Get ebook downloads in full at ebookmeta.

com

Statistical Mechanics: Fourth Edition.

Instructor's Manual R.K. Pathria

https://ebookmeta.com/product/statistical-mechanics-fourth-
edition-instructors-manual-r-k-pathria/

OR CLICK BUTTON

DOWNLOAD NOW

Explore and download more ebook at https://ebookmeta.com

 Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that
you can download immediately if you are interested.

Statistical Mechanics: Fourth Edition R.K. Pathria

https://ebookmeta.com/product/statistical-mechanics-fourth-edition-r-
k-pathria/

ebookmeta.com

Statistical Mechanics Fourth Edition R K Pathria Paul D

Beale

https://ebookmeta.com/product/statistical-mechanics-fourth-edition-r-
k-pathria-paul-d-beale/

ebookmeta.com

Introductory Statistical Thermodynamics Instructor

Solutions Manual Nils Dalarsson Mariana Dalarsson Leonardo
Golubovic
https://ebookmeta.com/product/introductory-statistical-thermodynamics-
instructor-solutions-manual-nils-dalarsson-mariana-dalarsson-leonardo-
golubovic/
ebookmeta.com

Maternal Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines 3rd Ed 3rd

Edition Vincenzo Berghella

https://ebookmeta.com/product/maternal-fetal-evidence-based-
guidelines-3rd-ed-3rd-edition-vincenzo-berghella/

ebookmeta.com
Innovation in Real Places: Strategies for Prosperity in an
Unforgiving World 1st Edition Breznitz

https://ebookmeta.com/product/innovation-in-real-places-strategies-
for-prosperity-in-an-unforgiving-world-1st-edition-breznitz/

ebookmeta.com

Dark Chocolate and Death Pacific Cove Cozy Mystery 01

Samantha Silver Et El

https://ebookmeta.com/product/dark-chocolate-and-death-pacific-cove-
cozy-mystery-01-samantha-silver-et-el/

ebookmeta.com

Negotiations of the New World The Omnipresence of Global

as a Political Phenomenon Sabine Selchow

https://ebookmeta.com/product/negotiations-of-the-new-world-the-
omnipresence-of-global-as-a-political-phenomenon-sabine-selchow/

ebookmeta.com

Kay s Anatomy A Complete and Completely Disgusting Guide

to the Human Body Adam Kay

https://ebookmeta.com/product/kay-s-anatomy-a-complete-and-completely-
disgusting-guide-to-the-human-body-adam-kay/

ebookmeta.com

A Primer in Combinatorics 2nd Edition Alexander Kheyfits

https://ebookmeta.com/product/a-primer-in-combinatorics-2nd-edition-
alexander-kheyfits/

ebookmeta.com
Business Forecasting: The Emerging Role of Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning 1st Edition Michael
Gilliland
https://ebookmeta.com/product/business-forecasting-the-emerging-role-
of-artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-1st-edition-michael-
gilliland/
ebookmeta.com
Instructor’s Manual

Containing Solutions to
Over 300 Problems
Selected From

STATISTICAL MECHANICS
(FOURTH EDITION)

By
R. K. PATHRIA and PAUL. D. BEALE

1
2
Preface

This instructor’s manual for the fourth edition of Statistical Mechanics is based
on RKP’s instructor’s manual for the second edition. Most of the solutions
here were retypeset into TeX from that manual. PDB is responsible for the
solutions of the new problems added in the third and fourth editions. The
result is a manual containing solutions to over 300 problems selected from the
fourth edition.
The original idea of producing an instructor’s manual first came from RKP’s
friend and colleague Wing-Ki Liu in the 1990’s when RKP had just embarked
on the task of preparing the second edition of Statistical Mechanics.
This should provide several benefits to the statistical mechanics instructor.
First of all, there is the obvious advantage of saving time that one would oth-
erwise spend on solving these problems oneself. Secondly, before one selects
problems either for homework or for an exam, one can consult the manual to
determine the level of difficulty of the various problems and make one’s selection
accordingly. Thirdly, one may even use some of these solved problems, especially
the ones appearing in later chapters, as lecture material, thereby supplementing
the text. We hope that this manual will enhance the usefulness of the text –
both for the instructors and (indirectly) for the students.
We implore that instructors not share copies of any of the material in this
manual with students or post any part of this manual on the web. Students
learn best when they work together and struggle over difficult problems. Readily
available solutions interfere with this crucial aspect of graduate physics training.

R.K.P. San Diego, CA

P.D.B. Boulder, CO

3
4
Chapter 1

1.1. (a) We expand the quantity ln Ω(0) (E1 ) as a Taylor series in the variable
(E1 − Ē1 ) and get

ln Ω(0) (E1 ) ≡ lnΩ1 (E1 ) + ln Ω2 (E2 ) (E2 = E (0) − E1 )

= {ln Ω1 (Ē1 ) + ln Ω2 (Ē2 )}+
 
∂ ln Ω1 (E1 ) ∂ ln Ω2 (E2 ) ∂E2
+ (E1 − Ē1 )+
∂E1 ∂E2 ∂E1 E1 =Ē1
( 2 )
1 ∂ 2 ln Ω1 (E1 ) ∂ 2 ln Ω2 (E2 ) ∂E2

+ (E1 − Ē1 )2 + · · · .
2 ∂E12 ∂E22 ∂E1
E1 =Ē1

The first term of this expansion is a constant, the second term van-
ishes as a result of equilibrium (β1 = β2 ), while the third term may
be written as
   
1 ∂β1 ∂B2
2 1 1 1
+ E1 − Ē1 = − + (E1 −Ē1 )2 ,
2 ∂E1 ∂E2 eq. 2 kT12 (Cv )1 kT22 (Cv )2

with T1 = T2 . Ignoring the subsequent terms (which is justified

if the systems involved are large) and taking the exponentials, we
readily see that the function Ω0 (E1 ) is a Gaussian in the variable
(E1 − Ē1 ), with variance kT 2 (Cv )1 (Cv )2 /{(Cv )1 + (Cv )2 }. Note that
if (Cv )2 >> (Cv )1 — corresponding to system 1 being in thermal con-
tact with a very large reservoir — then the variance becomes simply
kT 2 (Cv )1 , regardless of the nature of the reservoir; cf. eqn. (3.6.3).
(b) If the systems involved are ideal classical gases, then (Cv )1 = 23 N1 k
and (Cv )2 = 32 N2 k; the variance then becomes 32 k 2 T 2 · N1 N2 /(N1 +
N2 ). Again, if N2 >> N1 , we obtain the simplified expression
3 2 2
2 N1 k T ; cf. Problem 3.18.

1.2. Since S is additive and Ω multiplicative, the function f (Ω) must satisfy
the condition
f (Ω1 Ω2 ) = f (Ω1 ) + f (Ω2 ). (1)

5
6 CHAPTER 1.

Differentiating (1) with respect to Ω1 (and with respect to Ω2 ), we get

Ω2 f 0 (Ω1 Ω2 ) = f 0 (Ω1 ) and Ω1 f 0 (Ω1 Ω2 ) = f 0 (Ω2 ),

so that
Ω1 f 0 (Ω1 ) = Ω2 f 0 (Ω2 ). (2)
Since the left-hand side of (2) is independent of Ω2 and the right-hand side
is independent of Ω1 , each side must be equal to a constant, k, independent
of both Ω1 and Ω2 . It follows that f 0 (Ω) = k/Ω and hence

f (Ω) = k ln Ω + const. (3)

Substituting (3) into (1), we find that the constant of integration is zero.
1.4. Instead of eqn. (1.4.1), we now have

Ω ∝ V (V − v0 )(V − 2v0 ) . . . (V − N − 1v0 ),

so that

ln Ω = C + ln V + ln (V − v0 ) + ln (V − 2v0 ) + . . . + ln (V − N − 1v0 ),

where C is independent of V . The expression on the right may be written

as
N −1 N −1 
N 2 v0
  
X jv0 X jv0
C+N ln V + ln 1 − ' C+N ln V + − ' C+N ln V − .
j=1
V j=1
V 2V

Equation (1.4.2) is then replaced by

N 2 v0
 
P N N N v0
= + = 1 + , i.e.
kT V 2V 2 V 2V
 −1
N v0
PV 1 + = NkT .
2V

Since N v0 << V, (1 + N v0 /2V )−1 ' 1 − N v0 /2V . Our last result then
takes the form: P (V − b) = NkT , where b = 12 N v0 .
A little reflection shows that v0 = (4π/3)σ 3 , with the result that
 3
1 4π 3 4π 1
b= N· σ = 4N · σ .
2 3 3 2

1.5. This problem is essentially solved in Appendix A; all that remains to be

done is to substitute from eqn. (B.12) into (B.11), to get
X (πε∗1/2 /L)3 (πε∗1/2 /L)2
(ε∗ ) = V ∓ S.
1 6π 2 16π
 7

Substituting V = L3 and S = 6L2 , we obtain eqns. (1.4.15 and 16).

The expression for T now follows straightforwardly; we get
       
1 ∂ ln Ω k ∂ ln Ω k R+N k Nhν
=k = = ln = ln 1 + ,
T ∂E N hν ∂R N hν R hν E
so that   
hν Nhν
T = ln 1 + .
k E
For E >> Nhν, we recover the classical result: T = E/Nk .
1.9. Since the function S(N,V,E) of a given thermodynamic system is an ex-
tensive quantity, we may write
   
V E V E
S(N, V, E) = Nf , = Nf (v, ε) v = ,ε = .
N N N N
It follows that
       
∂S ∂f −V ∂f −E
N =N f +N · 2 +N · 2 ,
∂N V,E ∂v ε N ∂ε v N
       
∂S ∂f ∂S. ∂f 1
V = VN · = EN · .
∂V N,E ∂v ε ∂E N,V ∂ε v N
Adding these expressions, we obtain the desired result.
1.11. Clearly, the initial temperatures and the initial particle densities of the two
gases (and hence of the mixture) are the same. The entropy of mixing may,
therefore, be obtained from eqn. (1.5.4), with N1 = 4NA and N2 = NA .
We get
(∆S)∗ = k[4NA ln(5/4) + NA ln 5]
= R[4 ln(5/4) + ln 5] = 2.502 R,
which is equivalent to about 0.5 R per mole of the mixture.
1.12. (a) The expression in question is given by eqn. (1.5.3a). Without loss of
generality, we may keep N1 , N2 and V1 fixed and vary only V2 . The
first and second derivatives of this expression are then given by
   
N1 + N2 N2 N1 + N2 N2
k − and k − + 2 (1a,b)
V1 + V2 V2 (V1 + V2 )2 V2
respectively. Equating (1a) to zero gives the desired condition, viz.
N1 V2 = N2 V1 , i.e. N1 /V1 = N2 /V2 = n, say. Expression (1b) then
reduces to
 
n n knV1
k − + = > 0.
V1 + V2 V2 V2 (V1 + V2 )
Clearly, (∆S)1≡2 is at its minimum when N1 /V1 = N2 /V2 , and it is
straightforward to check that the value at the minimum is zero.
8 CHAPTER 1.

(b) The expression now in question is given by eqn. (1.5.4). With N1 =

αN and N2 = (1 − α)N , where N = N1 + N2 (which is fixed), the
expression for (∆S)∗ /k takes the form

−αN ln α − (1 − α)N ln (1 − α).

The first and second derivatives of this expression with respect to α are
 
N N
[−N ln α + N ln(1 − α)] and − − (2a,b)
α 1−α

respectively. Equating (2a) to zero gives the condition α = 1/2, which

reduces (2b) to −4N . Clearly, (∆S)∗ /k is at its maximum when N1 =
N2 = (1/2)N , and it is straightforward to check that the value at the
maximum is N ln 2.
1.13. Proceeding with eqn. (1.5.1), with T replaced by Ti , it is straightforward
to see that the extra contribution to ∆S, owing to the fact that T1 6= T2 ,
is given by the expression
3 3
N1 k ln (Tf /T1 ) + N2 k ln(Tf /T2 ),
2 2
where Tf = (N1 T1 + N2 T2 )/(N1 + N2 ). It is worth checking that this
expression is always greater than or equal to zero, the equality holding if
and only if T1 = T2 . Furthermore, the result quoted here does not depend
on whether the two gases were different or identical.
1.14. By eqn. (1.5.1a), given on page 24 of the text, we get
3
(∆S)v = Nk ln(Tf /Ti ).
2
Now, since PV = NkT , the same equation may also be written as
    
kT 3 5 2πmkT
S = Nk ln + Nk + ln . (1b)
P 2 3 h2

It follows that
5 5
(∆S)P = Nk ln(Tf / Ti ) = (∆S)V .
2 3
A numerical verification of this result is straightforward.
It should be noted that, quite generally,

(∆S)P T (∂S / ∂T )P CP
= = =γ
(∆S)V T (∂S / ∂T )V CV

which, in the present case, happens to be 5/3.

 9

1.15. For an ideal gas, CP − CV = nR, where n is the number of moles of the
gas. With CP /CV = γ, one gets

CP = γnR / (γ − 1) and CV = nR / (γ − 1).

For a mixture of two ideal gases,
 
n1 R n2 R f1 f2
CV = + = + (n1 + n2 )R.
γ1 − 1 γ2 − 1 γ1 − 1 γ2 − 1

Equating this to the conventional expression (n1 + n2 )R/(γ − 1), we get

the desired result.
1.16. In view of eqn. (1.3.15), E − TS + PV = µN . It follows that

dE − TdS − SdT + PdV + VdP = µdN + Nd µ.

Combining this with eqn. (1.3.4), we get

−SdT + VdP = Nd µ, i.e. dP = (N / V )dµ + (S / V )dT .

Clearly, then,

(∂P / ∂µ)T = N / V and (∂P / ∂T )µ = S / V.

Now, for the ideal gas

( 3/2 )
h2

NkT N
P = and µ = kT ln ;
V V 2πmkT

see eqn. (1.5.7). Eliminating (N/V ), we get

 3/2
2πmkT
P = kT eµ/kT ,
h2

which is the desired expression. It follows quite readily now that for this
system  
∂P 1
= P.
∂µ T kT
which is indeed equal to N/V , whereas
" (  3/2 )#
h2
 
∂P 5 µ 5 N Nk
= P− 2 P = 2 − ln
∂T µ 2T kT V 2πmkT V

which, by eqn. (1.5.1a), is precisely equal to S/V .

Chapter 2

2.3. The rotator in this problem may be regarded as confined to the (z = 0)-
plane and its position at time t may be denoted by the azimuthal angle
ϕ. The conjugate variable pϕ is then mρ2 ϕ̇, where the various symbols
have their usual meanings. The energy of rotation is given by
1
E= m(ρϕ̇)2 = p2ϕ / 2mρ2 .
2

Lines of constant energy in the (ϕ, pϕ )-plane are “straight lines, running
parallel to the ϕ-axis from ϕ = 0 to ϕ = 2π”. The basic cell of area h in
this plane is a “rectangle with sides ∆ϕ = 2π and ∆pϕ = h/2π”. Clearly,
the eigenvalues of pϕ , starting with pϕ = 0, are n~ and those of E are
n2 ~2 /2I, where I = mρ2 and n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
The eigenvalues of E obtained here are precisely the ones given by quan-
tum mechanics for the energy “associated with the z-component of the
rotational motion”.
2.4. The rigid rotator is a model for a diatomic molecule whose internuclear
distance r may be regarded as fixed. The orientation of the molecule in
space may be denoted by the angles θ and ϕ, the conjugate variables being
pθ = mr 2 θ̇ and pϕ = mr 2 sin2 θϕ̇. The energy of rotation is given by

1 1 p2θ p2ϕ M2
E= m(rθ̇)2 + m(r sin θϕ̇)2 = + = ,
2 2 2mr 2 2mr 2 sin2 θ 2I
where I = mr 2 and M 2 = p2θ + p2ϕ / sin2 θ .

The “volume”
R0 of the relevant region of the phase space is given by the
integral dp θ dp ϕ dθ dϕ, where the region of integration is constrained
by the value of M . A little reflection shows that in the subspace of pθ
and pϕ we are restricted by an elliptical boundary with semi-axes M and
M sin θ, the enclosed area being πM 2 sin θ. The “volume” of the relevant
region, therefore, is
Zπ Z2π
(πM 2 sin θ)dθ dϕ = 4π 2 M 2 .
θ=0 ϕ=0

1
2

The number of microstates available to the rotator is then given by 4π 2 M 2 /h2 ,

which is precisely (M/~)2 . At the same time, the number of microstates
associated with the quantized value Mj2 = j(j + 1)~2 may be estimated as

1 h 2 i  1

3
 
1

1

2
Mj+ 1 − Mj− 1 = j + j+ − j− j+ = 2j + 1.
~2 2 2 2 2 2 2
This is precisely the degeneracy arising from the eigenvalues that the az-
imuthal quantum number m has, viz. j, j − 1, . . . , −j + 1, −j.
2.6. In terms of the variables θ and L(= m`2 θ), the state of the simple pendu-
lum is given by, see eqns. (2.4.9),

θ = (A/`) cos(ωt + ϕ), L = −m`ωA sin(ωt + ϕ),

1 2 2
with E = 2 mω A and τ = 2π/ω. The trajectory in the (θ, L)-plane is
given by the equation
θ2 L2
+ = 1,
(A/`)2 (m` ωA)2
which is an ellipse — just like in Fig. 2.2. The enclosed area turns out to
be πmωA2 , which is precisely equal to the product Eτ .
2.7. Following the argument developed on page 70 of the text, the number of
microstates for a given energy E turns out to be

 
1
Ω(E) = (R + N − 1)!/ R!(N − 1)!, R = E − N ~ω /~ω. (1)
2
For R >> N , we obtain the asymptotic result

Ω(E) ≈ RN −1 / (N − 1)!, where R ≈ E / ~ω. (3.8.25a)

The corresponding expression for Γ(E; ∆) would be

(E / ~ω)N −1 ∆ E N −1 ∆
Γ(E; ∆) ≈ · = . (1)
(N − 1)! ~ω (N − 1)!(~ω)N

The “volume” of the relevant region of the phase space may be derived
from the integral
N
Z 0Y N  
X 1 1 2
(dq i dp i ), with kq 2i + p ≤ E.
i=1 i=1
2 2m i

This is equal to, see eqn. (7a) of Appendix C,

  12 N  N N
2 1 πN N 2π E
(2m) 2 N · E = ,
k N! ω N!
 3
p
where ω = k/m. The “volume” of the shell in question is then given by
N N
NE N −1 E N −1 ∆
 
2π 2π
·∆= . (2)
ω N! ω (N − 1)!

Dividing (2) by (1), we see that the conversion factor ω0 is precisely hN .

2.8. We write V3N = AR 3N , so that dV 3N = A · 3NR 3N −1 dR. At the same
time, we have
Z∞ Z∞ N
P N N Z ∞
− ri Y Y
... e i=1 ri2 dr i = e−ri ri2 dr i = 2N . (1)
0 0 i=1 i=1 0

The integral on the left may be written as

Z∞ Z∞
e−R (4π)−N dV 3N = e−R (4π)−N A·3NR 3N −1 dR = (4π)−N A·3N Γ(3N ).
0 0
(2)
Equating (1) and (2), we get: A = (8π)N /(3N )!, which yields the desired
result for V3N .
The “volume” of the relevant region of the phase space is given by
Z 3N
0 Y Z 0 N
Y
dq i dp i = V N 4πp2i dp i = V N (8π E 3 / c3 )N / (3N )!,


i=1 i=1

so that
Σ(n, V, E) = V N (8π E 3 / h3 c3 )N / (3N )!,
which is a function of N and VE 3 . An isentropic process then implies
that VE 3 = const.
The temperature of the system is given by
 
1 ∂(k ln Σ) 3Nk
= = , i.e. E = 3NkT .
T ∂E N,V E

The equation for the isentropic process then becomes VT 3 = const., i.e.
T ∝ V −1/3 ; this implies that γ = 4/3. The rest of the thermodynamics
follows straightforwardly. See also Problems 1.7 and 3.15.
Chapter 3

3.4. For the first part, we use eqn. (3.2.31) with all ωr = 1. We get
( )
k X
−βEr
ln Γ = k ln e + kβU,
N r

which is indeed equal to −(A/T ) + (U/T ) = S.

For the second part, we use eqn. (3.2.5), with the result that
" #
k k X
ln W {n∗r } = N ln N − n∗r ln n∗r
N N r
X n∗ n∗r

n∗

r
= −k ln = −k ln r .
r
N N N

Substituting for n∗r from eqn. (3.2.10), we get

( )
k ∗
X
−βEr
ln W {nr } = kβhEr i + k ln e ,
N r

which is precisely the result obtained in the first part.

3.5. Since the function A(N, V, T ) of a given thermodynamic system is an

extensive quantity, we may write

A(N, V, T ) = Nf (v, T ) (v = V / N ).

It follows that
         
∂A ∂f −V ∂A ∂f 1
N =N f +N · 2 , and V = VN · .
∂N V,T ∂v T N ∂V N,T ∂v T N

Adding these expressions, we obtain the desired result.

3.6. Let’s go to part (c) P

right away. Our problem here is to maximize
P the
expression S/k = − Pr,s ln Pr,s , subject to the constraints Pr,s =
r,s r,s

1
2

P P
1, Es Pr,s = E and Nr Pr,s = N . Varying P ’s and using the method
r,s r,s
of Lagrange’s undetermined multipliers, we are led to the condition
X
{−(1 + ln Pr,s ) − γ − βEs − αNr } δPr,s = 0.
r,s

In view of the arbitrariness of the δP ’s in this expression, we require that

−(1 + ln Pr,s ) − γ − βEs − αNr = 0

for all r and s. It follows that

Pr,s ∝ exp(−βEs − αNr ).

The parameters α and β are to be determined by the given values of N̄

and Ē.
In the absence of the constraint imposed by N̄ , the parameter α does not
even figure in the calculation, and we obtain

Pr ∝ exp(−βEr ),

as desired in part (b). And if the constraint imposed by Ē is also absent,

we obtain
Pr = const.,
as desired in part (a).
3.7. From thermodynamics,

     2  
∂P ∂V ∂P ∂P
CP − CV = T = −T > 0. (1)
∂T V ∂T P ∂T V ∂V T

From Sec. 3.3,

   
∂A ∂ ln Q
P =− = kT . (2)
∂V N,T ∂V N,T

Substituting (2) into (1), we obtain the desired result.

For the ideal gas, Q ∝ V N T 3N/2 . Therefore, (∂ ln Q/∂V )T = N/V . We
then get
(N/V )2
CP − CV = −k = Nk .
−N/V 2

3.8. For an ideal gas,

(2πmkT )3/2 NkT (2πmkT )3/2

Q1 = V = .
h3 P h3
 3

It follows that T (∂ ln Q1 /∂T )P = 5/2; the expression on the right-hand

side of the given equation then is
V (2πmkT )3/2
 
5
ln +
N h3 2
which, by eqn. (3.5.13), is indeed equal to the quantity S/Nk.
P 2

3.12. We start with eqn. (3.5.5), substitute H(q,p) = pi /2m + U (q) and
i
integrate over the pi 0 s, to get
 3N/2 Z
1 2πmkT
QN (V, T ) = Z N (V, T ), where ZN (V, T ) = e−U (q)/kT d3N q.
N! h2
It follows that, for N >> 1,
" (  3/2 ) #
h2
A = NkT ln N − 1 − kT ln Z, whence
2πmkT
" (  3/2 ) #  
1 2πmkT 5 ∂ ln Z
S = Nk ln + + k ln Z + kT .
N h2 2 ∂T N,V

Now
e−U/kT (U/kT 2 )d3N q
  R
∂ ln Z kT Ū
kT = R
−U/kT d3N q
= , while
∂T N,V e T
n o Ū
k ln Z = k ln V̄ N e−Ū /kT = Nk ln V̄ − .
T
Substituting these results into the above expression for S, we obtain the
desired result for S. In passing, we note that hHi ≡ A + TS = 23 NkT + Ū .
P
For the second part of the question, we write U (q) = u(rij ), so that
i<j
Y Y
e−βU (q) = e−βu(rij ) = (1 + fij ) ,
i<j i<j

and follow Problems 3.23 and 1.4. The quantity V̄ then appears to be in
the nature of a “free volume” for the molecules of the system.
3.14. a) The Lagrangian is given by
X1 X X
L =K −V = 2
mṙiα − u(rij ) − [uw (riα ) + uw (L − riα )],
iα
2 i<j iα

where i = 1, · · · , N denotes thePparticle number, α = x, y, z denotes the

2
cartesian directions, and rij = α (riα − rjα )2 . The canonical momenta
are
∂L
piα = = mṙiα .
∂ ṙiα
Other documents randomly have
different content
 “A FRESH AND CHARMING NOVEL.”
The Last Lady of Mulberry.
A Story of Italian New York. By Henry
Wilton Thomas. Illustrated by Emil Pollak.
12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
“By far the most complete and satisfying description that
has been given of life in the Italian quarter of New York....
Incidentally a very good novel, reasonable in its purpose
and character drawing, intricate in plot, and dramatic in its
action.”—Philadelphia Times.
“A breezy book. It ‘goes’ from start to finish, and the action
moves in a rich atmosphere, albeit that of the poorest of
New York’s alien colonies.... The best study of Italian life in
New York, and of its special environment that has ever
been drawn.”—New York Herald.
“Through a very cleverly contrived course of events the
complex life of the colony shines out in most resplendent
proportions.... The story is an exceedingly clever piece of
humorous writing.”—Pittsburg Chronicle-Telegraph.
“The author has evidently made a close study of the Italian
quarter and its people and customs, and has utilized his
knowledge to best advantage.”—Denver Republican.
“Character drawing and humor of an excellent quality.”—
Rochester Herald.
“Richly humorous, ‘The Last Lady of Mulberry’ is one of
the most enjoyable little romances we have recently read.
It presents a picture of the Little Italy known in all our
larger cities in a way that is more effective than any
number of serious dissertations.”—Providence News.
 BOOKS BY ALLEN RAINE.
Each, 12mo, cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents.
Garthowen: A Welsh Idyl.
“Wales has long waited for her novelist, but he seems to
have come at last in the person of Mr. Allen Raine, who
has at once proved himself a worthy interpreter and
exponent of the romantic spirit of his country.”—London
Daily Mail.
By Berwen Banks.
“Mr. Raine enters into the lives and traditions of the
people, and herein lies the charm of his stories.”—
Chicago Tribune.
“Interesting from the beginning, and grows more so as it
proceeds.”—San Francisco Bulletin.
“It has the same grace of style, strength of description,
and dainty sweetness of its predecessors.”—Boston
Saturday Evening Gazette.
Torn Sails.
“It is a little idyl of humble life and enduring love, laid bare
before us, very real and pure, which in its telling shows us
some strong points of Welsh character—the pride, the
hasty temper, the quick dying out of wrath.... We call this a
well-written story, interesting alike through its romance and
its glimpses into another life than ours.”—Detroit Free
Press.
“Allen Raine’s work is in the right direction and worthy of
all honor.”—Boston Budget.
Mifanwy: A Welsh Singer.
“Simple in all its situations, the story is worked up in that
touching and quaint strain which never grows wearisome
no matter how often the lights and shadows of love are
introduced. It rings true, and does not tax the
imagination.”—Boston Herald.
“One of the most charming tales that has come to us of
late.”—Brooklyn Eagle.
 BY ALBERT LEE.
12mo. Cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents.
IN APPLETONS’ TOWN AND COUNTRY LIBRARY.
The Gentleman Pensioner.
The scene of this admirable historical
romance is laid in the tumultuous England of
the sixteenth century, at the time when the
plots of the partisans of Mary Stuart against
Elizabeth seemed to be approaching a
culmination. The hero, Queen Elizabeth’s
confidential messenger, has a trust to
execute which involves a thrilling series of
adventures. This stirring romance has been
compared to “A Gentleman of France,” and it
is safe to say that no reader will find in its
pages any reason for flagging interest or will
relinquish the book until the last page has
been reached.
The Key of the Holy House.
A Romance of Old Antwerp.
“A romance of Antwerp in the days of the Spanish
oppression. Mr. Lee handles it in vigorous fashion.”—
London Spectator.
“This is a fascinating specimen of the historical romance at
its best, the romance which infuses energetic life into the
dry facts of history.”—Philadelphia Press.
 BOOKS BY FRANK T. BULLEN.
The Log of a Sea-Waif.
Being Recollections of the first Four Years of
my Sea Life. Illustrated. Uniform Edition.
12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
The brilliant author of “The Cruise of the Cachalot” and
“Idylls of the Sea” presents in this new work the
continuous story of the actual experiences of his first four
years at sea. In graphic and picturesque phrases he has
sketched the events of voyages to the West Indies, to
Bombay and the Coromandel coast, to Melbourne and
Rangoon. Nothing could be of more absorbing interest
than this wonderfully vivid account of foks’l humanity, and
the adventures and strange sights and experiences
attendant upon deep-sea voyages. It is easy to see in this
book an English companion to our own “Two Years before
the Mast.”
Idylls of the Sea.
12mo. Cloth, $1.25.
“The ‘deep-sea wonder and mystery’ which Kipling found
in Frank T. Bullen’s ‘Cruise of the Cachalot’ is appreciable
again in this literary mate’s new book, ‘Idylls of the Sea.’
We feel ourselves tossed with him at the mercy of the
weltering elements,” etc.—Philadelphia Record.
“Amplifies and intensifies the picture of the sea which Mr.
Bullen had already produced.... Calm, shipwreck, the
surface and depths of the sea, the monsters of the deep,
superstitions and tales of the sailors—all find a place in
this strange and exciting book.”—Chicago Times-Herald.
The Cruise of the Cachalot,
Round the World after Sperm Whales.
Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $ 1.50.
“It is immense—there is no other word. I’ve never read
anything that equals it in its deep-sea wonder and
mystery, nor do I think that any book before has so
completely covered the whole business of whale fishing,
and, at the same time, given such real and new sea
pictures. I congratulate you most heartily. It’s a new world
you’ve opened the door to.”—Rudyard Kipling.
“Written with racy freedom of literary expression and
luxuriant abundance of incident, so that ‘The Cruise of the
Cachalot’ becomes a story of fascinating vividness which
thrills the reader and amuses him. The volume is no less
enthralling than ‘Two Years before the Mast,’ and higher
praise can not be accorded to a story of the sea.... A book
of such extraordinary merit as seldom comes to hand.”—
Philadelphia Press.
 BOOKS BY CY WARMAN.
Snow on the Headlight.
A Story of the Great Burlington Strike. 12mo.
Cloth, $1.25.
“Mr. Warman holds a unique position among our tellers of
tales, since he alone is a practical railroad man, who
knows the work, and has done it, in all its details.”—New
York Mail and Express.
“Plenty of close-range photographs, interior views, of the
great Burlington strike are to be found in Cy Warman’s
book.”—Philadelphia Times.
“It has the great virtue of being a plain story plainly told by
one who knows. Whatever other impression it may convey
to the reader, it conveys most strongly the impression of
truth. And this plain truth, told in a plain way, is a terrible
thing. One can feel all the way through that half the tale—
and perhaps the worst half—is left untold, yet such as
stands in print is sufficient, and to the reader who cares for
something more than the superficial adventurous incident
of the book it will not be without its instructive influence.”—
Denver Republican.
“Told with all the freshness and vividness of an
eyewitness.”—Philadelphia Call.
“Will be read with interest by all railroad men.”—Galesburg
(Ill.) Mail.
The Story of the Railroad.
Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
“Far more interesting than the average novel.... Mr.
Warman’s volume makes us hear and feel the rush of
modern civilization. It gives us also the human side of the
picture—the struggles of the frontiersman and his family,
the dismay and cruel wrath of the retreating savage, the
heroism of the advance guard of the railway builders, and
the cutthroat struggles of competing lines. He does not
deal greatly with statistics, but the figures he uses help
make up the stunning effect of gigantic enterprise. There
is not a dull page in the book.”—New York Evening Post.
“Intensely interesting—a history that reads like a romance,
and compared with whose marvelous story indeed most
modern romances will seem spiritless and tame.”—
Charleston News and Courier.
“Worthy to stand on the same shelf with Hough’s Story of
the Cowboy.”—Milwaukee Journal.
 By ELEANOR STUART.
Averages.
A Novel of Modern New York. 12mo. Cloth,
$1.50.
“To picture a scheming woman who is also attractive and
even lovable is not an easy task.... To have made such a
woman plausible and real in the midst of modern New
York life is what Miss Stuart has achieved in this novel.
And the other characters reach a similar reality. They are
individuals and not types, and, moreover, they are not
literary echoes. For a writer to manage this assortment of
original characters with that cool deliberation which keeps
aloof from them, but remorselessly pictures them, is a
proof of literary insight and literary skill. It takes work as
well as talent. The people of the story are real, plausible,
modern creatures, with the fads and weaknesses of to-
day.”—N. Y. Life.
“The strength of the book is its entertaining pictures of
human nature and its shrewd, incisive observations upon
the social problems, great and small, which present
themselves in the complex life of society in the metropolis.
Those who are fond of dry wit, a subtle humor, and what
Emerson calls ‘a philosophy of insight and not of tradition,’
will find ‘Averages’ a novel to their taste.... There are
interesting love episodes and clever, original situations. An
author capable of such work is to be reckoned with. She
has in her the root of the matter.”—N Y. Mail And Express.
Stonepastures.
12mo. Cloth, 75 cents.
“The story is strongly written, there being a decided Bronte
flavor about its style and English. It is thoroughly
interesting and extremely vivid in its portrayal of actual
life.”—Boston Courier.
 DAVID HARUM.
A Story of American Life. By Edward Noyes
Westcott, 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
“David Harum deserves to be known by all good
Americans; he is one of them in boundless energy, in
large-heartedness, in shrewdness, and in humor.”—The
Critic, New York.
“We have in the character of David Harum a perfectly
clean and beautiful study, one of those true natures that
every one, man, woman, or child, is the better for
knowing.”—The World, Cleveland.
“The book continues to be talked of increasingly. It seems
to grow in public favor, and this, after all, is the true test of
merit.”—The Tribune, Chicago.
“A thoroughly interesting bit of fiction, with a well-defined
plot, a slender but easily followed ‘love’ interest, some
bold and finely sketched character drawing, and a perfect
gold mine of shrewd, dialectic philosophy.”—The Call, San
Francisco.
“The newsboys on the street can talk of ‘David Harum,’
but scarcely a week ago we heard an intelligent girl of
fifteen, in a house which entertains the best of the daily
papers and the weekly reviews, ask, ‘Who is Kipling?’”—
The Literary World, Boston.
“A masterpiece of character painting. In David Harum, the
shrewd, whimsical, horse-trading country banker, the
author has depicted a type of character that is by no
means new to fiction, but nowhere else has it been so
carefully, faithfully, and realistically wrought out.”—The
Herald, Syracuse.
“We give Edward Noyes Westcott his true place in
American letters—placing him as a humorist next to Mark
Twain, as a master of dialect above Lowell, as a
descriptive writer equal to Bret Harte, and, on the whole,
as a novelist on a par with the best of those who live and
have their being in the heart of hearts of American
readers. If the author is dead—lamentable fact—his book
will live.”—Philadelphia Item.
 FÉLIX GRAS’S ROMANCES.
The White Terror.
A Romance. Translated from the Provençal
by Mrs. Catharine A. Janvier. Uniform with
“The Reds of the Midi” and “The Terror.”
16mo. Cloth, $1.50.
“No one has done this kind of work with finer poetic grasp
or more convincing truthfulness than Félix Gras.... This
new volume has the spontaneity, the vividness, the
intensity of interest of a great historical romance.”—
Philadelphia Times.
The Terror.
A Romance of the French Revolution.
Uniform with “The Reds of the Midi.”
Translated by Mrs. Catharine A. Janvier.
16mo. Cloth, $1.50.
“If Félix Gras had never done any other work than this
novel, it would at once give him a place in the front rank of
the writers of to-day.... ‘The Terror’ is a story that deserves
to be widely read, for, while it is of thrilling interest, holding
the reader’s attention closely, there is about it a literary
quality that makes it worthy of something more than a
careless perusal.”—Brooklyn Eagle.
The Reds of the Midi.
An episode of the French Revolution.
Translated from the Provençal by Mrs.
Catharine A. Janvier. With an Introduction by
Thomas A. Janvier. With Frontispiece. 16mo.
Cloth, $1.50.
“I have read with great and sustained interest ‘The Reds
of the South,’ which you were good enough to present to
me. Though a work of fiction, it aims at painting the
historical features, and such works if faithfully executed
throw more light than many so-called histories on the true
roots and causes of the Revolution, which are so widely
and so gravely misunderstood. As a novel it seems to me
to be written with great skill.”—William E. Gladstone.
 IMPORTANT NEW NOVELS.
Snow on the Headlight.
By Cy Warman, author of “The Story of the
Railroad,” etc. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25.
“As a writer of tales of the modern rail Mr. Warman is
without a peer.”—Philadelphia Record.
A Double Thread.
By Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler, author of
“Concerning Isabel Carnaby,” etc. 12mo.
Cloth, $1.50.
“Even more gay, clever, and bright than ‘Concerning Isabel
Carnaby.’”—Boston Herald.
A Duet, with an Occasional Chorus.
By A. Conan Doyle, author of “Uncle
Bernac,” “Brigadier Gerard,” etc. 12mo.
Cloth, $1.50.
“It is all very sweet and graceful.”—London Telegraph.
The Mormon Prophet.
By Lily Dougall, author of “The Mermaids,”
“The Madonna of a Day,” etc. 12mo. Cloth,
$1.50.
“A striking story.... Immensely interesting and diverting.”—
Boston Herald.
Windyhaugh.
By Graham Travers, author of “Mona
Maclean, Medical Student,” etc. 12mo. Cloth,
$1.50.
“The author draws her characters with the clever strokes
of a successful artist.... The story never for a moment
palls.”—Boston Herald.
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY’S
PUBLICATIONS.
BEATRICE WHITBY’S NOVELS.
Each, 12mo, cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents.
SUNSET.
“‘Sunset’ will fully meet the expectations of Miss Whitby’s
many admirers, while for those (if such there be) who may
not know her former books it will form a very appetizing
introduction to these justly popular stories.”—London
Globe.
THE AWAKENING OF MARY FENWICK.
“Miss Whitby is for above the average novelist.... This
story is original without seeming ingenious, and powerful
without being overdrawn.”—New York Commercial
Advertiser.
PART OF THE PROPERTY.
“The book is a thoroughly good one. The theme is the
rebellion of a spirited girl against a match which has been
arranged for her without her knowledge or consent.... It is
refreshing to read a novel in which there is not a trace of
slipshod work.”—London Spectator.
A MATTER OF SKILL.
“A very charming love story, whose heroine is drawn with
original skill and beauty, and whom everybody will love for
her splendid if very independent character.”—Boston
Home Journal.
ONE REASON WHY.
“A remarkably well-written story.... The author makes her
people speak the language of everyday life, and a
vigorous and attractive realism pervades the book.”—
Boston Saturday Evening Gazette.
IN THE SUNTIME OF HER YOUTH.
“The story has a refreshing air of novelty, and the people
that figure in it are depicted with a vivacity and subtlety
that are very attractive.”—Boston Beacon.
MARY FENWICK’S DAUGHTER.
“A novel which will rank high among those of the present
season.”—Boston Advertiser.
ON THE LAKE OF LUCERNE, and other Stories.
16mo. Boards, with specially designed cover, 50 cents.
“Six short stories carefully and conscientiously
finished, and told with the graceful ease of the practiced
raconteur.”—Literary Digest.
“Very dainty, not only in mechanical workmanship but
in matter and manner.”—Boston Advertiser.
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY’S
PUBLICATIONS.
ADA CAMBRIDGE’S NOVELS.
Each, 12mo, paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00.
MATERFAMILIAS.
“The pleasant impression left is a lasting one.”—New York
Times.
“The story is fragrant with the breath of farms, the aroma
of the salt sea, and the even sweeter essence that
exhales from the homely virtues, practiced amid simple
surroundings, where family ties are strong, and where
love, loyal and true, reigns as queen.”—Philadelphia Item.
A HUMBLE ENTERPRISE.
“A restful, sympathetic, domestic story, full of tender
pathos, excellent character drawing, and genuine, lovable
human nature—a story to be read, not once, but again
and again.”—London Daily Mail.
FIDELIS.
“The original flavor of Ada Cambridge is not lost but
enriched by being ingrafted on a sturdy stock. Her pictures
of Australia and of rural England are as attractive as ever,
her story better than ever. In ‘Fidelis’ she has not only
advanced beyond herself, but has written one of the best
little novels of the year.”—New York Evening Post.
MY GUARDIAN.
“A story which will, from first to last, enlist the sympathies
of the reader by its simplicity of style and fresh, genuine
feeling.... The author is au fait at the delineation of
character.”—Boston Transcript.
THE THREE MISS KINGS.
“An exceedingly strong novel. It is an Australian story,
teeming with a certain calmness of emotional power that
finds expression in a continual outflow of living thought
and feeling.”—Boston Times.
“The story is told with great brilliancy, the character and
society sketching is very charming, while delightful
incidents and happy surprises abound. It is a tuple love
story, pure in tone, and of very high literary merit.”—
Chicago Herald.
NOT ALL IN VAIN.
“A worthy companion to the best of the author’s former
efforts, and in some respects superior to any of them.”—
Detroit Free Press.
A MARRIAGE CEREMONY.
“‘A Marriage Ceremony’ is highly original in conception, its
action graceful though rapid, and its characters sparkling
with that life and sprightliness that have made their author
rank as a peer of delineators.”—Baltimore American.
A LITTLE MINX.
“A thoroughly charming novel, which is just the finest bit of
work its author has yet accomplished.”—Baltimore
American.