UNIT-I 1.

1 Operating System –Concept

Components of Operating System,
Overview of Operations of OS: Program Management, Resource

Operating
Management,
Security and Protection
System Views of OS: User View, System View

1.2 Different types of Operating Systems-

(08 Marks)
Batch Operating System, Multi Programmed,
Time Shared OS, Multiprocessor Systems,
Distributed Systems, Real Time Systems,
Mobile OS (Android, iOS)
1.3 Command Line based OS- DOS, UNIX
GUI based OS- WINDOWS, LINUX
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 Types of Softwares
• Two Types of Softwares are:
1. Application Softwares.
2. System Softwares:
• System software is general
purpose software which is used
to operate computer hardware.
It provides platform to run
application softwares.
• Application software is specific
purpose software which is used
by user for performing specific
task.

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Operating system

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 Operating system
• Definition
• An operating system is a program that acts as an interface
between the user and the computer hardware and controls the
execution of all kinds of programs.
• Every desktop computer, tablet, and smartphone includes an
operating system that provides basic functionality for the
device.
• Eg. MS-DOS,MAC OS/2,Unix, Sun Solaris, Linux etc.

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 Operating system
• OS is a bridge between computer hardware and user.
• It is comprised of system software, or the fundamental files your
computer needs to boot up and function.
• An operating system is a software which performs all the basic
tasks like file management, memory management, process
management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

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Components of Computer System
1. Hardware :
•Input/Output Devices,
•CPU,
•Storage Devices, Networking Devices etc.
•2. Operating System
•3. Application Programs
•4. Users

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Operating system

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Operations / Functions of Operating system

•The major operations (functions) of an operating system are:

1. Resource Management :
•This function of OS allocates computer resources such as
a. CPU time,
b. Main memory,
c. Secondary storage and
d. Input and Output devices for use.

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 Operations / Functions of Operating system

2. Program Management (Process Management):

Process:

•A process is nothing but program in execution.

•A process is collection of threads.

•Thread is the smallest unit of CPU Work.

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Operations / Functions of Operating system
2. Program Management (Process Management):
•OS performs program management or process management and is
responsible for the following operations:
a. To provide control access to shared resources like file, memory, I/O
and CPU.
b. Control the execution of user applications
c. Creation, execution and deletion of system processes as well as
user’s processes.
d. Resume a process or cancel it.
e. Scheduling of a process
f. Synchronization, Interprocess communication and deadlock
handling for process. 10
 Operations / Functions of Operating system
3. Security and Protection -
• The operating system uses password protection to protect user data
and similar other techniques. It also prevents unauthorized access to
programs and user data.

• The main function of security is to defend the system from attacks

done internally and externally. Attacks can be viruses, worms or it
could be denial of service (DoS attack).

• Protection and Security mechanism must be able to differentiate

among its users along with their rights and privileges.
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Operations / Functions of Operating system
4.Data management:
It observes input and output of the data and their location, storage
and retrieval.
5. Task management:
Task is a collection of one or more related programs and their data.
This function prepares, schedules, controls and monitors multiple
jobs submitted for execution to ensure the most efficient processing.
6. Communication between User and Computer:
Provides a user interface, e.g. command line, Graphical User
Interface (GUI). Operating system enables startup application
programs. OS must have text editor, a translator and an editor.
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Operations / Functions of Operating system

1. Resource management

2. Process management

3. Security & Protection

4. Data management:

5. Task management:

6. Communication between User and Computer:

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 Views of Operating Systems

The operating system can be observed from the point

of view of the user or the system.

This is known as the

1. User view
2. System view

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 1. User View

• If the user is using a personal

computer, the operating system is
largely designed to make the interaction
easy.

• Some attention is also paid to the

performance of the system, but there is
no need for the operating system to
worry about resource utilization.

• This is because the personal computer

uses all the resources available and
there is no sharing.
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 1. User View
• If the user is using a system
connected to a mainframe or a
minicomputer, the operating system
is largely concerned with resource
utilization.

• This is because there may be

multiple terminals connected to the
mainframe and the operating system
makes sure that all the resources
such as CPU, memory, I/O devices
etc. are divided uniformly among
them.
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 1. User View

• If the user is sitting on a

workstation connected to other
workstations through networks,
then the operating system needs
to focus on both individual usage
of resources and sharing
though the network.

• This happens because the

workstation exclusively uses its
own resources but it also needs
to share files etc. with other
workstations across the network.
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 1. User View

• If the user is using a handheld

device such as a mobile, then the
operating system handles the
usability of the device including a
few remote operations.

• The battery level of the device is

also taken into account.

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 2. System View
• The OS manages the hardware resources of a computer system.
• Resources include:
processors,
memory,
disks and other storage devices,
network interfaces,
I/O devices such as keyboards,
mice and monitors, and so on.
• The operating system allocates resources among running system programs.
• It controls the sharing of resources among system programs.
• The OS itself also uses resources, which it must share with application programs.
• OS works as a controller to keep control of various activities happening in the
system.
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 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER/
EVOLUTION of OS
Generation Year Electronic Types of OS and
, devices used devices
1st 1940-1955 Vacuum tubes, Punch Plug boards
card, paper tape
2nd 1955-1965 Transistors Batch system
3rd 1965-1980 Integrated Circuit Multiprogramming
(IC) OS
4th 1980 - Present Microprocessors DOS, Unix,
PC, Laptop
5th 1990- Present parallel processing and Windows, Linux
superconductors AI (Robot)
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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
1st Generation:

1940-1955

Main electronic component is

vacuum tube

Used machine level language

Punch card used as input device

Speed in milliseconds

ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator

30*50 feet long, 18000 tube, 30 ton weight 21
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
2nd Generation:

1955-1965
Main electronic component is transistor
Used assembly level language
Punch card used as input device
Speed in microseconds
Less heat, FORTAN and COBOL used
IBM 1401, IBM 1620

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
3rd Generation:

1965-1975
Main electronic component is Integrated Circuit (IC)
Used assembly level language
Keyboard and Mouse used as input device
Speed in Nano seconds
IBM 360, IBM 370

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 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

4th Generation:

1975-1990

Main electronic component is Microprocessor

Networking, GUI

Keyboard and Mouse used as input device

Apple, IBM PC

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
5th Generation

1990 onwards

Artificial intelligence

Expert system

Nano technology

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 Types Of operating system
1. Batch Processing Operating System
2. Real Time Operating System
3. Multiprogramming Operating System
4. Multiprocessor Operating System
5. Distributed Operating System
6. Time Shared Operating System
7. Mobile Operating System

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Batch OS

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 Batch OS
 Program and Input data is called job

 Group of similar jobs called as a batch.

 Executing jobs in batch , reduce setup operation to once and multiple

programs can be executed with same setup.

 User do not interact with computer directly. It will submit job to software
which reside in memory called as monitor.

 Functions of monitor:
 Accepting jobs from user
 Set up for first job
 At end of job, terminate process and transfer to next job
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 At end of batch, terminate batch and transfer to new batch
 Batch OS
 Advantages:  Disadvantages:

 Setup time reduced  Lack of interaction between user and job

Performance increased  Difficult to provide security and priority

Useful for billing, Banking CPU time not properly utilized

applications

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 Multiprogramming OS
 Multiple number of programs run simultaneously but one at a time.

Numbers of programs executing simultaneously is called as degree of

multiprogramming

 User interaction is possible at some extend

To reduce uni-programming drawback an attempt was made to keep

CPU busy for all time.

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 Multiprogrammed os
 Advantages:
 Throughput increased
 Response time is good
 Increase Performance of CPU

 Disadvantages:
 Memory management required
 Maintenance is required
 Tracking of jobs is required

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 Real Time OS (RTOS)
 A system must produce output for given input within specific given
amount of time

 Real time systems are usually dedicated embedded systems.

They typically read data from sensors and react to it.

The system must guarantee response to events within fixed periods

of time to ensure correct performance.

Types:
1. Hard RTOS: Response time is absolute value and task must finish
within deadline.
2. Soft RTOS: Response time is average and task may finish within
deadline or it may take more time.
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 Real Time System
Applications:

Medical Applications

Robotics and Automation

Web based applications

Virtual Reality

• Direct interaction between user and application

• Can lead to faults and security

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 Types of Real Time System
1. Hard real-time system
Guarantees critical task completion on time.
Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term memory, or read-
only memory (ROM)
Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by general-purpose operating
systems. Advanced OS features are absent (e.g. virtual memory is absent).
Examples:
• Satellite application,
• Flight Control System,
• Missile Guidance Systems.
• Weapons Defense System.
• Medical System.
• Inkjet printer system.
• Railway signaling system.
• Air traffic control systems.
• Nuclear reactor control systems. 34
 Types of Real Time System
2. Soft real-time system
Less restrictive.
All tasks in that system must execute on time.
A critical real time task gets priority over other tasks and it retains its priority until it
completes. Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
Examples –
• Audio and Video system,
• Set-top boxes,
• Weather Monitoring Systems.,
• Electronic games,
• Multimedia system,
• Web browsing.

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 Multiprocessor System
 There are two or more CPUs within single computer system.

All CPUs share system bus, memory and other resources

Maximum work done in shorter period

Data in memory is shared by multiple processor instead of

making copies

CPU communicate with each other as one CPU fails , system

does not halt or fail
1. Symmetric : Same memory is shared by different processors
2. Asymmetric: Different processors, not shared memory
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 Multiprocessor OS
 Advantages:

 Throughput increased

 Reliability increased

 Hardware cost reduced

 Disadvantages:

 Complex in design

 Expensive as use of CPU

 OS must support that processor

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 Distributed OS
 In this number of computers connected to each other using
cables for sharing and communication data among each other.
Different applications, processes or programs available on
different system.
 It is used to overcome centralized OS concept
Applications:
• Student Information system
• Railway Reservation system
• Distributed databases System.
• Air Traffic Control System.
• Airline reservation Control systems.
• Peep-to-peer networks system.
• Telecommunication networks.
• Scientific Computing System.
• Cluster Computing
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 Distributed OS
 Advantages:

 Throughput increased

 Reliability increased

 Hardware cost reduced

Disadvantages:

 Complex in design

 Networking required
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Distributed OS

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 Time Sharing OS
 A time sharing system allows many users to share the
computer resources simultaneously.
 Time sharing refers to the allocation of computer resources
in time slots to several programs simultaneously.
Equal time slots are provided to user for execution of
programs which also leads to the context switching, in which
process shifts control from one to another
In case any process does not complete its working within
time slot then extra time slot will not be given to it.
For example- you are running a process with a time slot of
10 seconds and in case process does not complete in 10
second and requires 1 extra second then it will be executed in
next execution cycle but time slot will not be extended.
Short period of time during that a user gets attention of the
CPU is known as a time slice or a time quantum.
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Time Sharing OS

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 Mobile OS
Android
IOS
Windows

Features:
User friendly
Plug and Play Compatibility
Online Compatibility
Multitasking and multiprogramming
Easy updation

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 Command Line OS
DOS –Single User
UNIX- Multi User

Features:
Single Tasking
Commands are to be used for each operation
Not user friendly
No GUI

UNIX- Open Source Software

DOS- Proprietary Software

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 GUI Based OS
Windows
Linux

Features:
 Multi Tasking
 User friendly
 GUI Based
Popular

Linux- Open Source Software

Windows -Proprietary Software

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