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Chapter 2_Tutorials

Engine

Uploaded by

Nelson Abiola
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2

Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

Question 1
Give electron configurations for the Fe3+and S2- ions.
Answer
The Fe3+ ion is an iron atom that has lost three electrons. Since the electron configuration of the Fe
atom is 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 (Table 2.2), the configuration for Fe3+ is 1s22s22p63s23p63d5.
The S2- ion a sulfur atom that has gained two electrons. Since the electron configuration of
the S atom is 1s22s22p63s23p4 (Table 2.2), the configuration for S2- is 1s22s22p63s23p6.

Question 2
Explain why covalently bonded materials are generally less dense than ionically or metallically
bonded ones.
Answer
Covalently bonded materials are less dense than metallic or ionically bonded ones because covalent
bonds are directional in nature whereas metallic and ionic are not; when bonds are directional, the
atoms cannot pack together in as dense a manner, yielding a lower mass density.

Question 3
Cite the difference between atomic mass and atomic weight.
Answer
Atomic mass is the mass of an individual atom, whereas atomic weight is the average
(weighted) of the atomic masses of an atom's naturally occurring isotopes.

Question 4
Mole, in the context of this book, is taken in units of gram-mole. On this basis, how many
atoms are there in a gram-mole of a substance?
Answer
There are atoms/g-mol in a substance.

Question 5
Relative to electrons and electron states, what does each of the four quantum numbers
specify?
Answer

1
The n quantum number designates the electron shell.
The l quantum number designates the electron subshell.
The ml quantum number designates the number of electron states in each electron subshell.
The ms quantum number designates the spin moment on each electron.

Question 6
Sodium chloride (NaCl) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The Na+ and Cl- ions have
electron structures that are identical to which two inert gases?
Answer
The Na+ ion is just a sodium atom that has lost one electron; therefore, it has an electron
configuration the same as neon.
The Cl- ion is a chlorine atom that has acquired one extra electron; therefore, it has an
electron configuration the same as argon.

Question 7
Determine whether each of the electron configurations given below is an inert gas, a
halogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a transition metal.
(a) 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2
(b) 1s22s22p63s23p6
(c) 1s22s22p5
(d) 1s22s22p63s2
(e) 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2
(f) 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
Solution
(a) The 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2 electron configuration is that of a transition metal because of
an incomplete d subshell.
(b) The 1s22s22p63s23p6 electron configuration is that of an inert gas because of filled 3s and
3p subshells.
(c) The 1s22s22p5 electron configuration is that of a halogen because it is one electron
deficient from having a filled L shell.
(d) The 1s22s22p63s2 electron configuration is that of an alkaline earth metal because of two s
electrons.
(e) The 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2 electron configuration is that of a transition metal because of
an incomplete d subshell.

2
(f) The 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 electron configuration is that of an alkali metal because of a single
s electron.

Question 8
Given the periodic table below, compute the percents ionic character of the interatomic
bonds for the following compounds: TiO2, ZnTe, CsCl, InSb, and MgCl2.
Solution
The percent ionic character is a function of the electron negativities of the ions XA and XB.
The electronegativities of the elements are found in the figure below:
For TiO2, XTi = 1.3 and XO = 3.5, and therefore,
( )( )
[ ]

For ZnTe, XZn = 1.7 and XTe = 2.0, and therefore,


( )( )
[ ]

For CsCl, XCs = 0.9 and XCl = 2.9, and therefore,


( )( )
[ ]

For InSb, XIn = 1.5 and XSb = 1.8, and therefore,


( )( )
[ ]

For MgCl2, XMg = 1.3 and XCl = 2.9, and therefore,


( )( )
[ ]

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