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Unit 4

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12 views6 pages

Unit 4

Uploaded by

Vandana Bharti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit- 4

History of OOP

 Overview: OOP was introduced to enhance code reusability,


modularity, and problem-solving capabilities in programming.
Originated in the 1960s with Simula, evolved through Smalltalk,
C++, and Java.
 Example: Java, developed in the 1990s, popularized OOP for web-
based and enterprise applications.

2. Features of OOP

 Key Features: Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance,


Polymorphism.
 Example: Java supports all core OOP features, which allow
defining and organizing code around objects and classes.

3. Object-Oriented Concepts

 Classes and Objects: Classes are blueprints; objects are instances.

java
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class Car {
String model;
void drive() { System.out.println("Driving " + model); }
}
Car myCar = new Car();
myCar.model = "Toyota";
myCar.drive(); // Output: Driving Toyota

4. Inheritance
 Concept: Allows a class to inherit properties and methods of
another class.
 Example:

java
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class Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Animal sound"); }
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() { System.out.println("Dog barks"); }
}
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.sound(); // Output: Animal sound
dog.bark(); // Output: Dog barks

5. Packages

 Concept: Organizes classes into namespaces for easy


management.
 Example:

java
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package com.myapp;
public class Utility { /*...*/ }

6. Interface

 Concept: Defines a contract for classes without implementing


methods.
 Example:

java
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interface Animal {
void sound();
}
class Cat implements Animal {
public void sound() { System.out.println("Meow"); }
}

7. Abstract Methods and Classes

 Abstract Class: Cannot be instantiated; may contain abstract and


non-abstract methods.
 Example:

java
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abstract class Shape {
abstract void draw();
}
class Circle extends Shape {
void draw() { System.out.println("Drawing Circle"); }
}

8. Polymorphism

 Concept: Allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent


class/interface.
 Example:

java
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Animal myAnimal = new Dog();
myAnimal.sound(); // Calls Dog's implementation

9. Inner Classes

 Concept: Classes defined within other classes.


 Example:
java
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class Outer {
class Inner {
void display() { System.out.println("Inner Class"); }
}
}
Outer.Inner inner = new Outer().new Inner();
inner.display(); // Output: Inner Class

10. String Handling

 Concept: Java provides String class and methods for manipulating


text.
 Example:

java
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String str = "Hello World";
System.out.println(str.toUpperCase()); // Output: HELLO
WORLD

11. I/O (Input/Output)

 Concept: Java’s I/O package (java.io) handles reading and writing


files.
 Example:

java
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FileReader fr = new FileReader("file.txt");
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr);

12. Networking

 Concept: Java’s java.net package facilitates network operations.


 Example:
java
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URL url = new URL("http://example.com");
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(url.openStream()));

13. Event Handling

 Concept: Used for handling actions in GUI (Graphical User


Interface) applications.
 Example:

java
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button.addActionListener(e -> System.out.println("Button
clicked"));

14. Multithreading

 Concept: Allows concurrent execution of multiple parts of a


program.
 Example:

java
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class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() { System.out.println("Running thread"); }
}
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start();

15. Collection Framework

 Concept: Provides data structures like List, Set, and Map for
handling collections of objects.
 Example:
java
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List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("Hello");
list.add("World");

16. APIs

 Concept: Java provides a rich set of APIs to simplify tasks such as


networking, XML processing, and collections management.

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