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Unit One: Introduction to System Analysis and Design (ICT)

PART ONE: QUESTION AND ANSWERS
1. Describe system and its characteristic?
Ans: - A system is an interconnected set of business procedures used within one business unit
working together for a purpose.
The characteristics of a system is: -
interrelated components
Environment
Interfaces
Input
Output.

2. Explain the study of system concept?

Ans: - The study of system concept has three fundamentals implication:
A system must be designed to meet predefined targets.
The components have to have interrelationships and interdependence.
The organizations goals as whole have a higher priority that its subsystem goals.

3. Define information system?

Ans: - Information system are combined network of hardware, software, and
telecommunications networks that users use to collect, create, and distribute useful data,
from organizational settings.

4. List some examples of information system?

Ans: - Examples of information systems include the following:
Marketing information system
Payroll system
Human resource management system
Library management system
University management system
Restaurant management system
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Accounting management system among others.

5. Identify the five-key component of information system?

Ans: - Information system have five essentials components namely: Hardware,
Software, Data, People, and Processes.

6. Describe the purpose of information system?

Ans: - The following are some of the purpose of information system:
Provide information that assists with strategic planning.
Better performance and increase productivity.
Support the distribution of information to different departments of organization for
operation purpose.

7. List some examples of

hardware? Ans: - Hardware
can consist of:
Servers, Workstations, Networks, Telecommunications equipment, Fiber Optic Cables,
Cellular devices, Scanners Digital capture Devices, Different technology- based
infrastructure.

8. Software can be broken down into two main categories what are they?

Ans: - The two main categories of software are:

System Software
Application software

9. Define system analysis and design?

Ans: - System analysis and design are a mechanism by which people build(automated)
information systems.

10. skills?
Ans: - System analyst is a title given to person who studies the problems and needs of an
organization looking for improvement opportunities for improving quality of service or
product, reducing cost and increasing the income or profit.
System analyst should have the following skills:
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Working knowledge of information technology
Computer programming experience and expertise
General business knowledge
General problem-solving skills
Good interpersonal communication skills
Good interpersonal relation skills
Flexibility and adaptability
Character and ethics

11. Describe system development lifecycle?

Ans: - The System development lifecycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model that incorporates
policies and procedures to build or alter system during their lifecycles.
1. Discuss in details the stages of system development life
cycle? Ans: - The details the stages of system development life
cycle

Planning

Maintenance Analysis

Deployment Design

Testing Coding

System planning phase is the first phase in the system development lifecycle.
N:B The aim of this phase is to conduct preliminary investigation to determine
opportunity or issue relevant to the information technology.

The analysis stage starts with identification of the problem and analyzing the needs of end
users in order to ensure the new proposed system can meet their requirements and
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expectations. The design stage: the goal of the systems design stage is to build a physical
model that will fulfill all documented requirements for the system.

System testing: the main goal of this process is to fix errors.

The deployment (Install and use) of the system which has been tested and debugged is
carried out at this stage.
Maintenance: This continuous process of system modification is known as maintenance and
will occur throughout the operational lifecycle of the system.

12. Explain the main objective of analysis stage?

Ans: - The main objective of this stage is to do the following activities:
Study or gather data from the existing system.
Describe the current system.
Identify the problem within the current system.
Identify the scope of the system.
Identify and agree customer needs and requirements.
Build logical model of new system.

13. List the types of feasibility?

Ans: - The type of feasibility studies carried out are:
Operational feasibility
Technical feasibility
Economic feasibility
Schedule feasibility

14. Identify fact finding techniques?

Ans: - The four common methods used in fact finding include:
Observation
Interview
Questionnaire
Document review

15. What are the advantages and disadvantages of

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observation? Ans: - advantages of Observation:
The observer acquires first-hand experience of what goes on there.
A relatively inexpensive method.
Reliable data is collected.
Disadvantages of observation
People under study may be uncomfortable and hence make mistakes.
It is time consuming because the observer must be there in person.
Task that violate standard procedures may not be carried out the way they are
normally done, when under observation.

16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of

interview? Ans: - advantages of interview
It provides the opportunity to motivate the interviewee into giving open and honest
answers to the analysts.
It allows the analysts to probe for more feedback from interviewee.
It is possible to modify questions as interview proceeds and ask questions specific to
the interviewee.

Disadvantages of interviewee
This approach can be a time-consuming exercise.
It is relatively expensive (use analysts time).
The interviewee cannot remain anonymous.

17. What are the advantages and disadvantages of

questionnaire? Ans: - advantages of questionnaire
It is relatively easy to analyze.
You can contact a wide sample of the population at a relatively low cost.
Respondents of survey have time to think about their answers; they are not usually
required to reply immediately.
Disadvantages of questionnaire
Respondents may misunderstand questions because of poor design and ambiguous
language.
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Respondents may ignore certain questions.
There is a risk of questionnaire fatigue if surveys are carried out too frequently.

18. What are the advantages and disadvantages of document

review? Ans: -advantages of document review
Analyst can see for himself how the paper system operates.
The analyst is able to review previous solution and recommendations that have
been made on the system.
Disadvantages of document review
It can be a very time-consuming exercise.
It is fairly costly method to use.

19. List the following types of requirement

specification? Ans: -The requirement should include
the following:
Inputs
Outputs
Control
Data storage
Processing requirement

20. What is the user interface?

Ans: - User interface define how users communicate with a computer system, and involves
all the hardware, software, screens, menus, functions, performance, and features that affect
two-way communications between user and the system.

21. List the characteristics of a good user

interface? Ans: - The characteristics of a good
user interface:
Consistent layout.
User friendly.
Build user interface which is simple and easy to use.
Enhance user productivity.
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Make the user interface easy for users to seek support or fix errors.

22. What is the system design?

Ans: - System design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules,
interfaces and data for a system to satisfy specified requirement of the users.

List types of system design? Ans: - Types of system of design are:

Logical design
Physical design

23. What is the difference between logical design and physical design?
Ans: - Logical design relates to abstract representations of the inputs, outputs and data flow
of the system. To represent the logical design of a system we use different diagram like
entity relation diagram.
The physical design is related to actual input and output processes of the system.
1. What is the main goal of system construction?
Ans: - The main goal of this phase is coding of the proposed system by using an
appropriate computer language.
2. List and identify the various types of system
testing? Ans: - The various types of system testing:
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Figure 1.8 System Testing
Unit testing: - Each unit in the system is tested.
Integration testing: - Unit already tested and debugged are integrated to form the
complete system and the integrated system is tested at this stage.
System testing: - This is the complete system is tested for its outputs for the given
inputs.
Acceptance testing: - Acceptance or user acceptance testing is carried out at the
late stages of testing.

24. What are the different types of deployment system?

Ans: -There are d/f deployment approaches to deploy a system. They are as follows:
Direct deployment
Parallel deployment
Pilot deployment
Phased deployment

25. Maintenance has three the following activities what are

they? Ans: - the following three activities occur:
Bug(error) fixing bugs are reported because of situations that are not being
checked at all.
Upgrade- Upgrading the application to the latest software versions.
Enhancement-Adding some new functionality to the current software.

26. List and identify system development methodologies?

Ans: -The various system development methodologies including waterfall model,
agile method, and Rapid application development (RAD).
1. Differentiate between waterfall model and agile method?
Ans: - The waterfall model was the first methodology to be introduced. It also consists
of several stages of a linear development. It is really easy to understand and use in
waterfall model.
Agile method is a mechanism in which team can manage a project by breaking it up into
many stages and requiring continuous collaboration with stakeholders and continual
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development and iteration at each stage.
2. List the different phases of waterfall model?

Waterfall Model

27. List the following consideration of waterfall

model? Ans: - In waterfall model you need the
following consideration:
First identify requirements
Complete one stage before going to the next phase.
The result of the developed system is found at the final stage.

28. What are the advantages and disadvantages of waterfall model?

Ans: - The advantage of waterfall model
Easy and simple to understand and use.
Easy to handle due to model stiffness.
Phases are processed and finished one at a time.
Phases are clearly described and the milestones well known.
Activities easy to manage and process and result are well documented.
Disadvantages of waterfall model
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High risk and uncertainty levels.
Not a suitable model for object-oriented and complex projects.
Poor methodology for long and ongoing projects.
Progress within stages can be difficult to measure.
Cannot meet changing requirements.

29. What is agile method?

Ans: - Agile method is a mechanism in which team can manage a project by breaking it
up into many stages and requiring continuous collaboration with stakeholders and
continual development and iteration at each stage.

30. List the most common examples of agile method?

Ans: - The most common examples of agile method are SCRUM, Extreme
programming (XP), Feature Drive Development (FDD), Dynamic System Development
Method (DSDM), Adaptive Software Development (ASD), Crystal and Lean Software
Development (LSD).

31. What are the advantages and disadvantages of agile

method? Ans: - advantages of agile method
Customer satisfaction is quick, continuous development and delivery of usable
application.
Product is produced rapidly and delivered regularly.
A face to face conversation is the best method of communication.
Frequent adaptation to changing circumstances.
Even late changes in requirements are welcomed.
Disadvantages of agile method
Less predictability.
More time and commitment.
Greater demands on developers and clients.
Lack of necessary documentation.
Project easily falls off track.

32. Explain the concept of RAD model?

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Ans: - The concept of Rapid application development it is a team-based method which
accelerates the development of information systems and produces a functioning information
system.
33. List the following consideration of waterfall model? Ans: - In waterfall model
you need the following consideration:
First identify requirements
Complete one stage before going to the next phase.
The result of the developed system is found at the final stage.

34. What are the advantages and disadvantages of waterfall model?

Ans: - The advantage of waterfall model
Easy and simple to understand and use.
Easy to handle due to model stiffness.
Phases are processed and finished one at a time.
Phases are clearly described and the milestones well known.
Activities easy to manage and process and result are well documented.
Disadvantages of waterfall model
High risk and uncertainty levels.
Not a suitable model for object-oriented and complex projects.
Poor methodology for long and ongoing projects.
Progress within stages can be difficult to measure.
Cannot meet changing requirements.

35. What is agile method?

Ans: - Agile method is a mechanism in which team can manage a project by breaking it
up into many stages and requiring continuous collaboration with stakeholders and
continual development and iteration at each stage.

36. List the most common examples of agile method?

Ans: - The most common examples of agile method are SCRUM, Extreme
programming (XP), Feature Drive Development (FDD), Dynamic System Development
Method (DSDM), Adaptive Software Development (ASD), Crystal and Lean Software
Development (LSD).
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37. What are the advantages and disadvantages of agile
method? Ans: - advantages of agile method
Customer satisfaction is quick, continuous development and delivery of usable
application.
Product is produced rapidly and delivered regularly.
A face to face conversation is the best method of communication.
Frequent adaptation to changing circumstances.
Even late changes in requirements are welcomed.
Disadvantages of agile method
Less predictability.
More time and commitment.
Greater demands on developers and clients.
Lack of necessary documentation.
Project easily falls off track.

38. Explain the concept of RAD model?

Ans: - The concept of Rapid application development it is a team-based method which
accelerates the development of information systems and produces a functioning
information system.

39. List five steps or phases in

RAD? Ans: - the five steps or
phases in RAD
Step 1. Define and finalize project requirements
Step 2. Begin building prototypes
Step 3. Gather user feedback
Step 4. Test, test, test
Step 5. Present your system

40. What are the advantages and disadvantages of

RAD? Ans: - advantages of RAD are:
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Enhanced flexibility and adaptability as developers can make adjustments quickly
during the development process.
Quick iteration that reduce development time and speed up delivery
Encouragement of code reuse
Disadvantages of RAD are:
Need strong team and individual performance for identifying
business requirement.
Not all applications can be modulated using or be built using RAD.
It requires highly skilled developers or designers.
High dependency on modeling skills.
Less time can cause problem.

Part two: Multiple Choices

1. Is an interconnected set of business procedures used within one business unit
working together for a purpose.
A) System B) Information system C) Data
2. Works together with information systems to collect process, store and
disseminate information to support decision making.
A) Information system B) interrelated components C) Interfaces
3. It refers to the state of a computer determined by which programs are running
on basic hardware and software characteristics.
A) Input B) Interfaces C) Environment
4. It is a device or a program that allows users to communicate with a
computer.
A) Interfaces B) Output C) Input
5. Means to provide or give something to the computer or any other electronic
device.
B) Data B) Input C) Output
6. Any information that is processed by and sent out from a computer or any
other electronic devices.
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A) System B) Input C) Output
7. Are a combined network of hardware, software, and telecommunications
networks that users use to collect, create, and distribute useful data, from
organizational settings.
A) Information system B) Interfaces C) System

1. Contains everything in the physical layer of the information system.

A) Hardware B) Software C) Data
2. Refers to the programs that manage the hardware and produce the favored
information or result.
A) Hardware B) Software C) Information
3. Software can be broken down into two main categories _&
A) System software B) Application Software C) A & B
4. The core piece of system software is the _
such as windows or other operating systems which manages the

A) OS B) Data C) System
5. Is intended for specific tasks, such as handling a spreadsheet creating
document, or designing a web page.
A) System software B) Application software C) Data
6. Is the raw material that an information system transforms useful information
into.
A) System B) Information C) Data
7. An information system can store the data at different locations called
A) Table B) information C) System
8. People who have interest in an information system are called
A) Interfaces B) Stakeholders C) Process
9. Is a set of actions taken to attain a desired result or objective.
A) People B) Data C) Process
10. Is a title given to a person who studies the problems and needs of an
organization looking for improvement opportunities for improving
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qualities of service or product, reducing cost and increasing the income or
profit.
A) System Analyst B) System Analysis C) SDLC
11. Is conceptual model that incorporates policies and procedures to build or alter
system during their lifecycle.
A) System Analyst B) SDLC C) System
12. is the first phase in the system development lifecycle.
A) System Analysis B) System Design C) System Planning
13. A key component of the preliminary investigation is a
A) Feasibility Report B) Technical Report C) System
14. This is done to determine if the proposed solution is able to be used and will
be in proper working condition.
A) Technical feasibility B) Economic feasibility C) Operational feasibility
15. This is done to determine if the proposed solution can besupported by the
available technology.
A) Technical feasibility B) Economic feasibility C) Operational
feasibility.
16. This is done to determine if the proposed solution is financially affordable and
is beneficial.
A) Technical feasibility B) Economic feasibility C) Operational
feasibility.
17. This is done to determine if the proposed solution can bedeveloped and made
operational within required time.
A) Schedule feasibility B) Economic feasibility C) Operational
feasibility.

18. Define how users communicate with a computer system, and involves all the
hardware, software, screens, menus, functions, performance, and features
that affect two-way communications between the user and the system.
A) System B) Information System C) User Interface
19. is the design of user interface for systems which focuses on
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the usability of the software.
A) User Interface Design B) Output Design C) User Friendly
20. This process involves creating structure files and storages that will
accommodate input data and results of processing.
A) Process Design B) Control Design C) Data Storage Design
21. This involves coming up with policies that guide data
processing and user interaction with the system.
A) Control Design B) Data Storage Design C) Output Design
22. is the process of defining the architecture, components,modules, interfaces
and data for a system to satisfy specified requirement of the users.
A) System analyst B) System Design C) User Interface
23. This method involves the old system being completely
dropped and a new system being completely implemented at the same time.
A) Parallel deployment B) Phased deployment C) Direct deployment
24. This method involves both the old system and its potential
replacement are run together for a time until everyone is assured that the new one
functions correctly.
A) Parallel deployment B) Direct deployment C) Phased deployment
25. The continuous process of system modifications is known as
A) Testing B) System Design C) Maintenance
26. was the first methodology to be introduced.
A) Waterfall Model B) RAD Model C) Agile Method
27. is a mechanism in which team can manage a project by
breaking it up into many stages and requiring continuous collaboration with
stakeholders and continual development and iteration at each stage.
A) Agile Method B) Waterfall Model C) RAD Model
28. it is a team-based method which accelerates the
development of information systems and produces a functioning information system.
A) Waterfall Model B) RAD Model C) Agile Method
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End
Unit One (Introduction to System Analysis and
Design)