new process.
External Command: Slower due to the additional overhead of locating the executable
file and starting a new process.

Availability:

Internal Command: Always available as long as the shell is running.


External Command: Available only if the executable file exists and is in one of the
directories listed in the PATH environment variable.

Customization:

Internal Command: Limited to the functionality provided by the shell.


External Command: Can be extended and customized by adding new executable files to
the system.

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