ELC 423, ELCN323, ELCn323

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY

Fall Semester 2024/2025
CHAPTER 4
MAGNETOSTATIC FIELD
Week 9, Lecture 8
Dr. Ibrahim Amin
 Lecture’s Topics
➢ Chapter 3 Revision

➢ Chapter 4 Introduction

➢ Electrostatic and Magneto-static Fields Analogy

➢ Ampere’s Law

➢ Biot-Savard’s Law

➢ Solved Examples

➢ Final Report Outlines

➢ Quiz 3
 Chapter 3 Revision
Materials Classification
➢ If (σ >> 1)
The material is referred to as a metal or a conductor

➢ If (σ << 1)
The material is referred to as an insulator or
nonconductor or dielectric.

σ = material conductivity [mhos per meter (℧/m)] or

[Siemens per meter (S/m)].

A material whose conductivity lies between those of

metals and insulators is called a semiconductor.
 Chapter 3 Revision
Non Uniform Cross Section Conductors
Resistance Calculation
𝒍𝟏
V ‫ 𝐄 ׬‬. 𝐝𝒍 ‫ 𝐄 ׬‬. 𝐝𝒍 ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝐄 . 𝐝𝒍𝟏
R= = = = 𝒍 𝒍
I ‫ 𝐉 ׬‬. 𝐝𝐬 σ ‫ 𝐄 ׬‬. 𝐝𝐬 σ ‫𝟑𝟎׬ 𝟐𝟎׬‬ 𝐄 (𝐝𝒍𝟐 . 𝐝𝒍𝟑 )
d𝒍 = dρ 𝐚ρ + ρdφ aφ + dz az
d𝒍 = dr 𝐚𝐫 + rdθ 𝐚𝛉 + r sinθd𝜑 aφ
Capacitance Calculation
Q 𝛆 ‫ 𝐄 ׯ‬. 𝐝𝐬 1 ε
C= = C=
V ‫ 𝐄 ׬‬. 𝐝𝒍 R σ

(-) sign before V = -‫ 𝐄 ׬‬. 𝐝𝒍 is dropped because

we only interest with the absolute value.
 Chapter 3 Revision
When electric field is going through a medium,
two phenomena can take place:

➢ If the material is conductive:

Electric current can be created and related to the
electric field by Ohm’s law.

dQ
𝐉=σ𝐄 𝐉 = ΔI / Δs I= I = ‫ 𝐉 𝐬׬‬. 𝐝𝐬
dt

➢ If the material is dielectric:

Polarization of the material molecules can take
place and polarization flux density is produced.
𝐏 = χ . (ε0 𝐄)
 Chapter 3 Revision
The polarization flux density P is added to the applied
electric flux density D, and the total flux density inside
the medium will be: 𝐃 = ε0 𝐄 + 𝐏

𝐃 = ε 0 𝐄 + 𝐏 = ε 0 𝐄 + ε0 χ 𝐄

= ε0 𝐄 1 + χ = ε0 εr 𝐄 = ε 𝐄
χ .. material electric susceptibility (sensitivity)
 Chapter 3 Revision
Boundary Conditions

If the field exists in a region consisting of two different

mediums, boundary conditions can be used to
determine the field on one side of the boundary if the
field on the other side is known.

Two cases of study:

The boundary conditions at an interface separating a
dielectric (εr1 ) and another dielectric (εr2 ).

The boundary conditions at an interface separating

two conducting materials given by (ε1 , σ1 and ε2 , σ2 ) .
 Chapter 3 Revision
𝐄𝟐𝐭 = 𝐄𝟏𝐭

𝐃𝟐𝐧 = 𝐃𝟏𝐧

𝐉𝟐𝐧 = 𝐉𝟏𝐧

To find angle of incidence θ1 and transmit θ2 . Use the

equations:

−𝟏 𝐄𝟏𝐭 −𝟏 D1t
𝛉𝟏 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝐄𝟏𝐧 D1n
−𝟏 𝐄𝟐𝐭 −𝟏 D2t
𝛉𝟐 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝐄𝟐𝐧 D2n
Chapter 3 Revision
 Chapter 3 Revision
SOLVED EXAMPLE:
A homogenous dielectric (εr = 2.5) fills region 1 (x< 0)
while region 2 (x > 0) is free space. Find:
- 𝐃2 if: 𝐃1 = 12 𝐚 x - 10 𝐚 y + 4 𝐚z [nC/m2].
- The angle bet. 𝐄2 and the normal to the surface.
SOLUTION:
Since: 𝐚n=𝐚x

𝐃1n= 12 𝐚 x
𝐃1t= − 10 𝐚y + 4 𝐚z

𝐃2n = 𝐃1n= 12 𝐚 x
 Chapter 3 Revision
𝐄2t = 𝐄1t
𝐃2t 𝐃1t
=
ε𝟐 ε𝟏
ε𝟐
𝐃2t = 𝐃1t
ε𝟏
𝟏
= (− 10 𝐚y + 4 𝐚z ) = − 4 𝐚y + 1.6 𝐚z
𝟐.𝟓

𝐃2 = 𝐃2n + 𝐃2t
= 12 𝐚 x − 4 𝐚y + 1.6 𝐚z n C/ m2

E2t D2t 42 + 1.62 4.3081

tan θ2 = = = = = 0.359
E2n D2n 12 12
θ2 = 19.750
 Chapter 4 Introduction

Chapters 1 to 3 were focused on static electric fields

characterized by E or D.

This chapter will be focused on static magnetic fields,

which are characterized by H or B.

There are similarities and dissimilarities between

electric and magnetic fields.

E and D are related according to D = ε E

H and B are related according to B = μ H

 Chapter 4 Introduction

The electrostatic field is produced by static or

stationary charges.

The magneto-static field is produced by charges

moving with constant velocity (constant current flow
or direct current).

The chapter focus on studying: magnetic fields in free

space and material space
 Electric And Magnetic Fields Analogy
Two major laws governing magneto-static fields:

Biot-Savart's law Ampere's circuit law

Like Coulomb's law, Biot-Savart's law is the general

law of magneto-statics.

As Gauss's law is a special case of Coulomb's law,

Ampere's law is a special case of Biot-Savart's law.

It is easily applied in problems involving symmetrical

current distribution.
Electric and Magnetic Fields Analogy
 Ampere Circuital Law
The line integral of the tangential component of H
around a closed path is the same as the net current
enclosed by the path.
‫ 𝐇 𝑙ׯ‬. 𝐝𝒍 = Ienc
The direction of H and Ienc is determined by the right
hand rule (or screw rule).

Ampere’s law is similar to the Gauss’s law. It is easily

applied when current distribution is symmetrical.
 AMPERE CIRCUITAL LAW
EXAMPLE 4.1
An infinite long wire of radius b carries a constant
current I as shown in figure. Determine the magnetic
flux density B in and outside the wire.
 Ampere Circuital Law
SOLUTION
As the wire of infinite length, its magnetic flux is
constant at constant distance from the wire. Apply
Ampere’s law over a concentric circle:

Iacros c1 = ර 𝐇 r . 𝐝𝐥 = 2π r 𝐇 r
c1

I
For r > b, Iacros c1 = I, thus: 𝐇1 = aො ϕ
2π r

I r2
For r < b, Iacros c2 = . π r2 = I
π b2 b2
r2
I 2 I r
𝐇2 = b
➔ 𝐇2 = aො
2π r 2π b2 ϕ
 Curl Of The Magnetic Field H
The curl of any vector A is defined by:
‫ 𝐀 ׯ‬. 𝐝𝐥
𝛻x𝐀= lim
Δ s⇾0 Δ s

Using Amperes’ law: ‫ 𝐇 ׯ‬. 𝐝𝒍 = Iin

‫ 𝐇 ׯ‬. 𝐝𝒍 Iin
Then: 𝛻x𝐇= = =𝐉
Δs Δs
μ = μr μ0 , μ0 is the permeability of the medium in the
free space, = 4π 10− 7 [henery/m]
H is the magnetic intensity vector [A/m]
B is the magnetic flux density [Wb/m2]
𝐉 is the current density [A/ m2]
 Divergence Of The Magnetic Flux
The magnetic flux lines are always go through closed
paths for the reason of non-existence of magnetic
uni-pole, then:
‫ 𝐁 ׯ‬. 𝐝𝐬 = 0

The divergence of B is defined by:

‫ 𝐁 ׯ‬. 𝐝𝐬
div 𝐁 = 𝛻. 𝐁 = = 0
Δv
 Biot Savart Law
The law states that:
The magnetic field intensity dH produced by a
differential current element (I 𝐝𝒍) is:

I I
d𝐇 = ෡)
(𝐝𝒍x𝐑 d𝐇 = (𝐝𝒍x𝐑 )
4πR2 4πR3
Where:
I
is the magnitude of H
4πR3

(𝐝𝒍x𝐑 ) is the direction of H.

H is normal to both 𝐝𝒍 and R in the direction given by

right hand rule.
 Biot Savart Law
EXAMPLE 4.2
A current line segment located in the Z axis at
0, φ, z , z1 < z < z2 carrying current I in the positive
z direction.
Find its magnetic field H at P (r, φ, 0). Then find the
equation of the magnetic field for two special cases:
a) When the wire is symmetrical w. r. t. y
b) When the wire is of infinite length.
 Biot Savart Law
SOLUTION
Take element of length 𝐝𝒍 on the wire and apply Biot-
Savart law:
I
d𝐇 = 3 (𝐝𝒍x𝐑 )
4πR
Specify the components of the element of length 𝐝𝒍 ,
and distance vector 𝐑

𝒅𝒍 = (0, 0, dz), 𝐑 = (r, 0, -z) , |R| = r2 + z2

At any point on the line: (0, φ, z), Find 𝐝𝒍 x𝐑

rො ෝ
φ zො
𝐝𝒍 x𝐑 = (0, 0, dz) x (r, 0, -z) = 0 0 dz = r dz φ
ෝ
r 0 −z
 Biot Savart Law
Note the cross product result in direction of φ
ෝ which
is normal to the current in zො direction.

I I
∴ d𝐇 = (𝐝𝒍x𝐑 ) = 3 r dz φ
ෝ
4πR3
4π(r2 +z2 )2
Then, integrate over the total length of the current
wire, the total magnetic field H (r, φ, 0) in φ
ෝ direction.
z2
I r z2 dz
Hφ = න d𝐇 = න 3
z=z1 4π z1
r2 + z2 2

I r z z2 dz z
= | 2 2 2 | z1 where :‫׬‬ 3 =
r2 r2 +z2
4π r r +z (r2 +z2 )2
 Biot Savart Law
I z2 z1 I z2 z1
= − = −
4πr 4πr R2 R1
r2 + z22 r2 + z21

Case of symmetrical wire:

2I z
z = z2 = − z1 , R = R1 = R 2 , 𝐇= φ
ෝ
4π r R

Case of infinite wire:

z I
≅ 1, 𝐇= φ
ෝ
R 2π r

Note for infinite line, we got the same result as given

by Ampere’s law.
 Final Report Outlines
➢ Chose a topic in Electromagnetics.
➢ The report (about 8 pages)should includes:
Introduction The basic idea
Features and characteristics
Figures, schematics, block diagrams
Applications Conclusion
➢ References:
Sadiku, M. N. (1995), Elements of Electromagnetics, USA, Oxford
University Press Inc.
Hayt, . W. H., Buck, J. A, (2000) Engineering Electromagnetics, USA,
McGraw-Hill.
Nannapneni, R. N. (1997), Elements of Engineering Electromagnetic,
USA, Prentice Hall, Inc.

➢ Due date and presentation: 8/12/2024