CoS I Sn O

=
tanx on la, b] where
thatfx)
-

S h o w that
Show

75.7|

Erample

uniformly continuous.

Sin and in la, b] wherea<be

r
=
COS X
2
tan
S o l u t i o n :

and cos x
and
are continuous for all readz
oth
both sin xx
sin'

0.
Now, [a, b]. :: . tanx
tanx is
is uunifor
nife
continuous th
cos r #
c o n t i n u o u s
in la, b].

tan r is Iffx + ) = fr)

fr) + =
or all x, y eR and f is con
+ y)
7.5.8 IfAr on R.
iformly continuous.
continuous
Erample uniformly
that f is
of R.
prove
on f we see that
a point condition
lition
the given 0.
From fO) =
Solution:
+ 0) =M0) + f0) f- )
FO) 0 = (-)}
=
At) +
x) x + =

Again, f0)
fr - =

e R.
A - ) =-fx)
V x E> 0, there exists a Ano
c E K.
continuous
at
I h e n ror
05SUch
Let fbe h |< &
e
when | Ac) I< puhhen
+ h) -
fAc) |< f¢) |=Ifc
+ h) -

Ac + Ac)
-

Now, 1fh)|=1 Ah) two points X1. X2

in R such that |x -,lkô. For s

Let us take any

above,1fx
-

n) |< E 1-1)1=lt)-i
a s seen +(-X2)}|= Ifx) +
But f -X2) 1=Ife when l< ð-2
|<
fx) -fz) not on the
choice of x, and x.
on & only and
depends
on R.
continuous
f x ) is uniformly
FUNCTION
CONTINUOUS
EXAMPLES ON
MORE
Vxyek-
fis defined as f + y) =fx) + fy)
A function
Exanple 1.
continuous.on R, prove that
k and f: R-> R is
eR.
fx) = kr Vx
 SEVEN O
cONTINUOUS FUNCTION AND UNIFORM CONTINUITY 257
(HAPTERSEVEN

CHAPTER
=
A O)fO) =0. .(i)
f(- x) -x)
+0)

r - x) =
fx) + = -

fx
g a l h u t i o n :
NO
0 = (1i)
integer.
A g a i n ,

be a
ve
p o s i t 1

+ 1)
Al I+.
L e t r
+
ir) =
+ Al)+*
+ f1) (r times) kx. =
Then
=R1)
positive integer .(ii)
i f r is a
kr
. ft)= tive iinteger
. nteger
-xX is a positive integer, then by (ii) f-x) =-
-r fx)or,
a negative
Ifr is f x ) = kr.
M-A)=- value ofr.
kr for
kr for any integral
=
=

Ar) Ax)
are integers, q * 0.
where p and q
Let r

=
f{x + tx) lg times] =
aft)
flax) or, kp =f\qr)
fp)=
1)= kr, when x is rational.
= k = kr.
: fr)
irrational number a.
be an
Let now, of a contains both rational and irrational points, we

Since any
neighbourhood such that {xn), converges to a.
{x,l, where x, is rational
a sequence flay
of continuity, lim fr,)
Consider =

a point
a being
or, k lim , f(a), i.e., fla)
fla)
=
=ka.
ie, lim kr, =
irrational.
words f(r) =
kx when x is
In other kr vx e R.
results we see that f(r)
=
the
Combining all
the relation
If continuous function f on
R satisfies
Example 2 a
0 VxeR or there exists
e R, show that either f{x) =

x +y) =fx) fy) V x, y

a" V reR.
a>0such that f{x)
=

condition flr + ) =
Ax) fy)
Solation: From the given

mof-494 20.
K) = 0 fx) fx 1 + 1) = -
=
fr - 1) f1) = 0 for all x eR.

If fl) # 0 let f1) = a > 0.

{0 + 0) f0) f0) {f0)
=

Now for x =y =
0. f0) = =

=f0 +l) =f0)

=0 would imply f1)
r0) TRo) -1} =0. fO) 1, for, f0) =

AI) = 0 which is not the case.

1
-)
AganI=f0) =fx- x) =ft) f-x)
Let r be a
positive integer.
+l+. + 1) (x times) {1)} =a* =

When y> 0)
a x is a negative integer, say x =-y
)= - y) =
{f)l = a"y = a

Now let x= a rational number.

 AND
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS: PROBLEMS 1ONS
258

= a" or, {Ar)]? = aP,

p)
Then xq = p. Nxg)=
r ) =a v r e Q.
or, fx) = a' =
a
continuous at every point.
Given that fx).is
irrational number and
we consider tha
the sequenee
= a be an
Let x
to a.
rationals converging
of f at a, tfr, converges to a)
By continuity lim an =
fa)
Ao) or,
or, lim fr,) =

fA), ie., a =
Ax)
or, a =

is irrational.
when x
results we see that Ax) =a* Vr e R.
Combining all the
continuous in an interval I and does
Let flx) be not
Example 3. constant sign in I.
Show that Ax) has
a
anywhere in I. that f(a) and AD) differ in sien
Solution:If possible, let [a, P]
c
I such in (a
would exist at
least one point c
Bolzano's theorem
there
not vanish anywhere in I.
whate
0. This contradicts
that fx) does
c) =
other words, flx) ntain
maintain a consa
) and f) cannot differ in sign. In
sigh in I. is rational.Sh
and fx) = 0 when x
.Let f be continuous
on [a, b]
Example 4.
0 for every x e [a, b].
that fx) =

Let fa) > 0. Sina

be an irrational point
in [a, b] where f{a) # 0.
a neighbourhood Ng () as
Solution: Let a of
at aand fa) > 0, there exists
fx) is continuous n [a, b] there are
rational pois
(0) n la, b]. But in Ns(0)
that flx) is > 0 in Ns condition. Therefore,
that ft)> 0i|
where fx) 0 by the given
=

contradicted.
Ns (a) n la, b] is not possible.
Similarly, fa) <0 is
is not possible.
N)> 0 0 for all x e la, b].
when a is irrational. fx) =

Aa) =0
Give example of a function which is
Example 5. nfimum
but not ils
and bounded on R, attains its supremum
(a)continuous nor its
but not
supremi
and bounded on R, attains its infimum but
(6)continuous its
S u p r e m u m

(C)continuous and bounded in an interval, but attains

neither >up
infimum.
where r e R.
Solution: (a) Let us consider the function fr) = 2
We know, 1 + x* is continuous for all x e R and1+*E

142
1+ X
1. equality holds when x =0.
t h e Sup f is attained on x = 0.
xE R
Now. 1+ x increases without bounds as x increases.