Program 1: Familiarity with Classes Representing Entities that Interact

with the User

Objectives:Understand how to design and implement classes that

represent real-world entities.
Requirements:Python or C++ environment,Basic knowledge of
object-oriented programming concepts such as classes, objects, methods,
and attributes.
Familiarity with handling user input through command-line interfaces.

Task Breakdown:

Task 1: Implementing the Person Class

1. Objective:
○ Create a class Person that models a person with attributes
such as name and age.

Python Implementation:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def display_info(self):
print(f"Name: {self.name}, Age: {self.age}")

def update_info(self, new_name, new_age):

self.name = new_name
 self.age = new_age

# Main program
person = Person("John Doe", 25)
person.display_info()

new_name = input("Enter a new name: ")

new_age = int(input("Enter a new age: "))
person.update_info(new_name, new_age)
person.display_info()

C++ program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Person {
private:
string name;
int age;

public:
Person(string n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {}

void display_info() {
cout << "Name: " << name << ", Age: " << age << endl;
}

void update_info(string new_name, int new_age) {

name = new_name;
 age = new_age;
}
};

int main() {
Person person("John Doe", 25);
person.display_info();

string new_name;
int new_age;
cout << "Enter a new name: ";
cin >> new_name;
cout << "Enter a new age: ";
cin >> new_age;

person.update_info(new_name, new_age);
person.display_info();

return 0;
}

Task 2: Designing a BankAccount Class

Objective:mplement a BankAccount class that represents a user’s bank
account.

Define attributes for account_number, account_holder, and balance.

Python Implementation:
class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, account_holder, balance=0):
self.account_holder = account_holder
 self.balance = balance

def deposit(self, amount):

self.balance += amount
print(f"{amount} deposited. New balance: {self.balance}")

def withdraw(self, amount):

if amount > self.balance:
print("Insufficient funds!")
else:
self.balance -= amount
print(f"{amount} withdrawn. Remaining balance:
{self.balance}")

def display_info(self):
print(f"Account holder: {self.account_holder}, Balance:
{self.balance}")

# Main program
account = BankAccount("Alice")
account.display_info()

deposit_amount = float(input("Enter amount to deposit: "))

account.deposit(deposit_amount)

withdrawal_amount = float(input("Enter amount to withdraw: "))

account.withdraw(withdrawal_amount)

account.display_info()
C++ Code: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class BankAccount {
private:
string account_holder;
double balance;

public:
BankAccount(string holder, double bal = 0) :
account_holder(holder), balance(bal) {}

void deposit(double amount) {

balance += amount;
cout << amount << " deposited. New balance: " << balance <<
endl;
}

void withdraw(double amount) {

if (amount > balance) {
cout << "Insufficient funds!" << endl;
} else {
balance -= amount;
cout << amount << " withdrawn. Remaining balance: " <<
balance << endl;
}
}

void display_info() {
cout << "Account holder: " << account_holder << ", Balance: "
<< balance << endl;
 }
};

int main() {
BankAccount account("Alice");
account.display_info();

double deposit_amount;
cout << "Enter amount to deposit: ";
cin >> deposit_amount;
account.deposit(deposit_amount);

double withdrawal_amount;
cout << "Enter amount to withdraw: ";
cin >> withdrawal_amount;
account.withdraw(withdrawal_amount);

account.display_info();

return 0;
}

Task 3: Creating a Vehicle Class with Inheritance

Objective:

● Implement a base Vehicle class and a derived class Car that

inherits from Vehicle.
● The Car class should add unique attributes (e.g., fuel_type) and
methods specific to cars.

Instructions:
Create a base class Vehicle with attributes like make, model, and year.

Python Implementation:

class Vehicle:

def __init__(self, make, model, year):

self.make = make

self.model = model

self.year = year

def display_info(self):

print(f"Vehicle: {self.make} {self.model}, Year: {self.year}")

class Car(Vehicle):

def __init__(self, make, model, year, fuel_type):

super().__init__(make, model, year)

self.fuel_type = fuel_type

def display_info(self):

super().display_info()

print(f"Fuel Type: {self.fuel_type}")

# Main program

my_car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla", 2020, "Gasoline")

my_car.display_info()

Program 2. Writing Simple Programs Involving If Statements

Objective:

● To learn how to use conditional statements (if, else if, else) to

control the flow of a program.

If-Else Structure:

1. If Statement: The if statement evaluates a condition (expression). If

the condition is true, the block of code inside the if statement is
executed

if condition:

# Code block to execute if condition is true

If-Else Statement: If the if condition is false, the else block is

executed.
 if condition:

# Code block to execute if condition is true

else:

# Code block to execute if condition is false

Else-If Ladder (Optional): If there are multiple conditions, you can use
an else if or elif (in Python) to test additional conditions.

Syntax:

if condition1:

# Code block if condition1 is true

elif condition2:

# Code block if condition2 is true

else:

# Code block if none of the above conditions are true

Simple If Statement

Problem:

Write a program that checks if a number entered by the user is positive.

Steps:

1. Prompt the user to enter a number.

 2. Check if the number is greater than zero using the if statement.
3. If the number is positive, display a message saying "The number is
positive."

Python code: # Program to check if a number is positive

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num > 0:

print("The number is positive.")

Lab Exercise 2: If-Else Statement

Write a program that checks if a number entered by the user is positive

or negative.

# Program to check if a number is positive or negative

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num > 0:

print("Positive number.")

else:

print("Negative number.")
Program 3: Understanding and Practicing Boolean Operators (&&
and ||)

Objective:

The aim of this lab is to gain hands-on experience with Boolean

operators, specifically the logical AND (&&) and OR (||) operators, and
understand their usage in conditional expressions.

Logical AND (&&):

This operator returns true if both operands are true. If any operand is
false, the entire expression evaluates to false.

if (a > 5 && b < 10) {

// Executes if both conditions are true.

Logical OR (||):

This operator returns true if at least one operand is true. It only returns
false if both operands are false.

if (a > 5 || b < 10) {

// Executes if either one of the conditions is true.

}
Experiment 1: Use of the and Operator

Problem Statement:

Write a Python program that checks whether a number is within the

range of 10 to 20 and whether it is even.

# Function to check if a number is within range and even

def check_number(num):
if num >= 10 and num <= 20 and num % 2 == 0:
print(f"The number {num} is within the range 10-20 and is even.")
else:
print(f"The number {num} does not meet the criteria.")

# Test cases
check_number(12) # Should meet both conditions
check_number(25) # Out of range
check_number(15) # In range but odd

Output:

\The number 12 is within the range 10-20 and is even.

The number 25 does not meet the criteria.
The number 15 does not meet the criteria.

Experiment 2: Use of the or Operator

Problem Statement:
Write a Python program that checks whether a number is either negative
or greater than 50.

# Function to check if a number is negative or greater than 50

def check_number(num):
if num < 0 or num > 50:
print(f"The number {num} is either negative or greater than 50.")
else:
print(f"The number {num} is neither negative nor greater than 50.")

# Test cases
check_number(-5) # Negative
check_number(55) # Greater than 50
check_number(25) # Neither condition met

O/p: The number -5 is either negative or greater than 50.

The number 55 is either negative or greater than 50.
The number 25 is neither negative nor greater than 50.

Practice Exercises:

1. Exercise 1:
Write a Python program that checks whether a number is divisible
by both 3 and 5.
2. Exercise 2:
Write a Python program that checks whether a string starts with
"A" or ends with "Z".
Program 4: Write a Program to Implement 4 Types of Pyramid Patterns
in Python

Left-aligned Pyramid:

This pyramid aligns its stars (*) to the left, increasing the number of
stars per row.

# Left-aligned Pyramid
def left_aligned_pyramid(rows):
for i in range(1, rows + 1):
print('* ' * i)

# Test the function

rows = 5
left_aligned_pyramid(rows)

O/P
*
**
***
****
*****

Right-aligned Pyramid:

This pyramid aligns its stars to the right by adding leading spaces.

# Right-aligned Pyramid

def right_aligned_pyramid(rows):
 for i in range(1, rows + 1):

print(' ' * (rows - i) + '* ' * i)

# Test the function

rows = 5

right_aligned_pyramid(rows)

**

***

****

*****

Centered Pyramid:

This pyramid is centered, with stars symmetrically placed and expanding

outward.

# Centered Pyramid

def centered_pyramid(rows):

for i in range(1, rows + 1):

print(' ' * (rows - i) + '* ' * i)

# Test the function

rows = 5

centered_pyramid(rows)

O/P:

**

***

****

*****

Inverted Pyramid:

This pyramid starts with the maximum number of stars and decreases
with each row.

# Inverted Pyramid

def inverted_pyramid(rows):

for i in range(rows, 0, -1):

print('* ' * i)

# Test the function

rows = 5
inverted_pyramid(rows)

O/P:

*****

****

***

**

Program 5: Identifying Whether a Number is Positive, Negative, or Zero

# Program Name: Options.py

# Purpose: To determine if the entered integer is positive, negative, or

zero.

# Step 1: Get user input

number = int(input("Please enter an integer: "))

# Step 2: Use conditional statements to check the number

if number > 0:
 print("The number is positive.")

elif number < 0:

print("The number is negative.")

else:

print("The number is zero.")