ST.

JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

A.S Nagar, Elupatti – Thanjavur.
SUBJECT: CS3691 - EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IOT
SEM / YEAR: V/ III year BATCH:2021-2025
CS3691-EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IOT
UNIT-I
8-BIT EMBEDDED PROCESSOR
PART – A
1. Define microcontroller ? and its applications.
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded
system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single
chip.
Application of Microcontroller
 Light sensing & controlling devices.
 Temperature sensing and controlling devices.
 Fire detection & safety devices.
 Industrial instrumentation devices.
 Process control devices.
2. Define 8051 microcontroller ? and its applications.
8051 microcontroller is designed by Intel in 1981. It is an 8-bit microcontroller. It is built with 40 pins DIP
(dual inline package), 4kb of ROM storage and 128 bytes of RAM storage, 2 16-bit timers.
3.Compare : microprocessor and microcontroller?[ NOV / DEC 2021]
S.NO Microprocessor Microcontroller

1.
Microprocessor is the heart of Micro Controller is the heart of an
Computer system. embedded system.
2. It is only a processor, so memory and Micro Controller has a processor along
I/O components need to be connected with internal memory and I/O
externally components.
3. Memory and I/O has to be connected
Memory and I/O are already present,
externally, so the circuit becomes
and the internal circuit is small.
large.
4.Which register has the SMOD bit, and what is its status when the 8051 is powered up?. [NOV /
DEC 2021]
It is 8-bit register. When 8051 is powered up, SMOD is zero.By setting the SMOD, baud rate can be doubled.
If SMOD = 0 (which is its value on reset), the baud ...
5.Give the format of the register PSW of 8051 and name each it .[ NOV / DEC 2019]
 6.Define the operating model 0 of 8051 serial ports.?[ NOV / DEC 2020 AND APRIL /
MAY 2021]
Mode 0: In this mode, the serial port works like a shift register and the data transmission works synchronously
with a clock frequency of fosc /12. Serial data is received and transmitted through RXD. 8 bits are transmitted/
received at a time.
7.which register is used for serial programming in 8051 ? Illustrate it
SBUF register:
SBUF is an 8-bit register used for serial communication in the 8051 microcontrollers. For a byte of data to be
transferred via the transmitted line, it must be placed in the SBUF Register.
8. Write a program to find the 2’s complement using 8051? [ NOV / DEC 2020 AND APRIL / MAY
2021]
2000 LHLD 3000H 2A Load HL pair
data from 3000h
2001 00
2002 30
2003
2004 MOV A,L 7D Move the low-order
result from reg.A TO Reg.L
2005 MOV L,A 6F Move the result
from reg.L TO Reg.A
2006 MOV A,H 7C Move the higher order
from reg.H to reg.A
2007 CMA 2F compliment accumulator
2008 MOV H,A 67 Move the result
from reg.A TO Reg.H
2009 INX H 23 Increment HL pair to
find 2’s compliment
200A SHLD 3002H 22 Store the result
at address 3002H
200B 02
200C 30
200D HLT 76 HALT
OUTPUT:
1. Before execution:
2. 3000H:12H
3. 3001H:05H
4. After execution:
5. 3002H:EEH
6. 3003H:FAH
9 . What are the interrupts of 8051? And high light any two functions ? [ NOV / DEC 2019,
APR / MAY 2019]
Let's see the five sources of interrupts in 8051 Microcontroller:
 Timer 0 overflow interrupt - TF0.
 External hardware interrupt - INT0.
 Timer 1 overflow interrupt - TF1.
 External hardware interrupt - INT1.
 Serial communication interrupt - RI/TI.
 Timer 0 overflow interrupt - TF0.
 The TF0 bit is automatically set to 1 when Timer 0 overflows. Your code can read the TF0 bit at any
time to find out if the timer has overflowed. You can also configure the Timer 0 interrupt to automatically
execute code when the timer overflows.
 TF1: The TF1 stands for 'timer1' flag bit. Whenever calculating the time-delay in timer1, the TH1 and
TL1 reaches to the maximum value that is “FFFF” automatically. EX: while (TF1==1) Whenever the TF1=1,
then clear the flag bit and stop the timer.
10. list the 8051 interrupts with its priority? [APR / MAY 2017]
Priority to the interrupt can be assigned by using the interrupt priority register (IP)
Priority Interrupt source Intr. bit / flag
1 External Interrupt 0 INT0
2 Timer Interrupt 0 TF0
3 External Interrupt 1 INT1
4 Timer Interrupt 1 TF1
5 Serial interrupt (TI/RI)
11. Explain the interrupts of 8051 microcontroller ?[ NOV / DEC 2019]
INTERRUPT INTERRUPT INTERRUPT EXPLANATION
NUMBER DSECRIPTION
0 &2  External These interrupts can be programmed to either edge-
hardware interrupt - triggered or level triggered
INT0 & INT1

1  Timer 0  The TF0 bit is automatically set to 1 when Timer

overflow interrupt - 0 overflows. Your code can read the TF0 bit at any time
TF0. to find out if the timer has overflowed. You can also
configure the Timer 0 interrupt to automatically execute
code when the timer overflows.

3  Timer 1  TF1: The TF1 stands for 'timer1' flag bit.

overflow interrupt - Whenever calculating the time-delay in timer1, the TH1
TF1. and TL1 reaches to the maximum value that is “FFFF”
automatically. EX: while (TF1==1) Whenever the
TF1=1, then clear the flag bit and stop the timer.

4 Serial When the last bit (stop bit) of a byte is transmitted, the
communication TI serial interrupt flag is set, and when the last bit (stop
interrupt - RI/TI bit) of the receiving data byte is received, the RI flag
gets set.
12.How does 8051 differentiate between bit and byte addresses in its internal ram ? [ NOV
/ DEC 2019] .
The 8051 has a bit-addressable area of 16 bytes from byte addresses 20H to 2FH in internal RAM as shown in
fig b, forming a total of 128 addressable bits (i.e., 16-byte location × 8 bits). Each bit can be accessed by its bit
addresses from 00H to 7FH for the byte address location 20H to 2FH in RAM.
13.Give the format and list the function of the instruction DJNZ for 8051. [ NOV / DEC 2019, APR /
MAY 2017]
An instruction DJNZ reg, label is used to perform a Loop operation. In this instruction, a register is
decremented by 1; if it is not zero, then 8051 jumps to the target address referred to by the label. The register is
loaded with the counter for the number of repetitions prior to the start of the loop.
14. Explain the operating mode 0 of 8051 ports. [ MAY / JUNE 2016]
Mode 0: In this mode, the serial port works like a shift register and the data transmission works synchronously
with a clock frequency of fosc /12. Serial data is received and transmitted through RXD. 8 bits are transmitted/
received at a time.
15.List features of 8051 microcontroller? [ MAY / JUNE 2016]
 4KB bytes on-chip program memory (ROM)
 128 bytes on-chip data memory (RAM)
 Four register banks.
 128 user defined software flags.
 8-bit bidirectional data bus.
 16-bit unidirectional address bus.
 32 general purpose registers each of 8-bit.
 16 bit Timers (usually 2, but may have more or less).
16.what is the significance of EA and PSEN pin in 8051 microcontroller? [NOV / DEC 2019]
Pin 29 − This is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is used to read a signal from the external
program memory. Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used to enable/disable
the external memory interfacing.
17 . List the advantages and disadantages of parallel communication over serial
communication in 8051? [ MAY / JUNE 2016].
Serial mode offers the advantage of fewer traces on the pc board, and fewer pins on the
devices. Parallel offers the advantage of transferring 8 data bits per I/O clock cycle, but at the disadvantage of
many more pins required on the devices.
18. Define baud rate of 8051? [ MAY / JUNE 2016].
Baud Rate is defined as the data transmission rate that determines the symbols per second for serial
communication. It is the number of symbols transmitted per second. It is also known as symbol rate and is
denote by s
baud rate in 8051 is 11.0592 MHz
19. Which port is used as multi function port ? [APR / MAY 2017]
Pins 10 to 17 form the PORT 3 pins of the 8051 Microcontroller. PORT 3 also acts as a bidirectional Input /
Output PORT with internal pull-ups. Additionally, all the PORT 3 Pins have special functions multifunctional
for the 8051 microcontrollers. The port 3 signal are (RXD),(TXD),(INTO),(INT1),T0,T1,(RD),(WR)
20.Difference between maskable and nonmaskable interrupt ? [NOV / DEC 2019]
Maskable interrupt is a hardware Interrupt that can be disabled or ignored by the instructions of CPU. A non-
maskable interrupt is a hardware interrupt that cannot be disabled or ignored by the instructions of CPU
21.Illustrate cjne instruction?[APRIL / MAY 2017]
The CJNE instruction compares the first two operands and branches to the specified destination if their values
are not equal. If the values are the same, execution continues with the next instruction.
22.Draw the pin diagram of 8051 ? [NOV/DEC 2019]
23. What are bit manipulation instructions give two examples ?[ APRIL / MAY 2017]
The bit related operations that will be performed on that data, are as follows −
 Complement bit b2
 Move b5to b4
 OR b0and complement of b1 and store to C (b7)
 Set b6
 Reset bit b3
Input is AEH
BitPosition b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0

Value 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
Output
BitPosition b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0

Value 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
The output will be 72H
Program
MOV24H,10H;Copy item from 10H to 24H
CPL24.2;Complement bit b2
MOVC,24.5;Copy b5 to C
MOV24.4,C;Move C to b4
MOVC,24.0;Make copy of b0 to C
ORLC,/1;OR C and complement of b1
SETB24.6;Set bit b6
CLR24.3;Reset bit b3
MOV30H,24H; Store the result at 30H
HALT: SJMP HALT
 24. What is the different modes in which timer 2 can operate?
The Mode 2 operation is the 8-bit auto reload timer or counter. In the following diagram, we are using Mode 2
for Timer1. In this case every event for counter operations or machine cycles for timer operation, the
TL1register will be incremented by 1.
25.list the modes of timer in 8051?
In Intel 8051, there are two 16-bit timer registers. These registers are known as Timer0 andTimer1. The timer
registers can be used in two modes. These modes areTimer mode and the Counter mode.
26. state how baud rate is calculated for searial adta transfer in mode 1? [NOV/DEC 2019]
Serial data is received and transmitted through RXD. 8 bits are transmitted/ received at a time. Pin TXD outputs
the shift clock pulses of frequency fosc /12, which is connected to the external circuitry for synchronization.
The shift frequency or baud rate is always 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.
27. how to program 8051 timers?
Load the TMOD value register indicating which timer (Timer 0 or Timer 1) is to be used and which timer mode
( 0 or 1 ) is selected. 2. Load registers TL and TH with initial count values 3. Start the timer.
28.Differnce between Timer and counter ?draw the diagram of TCON in 8051? [NOV/DEC 2019]
S.no TIMER COUNTER
1 A timer uses the frequency of the A counter uses an external signal to count
internal clock, and generates delay. pulses.
2 These enable to precisely time A counter converts the number of input cycles
processes, generate signals and to a binary value using an array of triggers.
count events

29. what is the significance if EA pin

Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used to enable/disable the external memory
interfacing. Pin 31 − This is ALE pin which stands for Address Latch Enable. It is used to demultiplex the
address-data signal of port.

PART –B
1. Explain the Block diagram of 8051 ? or Explain the architecture of 8051? [MAY/ JUNE 2016 , NOV /
DEC 2016, NOV / DEC 2017 ,APRIL/ MAY 2018, , NOV / DEC 2021, APRIL/ MAY 2018, APRIL/ MAY
2021,]
2. What are the vectored interrupt of 8051? [ NOV / DEC 2019]
3. Explain the Data transfer , Arithmetic and branch instructions with examples . [MAY/ JUNE 2019].
4. Explain the Serial Port Programming with examples .[MAY/ JUNE 2016] (or). Ilustrate the serial
communication in 8051 , with its special function register.
[ NOV / DEC 2017]
5. Describe the different modes of operation of Timer/Counter in 8051 with its associated registers
(or)Explain the timer modes of 8051 microcontroller ? [NOV / DEC 2016, APRIL/ MAY 2017,APRIL/ MAY
2018, NOV / DEC 2019].
(Or) Illustrate the options available with Timer Mode (TMOD) register of 8051.
[ NOV / DEC 2021]
6. Discuss the ports and its circuits of 8051 ?[ NOV / DEC 2017]
7. List the various instructions available in 8051 microcontroller. [APRIL/ MAY 2021, NOV / DEC 2017]

8. For microcontroller discuss the following :

a) How RAM is organized and addressed ?
b) How many register banks are present in RAM and how is bank switching executed ? [NOV / DEC
2019]

UNIT 2-
EMBEDDED C PROGRAMMING
PART-A
1. What is embedded C programing?
Embedded C is an extension of C language and it is used to develop micro-controller-based applications.
The extensions in the Embedded C language from normal C Programming Language are the I/O Hardware
Addressing, fixed-point arithmetic operations, accessing address spaces, etc..
2, Define memory device interfacing?
Memory Interface means an interface, or portion thereof, between a logic integrated circuit and a memory
integrated circuit, whereby interface shall mean an electrical bus or other similar information path between
integrated circuits that is capable of transmitting and/or receiving information between two or more.
3. Define I/O device interfacing
4.
I/O interfaces are the mediums in which data are sent from internal logic to external sources and from which
data are received from external sources. The interface signals can be unidirectional or bidirectional, single-
ended or differential and could follow one of the different I/O standards.

4. Define Watch dog ?

A watchdog timer (WDT) is a timer that monitors microcontroller (MCU) programs to see if they are out of
control or have stopped operating. It acts as a “watchdog” watching over MCU operation.
5. List the advantages and limitations of Priority based process scheduling. nov/dec 2017]
S.NO ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Good way to ensure processes with Processes with lower priority may be
higher priorities are handled first starved

2. Good when the resources are limited Difficult to objectively decide which
and priorities for each process are processes are given higher priority
defined beforehand
6.Define context switching in RTOS ? [APR/MAY 2018]
Context Switching involves storing the context or state of a process so that it can be reloaded when
required and execution can be resumed from the same point as earlier. This is a feature of a multitasking
operating system and allows a single CPU to be shared by multiple processes
7. List the memory devices used in the design of embedded system ?or What are the memory devices
used in the design of embedded system ? [NOV/DEC 2018, NOV/DEC 2017]]
Types of Memory , Volatile Memory, Random Access Memory (RAM) Static Random Access Memory
(SRAM) , Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Non-volatile memory. EEPROM, . Flash memory ,SD
card.
8. How does priority scheduling improve multitask execution ? [APR/MAY 2019]
Following are the benefits of priority scheduling method:
1. Easy to use.
2. Processes with higher priority execute first which saves time.
3. The importance of each process is precisely defined.
4. A good algorithm for applications with fluctuating time and resource requirements.

10.What is the concept of multitasking ?what does it signify . [NOV/DEC 2018]

Multitasking, the running of multiple programs (sets of instructions) in one computer at the same time.
Multitasking is used to keep all of a computer's resources at work as much of the time as possible .
signify :
Multitasking is the act of doing more than one thing at the same time. Multitasking helps you save time and
money in some cases, though trying to do more than one challenging task at a time may also decrease overall
productivity.
12.What are the basic types of memory components that are commonly used in embedded systems ?
[NOV/DEC 2019]
The main types involved in embedded systems are primary and secondary memory. The primary memory
involves RAM which is a data memory and secondary memory involves an program memory called ROM. Data
memory is classified as SRAM DRAM and SDRAM..
11.Bring out the difference between multiple process and multiple task ? [NOV/DEC 2019]
S.NO Multi-tasking Multiprocessing
The availability of more than one processor per
The execution of more than one task system, that can execute several set of instructions
1. simultaneously is known as multitasking. in parallel is known as multiprocessing.
2. The number of CPU is one. The number of CPUs is more than one.
3. In this, one by one job is being executed at a In this, more than one process can be executed at a
time. time.
13.Define Embedded Programming? [APR/MAY 2019]
An embedded programming language is a programming language that developers use in embedded systems. In
general, the languages offer low-level access to the device hardware. Developers use several common
programming languages for embedded systems. Some people also call these embedded coding languages.
14. What is RTOS ?
An RTOS will often be used when there are more interrupt sources, more functions, and more standard
communications interfaces that need to be supported. If the application is <64KB in size, an RTOS is not
necessary. Conversely if, the applications is 1 MB, an RTOS will likely be used.
15.Define multitasking.
Multitasking is the process of scheduling and switching the CPU between several tasks. A
single CPU switches its attention between several sequential tasks.
It maximizes the utilization of the CPU and also provides modular construction of
application.
16. . What are the application of RTOS?
A Real time operating system is a multitasking operating system for response
time controlled and event controlled process which has real time programming .
17.. When RTOS necessary and when it is not necessary in the Embedded system?
An RTOS is necessary when scheduling of Multilpe processors
 An RTOS is must to monitor the processors that are response controlled and event
controlled processors.
18. What is Variable Scope?
Variables in C programming language, which Arduino uses, have a property called scope. A scope is a
region of the program and there are three places where variables can be declared
19. What are Arduino – Operators?
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical
functions. C language is rich in the following types of operators −
• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison Operators
• Boolean Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Compound Operators

20. Define Sketch.

. A sketch is the name that Arduino uses for a program. It's the unit of code that is uploaded
to and run on an Arduino board.

PART-B
1. Explain about I/O Devices,Timers and Counters, Watchdog Timers APR/MAY 2017]
2. Explain in detail about earliest deadline first scheduling ? [APR/MAY 2017]
3. Compare RMS and EDF ? [NOV / DEC 2018]
4.Explain the context switching mechanism for moving the CPU from one executing
process to another with an example ? [NOV / DEC 2019]
5.Briefly explain the Multiple Tasks and Processes?
6.Explain the Priority Based Scheduling Policies?
7.Describe the Programming Embedded Systems in C .
8. Briefly explain the Multiple Tasks and Processes?
9.Explain the Priority Based Scheduling Policies?
10. Describe the Programming Embedded Systems in C ?
UNIT III
IOT AND ARDUINO PROGRAMMING
PART A
1. Draw the logic design of IOT and describe its components?
A logical design for an IoT system is the actual design of how its omponents (computers, sensors, and
actuators) should be arranged to complete a particular function. It doesn't go into the depth of describing how
each component will be built with low-level programming specifics.
2.What is Raspberry PI ?
Ans.: Raspberry Pi is a low-cost, credit card-sized computer that connects to a computer monitor or TV using
HDMI, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It can run a host of operating systems, such as Raspbian,
Android, Windows 10, IoT Core,etc.
3. What are the different raspberry pi model types ?
Ans.: The Raspberry Pi models are of two types
Model A (introduced later as a hardware-reduced model)
Model B (introduced first and is the full hardware model)

4.What is Python ? Ans.: Python is an object-oriented, high-level programming language with integrated
dynamic semantics primarily for web and app development.
5.What is Python
Python is an object-oriented, high-level programming language with integrated dynamic semantics primarily
for web and app development.
6 . .List the benefits of Python Python can be used to develop prototypes.
 Python allows for a more productive coding environment than massive languages

like C# and Java.

 Python powers Django, a complete and open source web application frame wats
 Most automation, data mining, and big data platforms rely on Python. Python
supports modules and packages,which encourages program modulation and code reuse.
7...What is GND in GPIO ?
GND means ground pins. Ground GPIO pins are physical numbers 6, 9, 14, 20,25, 30, 34 and 39.
8.. What is Raspbian OS?
Raspbian is a free operating system based on Debian optimized for the Raspberry Pi hardware.• An operating
system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your Raspberry Pi run • As Raspbian is a Linux
operating system it has good security features, has excellent networking capabilities. Raspbian is highly
optimized for the Raspberry Pi line's low-performance ARM CPUs.
. 9.What are the 4 protocols of IoT?(April/May 2019
Most common protocols

1. MQP. Short for Advanced Message Queuing Protocol, AMQP is an open standard protocol used for
more message-oriented middleware. ...
2. Bluetooth and BLE. Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that uses short-wavelength,
ultrahigh-frequency radio waves. ...
3. Cellular. ...
4. CoAP. ...
10 .Why Linux OS used in Raspberry pi ? (April/May 2019)
Linux is an open-source operating system intended with retro gaming in mind. While it may operate on
standard computer systems, it is specifically designed for various minicomputers such as the androids and
Raspberry Pi . This property makes it versatile and dynamically applicable to any PC or laptop hardware.
11.. In what way Raspberry pi is better than arduino ? (April/May 2019)
In summary, Arduino has a simpler software environment that is well-suited for basic control of inputs and
outputs, while Raspberry Pi has a more powerful and versatile operating system that provides greater
functionality for complex projects.
12. .Define IoT.
The Internet of Things as simply an interaction between the physical and digital worlds. The digital world
interacts with the physical world using a plethora of sensors and actuators
13 .Point out the challenges faced by Internet of Things.
1.Security. In our opinion, security is the most crucial issue that needs to be addressed for IoT.
2.Costs.
3.Reliability and Hardware.
4.Ease of Integration.
5.Connectivity.
6.Development Skill set.
7.Quali y Control. Design
14.... Summarize the characteristics of IoT.
Authenticity of data collected via IoT device (the data that you can rely on)
Automation of the contracts based on the rules decided while creating contracts & tamperproof data
collected via IoT. ...
Security of the data collected via IoT devices.
15. Explain the benefits of IoT,
Automation of the contracts based on the rules decided while creating contracts & tamperproof data
collected via IoT. ...
Security of the data collected via IoT devices.
16 What is .LCD shield?
The keypad of LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) shield includes five buttons called as up, down, left, right, and
select
17. What are the Types of Shields?
The popular Arduino shields are listed below:
o Ethernet shield
o Xbee Shield
o Proto shield
o Relay shield
o Motor shield
o LCD shield
o Bluetooth shield
o Capacitive Touchpad Shield
18 What is. Arduino Uno Pinout - ICSP Header?
ICSP stands for In-Circuit Serial Programming
19.Define I2C
- SCL/SDA pins are the dedicated pins for I2C communication. On the Arduino Uno they are
found on Analog pins A4 and A5.
20. Define Arduino Interrupt - INT0 and INT1. Arduino Uno has two external interrupt pins.

PART –B
1.Briefly explain the Technical Building blocks of IoT,
2.Describe the Communication Technologies of IOT
3.Draw the Physical design of IOT and explain .
4.Explain the Sensors and sensor Node and interfacing using any Embedded target boards Raspberry Pi.
5.Explain about Arduino shieds
6.Explain the types of Arduino in detail.
UNIT IV
IOT COMMUNICATION AND OPEN PLATFORMS
IoT Communication Models and APIs – IoT Communication Protocols – Bluetooth WiFi –
ZigBee– GPS – GSM modules – Open Platform (like Raspberry Pi) – Architecture – Programming
–Interfacing – Accessing GPIO Pins – Sending and Receiving Signals Using GPIO Pins –
Connecting to the Cloud.
1. What is IoT Communication APIs?
An API is an interface used by programs to access an application. It enables a program to
send commands to another program and receive replies from the app. IoT APIs are the
interface points between an IoT device and the Internet and/or other network components
2. . What is Layered system?
A layered system defines the boundaries of the components within each specific layer. For
example, A client is unable to tell whether it is connected to the end server or an
intermediate node.
3. What is.Bluetooth?
An important short-range IoT communications Protocols / Technology. Bluetooth, which has
become very important in computing and many consumer product markets. It is expected to be key
for wearable products in particular, again connecting to the IoT albeit probably via a smartphone in
many cases.
4. . What is Zigbee?
ZigBee is similar to Bluetooth and is majorly used in industrial settings. It has some
significant advantages in complex systems offering low-power operation, high security,
robustness and high and is well positioned to take advantage of wireless control and sensor
networks
5.Define NFC
NFC (Near Field Communication) is an IoT technology. It enables simple and safe communications between
electronic devices, and specifically for smartphones, allowing consumers to perform transactions in which one
does not have to be physically present
6. What is Piconet?
The Bluetooth network is called a piconet. If it contains one master and one slave then its called a
single piconet. Similarly, if it contains one master and multiple slaves are called multiple piconets.
7. Define Scatternet
Its a Combination of multiple piconets.
Here Master of one piconet can be a slave in another piconet
8. How Does GPS Function?
GPS satellites complete two accurate orbits around the planet every day. An individual satellite's
signal and orbiting parameters can be decoded and used to pinpoint the satellite's location via a
GPS receiver. This data, together with triangulation, is used by GPS receivers to pinpoint the
precise location of its owners
9. What is GSM/GPRS module ?
It is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM-GPRS system.
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile
communication in most of the countries.
10. What is Mobile Station?
A mobile phone and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) together form a mobile station. It is the user
equipment that communicates with the mobile network
11.Explain Mobile Termination .
It is interfaced with the GSM mobile network and is controlled by a baseband processor. It handles
application processor that deals with handling operations related to keypad, screen, phone
memory and other hardware and software services embedded into the handset
12. What is Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
The Mobile Switching Centre or MSC is the key element in the core network region of the GSM
network architecture. allow the mobile user necessities to be supported like authentication,
registration, inter-MSC handovers call location & routing of the call to a cell phone subscriber
13. Define Home Location Register (HLR)
This HLR database includes the information regarding the administrative like every subscriber with
their previous identified location
14. What is meant by Visitor Location Register (VLR)?
The VLR includes preferred information that is received from the HLR network to allow the
preferred services for the separate subscriber
15. Define Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
The EIR (Equipment Identity Register) is the unit that makes a decision whether specified mobile
gear may be permitted over the network
16. What is SMS Gateway (SMS-G)?
The SMS gateway or SMS-G is used jointly to explain two SMS-Gateways in the GSM standards.
These gateways control messages which are directed in dissimilar ways.
17. What is Base Station Controller (BSC)?
The BSC (base station controller) is used to form the next phase reverse into the GSM technology.
This controller is used to control a collection of base transceiver stations & it is frequently co-
located through one of the transceiver stations within the group
18. What is Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)?
The operation support subsystem (OSS) is a part of the complete GSM network architecture. This
is connected to the NSS & the BSC components. This OSS is mainly used to control the GSM
network & the BSS traffic load
19.Define NOOBS
New Out Of the Box Software, or simply NOOBS is an operating system installer for
Raspberry Pi, delivered primarily on an SD card, which contains a variety of operating
systems
20. What is a Raspberry Pi?
The Raspberry Pi is a single-board computer developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, a UK-
based charity organization. Originally designed to provide young people with an affordable
computing option to learn how to program, it has developed a massive following in the maker and
DIY communities because of its compact size, full Linux environment, and general-purpose input–
output (GPIO) pins.

PART B
1.Explain GSM services and its architecture in detail
2.Brief abour Bluetooth architecture.
3.Explain IOT communication Protocols with neat diagram.
4.write about Rasoerypi and its function.
5.Explain GPS in detail.
6.How signals are transmitted using GPIO?
UNIT V
UNIT V APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMEN
Complete Design of Embedded Systems – Development of IoT Applications – Home
Automation –Smart Agriculture – Smart Cities – Smart Healthcare.
PART A

1.What is an Embedded System Design?

A system designed with the embedding of hardware and software together for a specific function with a larger
area is embedded system design.
2. What are the Elements of Embedded Systems
 Processor
 Microprocessor
 Microcontroller
Digital signal processor
3. Write the Types of Embedded Systems
 Stand-Alone Embedded System
 Real-Time Embedded System
 Networked Appliances
Mobile devices
4.What are the Challenges in Embedded System Design
 Environment adaptability
 Power consumption
 Area occupied
 Packaging and integration
 Updating in hardware and software
 Security
There are various challenges the designers face while testing the design like Embedded hardware testing,
Verification stage, Validation Maintainability
5. Write Embedded System Design Examples
 Automatic chocolate vending machine (ACVM)
 Digital camera
 Smart card
 Mobile phone
 Mobile computer..etc.
6. What are sensors?: Sensor used for sensing the change in environment condition and it
generate the electric signal on the basis of change in environment condition. Therefore it is also
called as transducers for providing electric input signal on the basis of change in environment
condition.
7. Define Application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is an integrated circuit designed to
perform task specific operation inside an embedded system
8. What are Embedded System processors?
Processors are the major part in embedded systems that take response from sensors in digital
form and processing of this response to produce output in real-time processing environment is
performed using processors.
9. Write the Types of general purpose processor
o Microprocessor
o Microcontroller
o Digital signal processor
o Analog signal processor
10. What are Three main components of Embedded systems?
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Firmware
11. Write the Disadvantages of Embedded System
 High development cost.
 Time-consuming design process.
 As it is application-specific less market available.
12. Write the Advantages of Embedded System
 Enhanced real-time performance.
13. What Industrial Automation
It is one of the areas where the quality of products is an essential factor for a more significant investment return.
Anyone can re-engineer products and their packaging to provide superior performance in cost and customer
experience with IoT applications
14. Write the applications of IOT in Healthcare
Healthcare do real-time monitoring with the help of smart devices. It gathers and transfers health data such as
blood pressure, blood sugar levels, weight, oxygen, and ECG. The patient can contact the doctor by the smart
mobile application in case of any emergency
15. Write the applications of IOT in Smart Retail
IoT applications in retail give shoppers a new experience. Customers do not have to stand in
long queues as the checkout system can read the tags of the products and deduct the total
amount from the customer's payment app with IoT applications' help.
16. Write the applications of IOT in Smart Supply Chain
Customers automate the delivery and shipping with a smart supply chain. It also provides
details of real-time conditions and supply networks.
17. Write the applications of IOT in Smart Grid
The smart grid is the IoT that attends to energy systems. Utility companies use smart grid
technologies to find energy efficiencies through various means, including monitoring energy
consumption, predicting energy shortages and power outages, and gathering data on how
different individuals and companies use energy
18. Write the applications of IOT in Smart Farming
Farmers can minimize waste and increase productivity. The system allows the monitoring of
fields with the help of sensors. Farmers can monitor the status of the area.
Internet-connected devices go from 5 million to billions in just one year. Business Insider
Intelligence estimates 24 billion IoT devices will install and generate more than 300 billion in
revenue in the future.
19. What is MQTT Protocol?
This IoT based Home Automation Project uses MQTT protocol for exchanging data between
server and client.
20. Define Signal Conditioning Unit.
This sensor is a cost-effective board used to measure the electrical activity of the heart.
This electrical activity can be charted as an ECG or Electrocardiogram and output as an analog
reading

PART B
1. Explain the Complete Design of Embedded Systems
2. Explan the Development of IoT Applications
3. Write a program for Home Automation and explain
4.Write a program –Smart Agriculture and explain with relavent diagrams.
5.Write a program Smart Cities and explain
6. Write a program Smart Healthcare. and explain with relavent diagrams.