PRESENTATION ON

TYPES OF LAMPS

By - Mr. SAHUSAKDE A.D.

Lecturer in Electrical Engineering Dept.
Govt. POLYTECHNIC
Gondia.

Subject: IEB (22530)

 Electric
lamps

Discharge Fluorescent Halogen Incandescent

lamps lamps lamps lamps

High and low

Sodium Gas filled Vacuum
pressure Neon tube
lamps lamps lamps
mercury light
Construction, working and Applications of
Following Lamps:

- Incandescent Lamps.
- Carban Arc lamps
- Low Pressure Mercury Vapour. Vapor (U.S spelling) or Vapour (British spelling)
Lamps (Fluorescent Tube).
- Halogen Lamps.
- Sodium Vapour Lamps.
- High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps.
- Compact Fluorescent Lamps (C.F.L.)
- Metal Halide Lamps.
- LED Lamps.
- Neon Signs.
1. Incandescent Lamp. (Filament lamp) :
 Filament lamps must have,
.

1. It should have high melting point (3500º C).

2. It should have high resistivity.
3. It should have low temperature co-efficient.
4. It should have low vapor pressure.
5. Mechanically Strong, ductile.

Material used for filament is Carbon, Osmium tantalum and

Tungsten.

Gas used inside the lamp ( Nitrogen or Argon )

Life: 1000 Hrs working hrs. Lamp efficiency: 10 - 30 lumens/watt

Working:
Lamp work on the principal of Incandescence
( i.e. when a hot body is heated, radiant energy is emitted in waveform).

◘ An incandescent bulb generates light through heat.(95% Heat,5% Light)

◘ When electrical current passes through the tungsten filament, it

heats to the point where it glows and gives off a yellow-red light.

◘ To keep the filament from burning up immediately, it's housed in a

vacuum. Even so, the intense heat of the filament ensures a
comparatively short and expensive life span.

Applications: Domestic, Commercial and Industrial. Etc…

CARBON ARC LAMPS
DC Carbon Arc Lamp
AC Carbon Arc Lamp
Flame- Arc Lamp
 Applications
• Cinema projectors
• Search lights.
2. Fluorescent Tube:
Construction:
A fluorescent lamp tube is filled with a gas containing low
pressure mercury vapor and argon, xenon, neon, or krypton.

The pressure inside the lamp is around 0.3% of atmospheric

pressure.

The inner surface of the lamp is coated with a fluorescent (and

often slightly phosphorescent) coating made of varying blends of
metallic and rare-earth phosphor salts.

The lamp's electrodes are typically made of coiled tungsten and

usually referred to as cathodes because of their prime function of
emitting electrons. For this, they are coated with a mixture of
barium, strontium and calcium oxides chosen to have a low
thermionic emission temperature.
Working:
Working:
Cathode filament emitting electrons after getting heated due to supply of current .
These electrons while accelerating collide with Argon and Mercury vapour atoms.
The excited atoms of Mercury give a radiation
 Applications:

1.In US residences, fluorescent lamps are mostly found in kitchens,

basements, and garages.

2. In countries, like India…

i) Residential.
ii) Commercial.
iii) Small scale industries ….Etc.
5. High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp.
This lamp start with a small arc
between the starting electrode and the
main electrode.

This arc goes through argon gas which

easily strikes, even in cold weather.

This little arc heats the tube, and over

several minutes the tube gets hot
enough to vaporize the solid mercury
stuck to the sides.

The mercury vaporized creates a strong

light between the two main electrodes.
◘ The mercury vapor lamp is a negative resistance device.
◘ This means its resistance decreases as the current through
the tube increases.
◘ So if the lamp is connected directly to a constant-voltage
source like the power lines, the current through it will
increase until it destroys itself.
◘ Therefore it requires a ballast to limit the current through
it.
 Applications
• Sport Ground
• Stage Lighting
• Petrol Station lighting
• Park lighting
• Railway marshaling yard.
 Sodium Vapour Lamps.

Operating Temp.r
300ºC.

Efficiency: 110
lumens/watt.

Containing Sodium Gas

And Inert gas either Neon or Argon

 Applications

• Street Lighting
• Flood lighting of Docks
 Metal Halide Lamps.
Assembly of a quartz or ceramic
tube and electrodes is commonly
called the arc tube.

Arc tube contains argon or xenon

starting gas, mercury and metal
halide salts.

Metal halide arc tubes operates at

temperatures of 900-1100º C.

Average life= 8000 – 10,000 Hrs

Wattage : 35 w – 1500 watt.

Efficiency : 65 – 110 lumens/watt
 Construction Materials:
The high pressure and temperature of this light would
normally react and destroy the silica in normal
glass. Fused quartz is used due to a high melting
temperature, and by using halogens the destructive
process is stopped.
Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal
and therefore it makes the best electrode material. The
tungsten is treated with radioactive thorium
(Thl4)(ThO2). This helps increase the life of the
tungsten and lamp itself.
 A Halide is a chemical compound of a halogen
combined with an electropositive element, or in the
case of lamps: a metal. A halogen is a element
which readily forms negative ions. There are 5
halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and
astatine.
Function of Ignitor:
T0 provide a strong/hot enough arc
to light (strike) the lamp by
overcoming the resistance of the
gas in the lamp.
Function of Capacitor:

To improve the power factor.

Applications:

1) Flood lighting.
2) Indoor lighting.
3) Landscape lighting
4) Shopping malls
5) Showrooms
6) Super markets. etc
Applications:
3. Halogen Lamps.

Wattage: 20/50 w 12 V
300w, 500w, 1000w 230 V.

Some of them only works

Horizontal and Vertical
Argon &
Nitrogen
Efficiency- 23 to 25
lumen/watt
 500 W Tungsten Halogen Lamp :

Types of Halogen Lamps:

Applications:

1. Indoor lighting. 6. Photo film.

2. Outdoor lighting. 7. Signaling.
3. Flood lighting. 8.Large gardens.
4. For vehicle head lights. 9.Fountains.
5. TV studios 10. Airport runways.
7.Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)
COMPARISION WITH INCANDESCENT LAMPS:

Incandescent CFL
1) Life Span: 1000 Hrs 6000-15,000 Hrs
2) Energy consumption: More Less
3) Cost : Less More
4) Starting time: Immediately Take time to give
full illumination.
8. LED ( Light Emitting Diode) Lamps:

LEDs are semiconductor devices

that produces light when an
electrical current applied to them.

Latest Lighting Technology.

Invented in 1962.
Lower energy consumption.
Longer life : 50,000 – 100,000 Hrs.
Smaller size , Faster switching.
Efficiency: 130 lumens/watt.

RGB-Method mixing the proper

amount of light from red, green,
blue

LED yield white light.

Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP
Application:

1) Signs and Traffic signals.

2) Displays.
3) Exit signs.
4) Indicators and Flash lights.
5) Under counters. Etc.
Neon Signs.
And also called cold cathode discharge lamps.

These lamps Operates at a very low temperature (200º C)

The electrodes are housed at the two ends of the tube.

Tube contains neon gas.

Neon gas discharge gives a characteristic red light.

Applications:
 LASER lamp
“light amplification by the stimulated
emission of radiation”.
Spontaneous emission: Spontaneous emission is when an electron in a higher
energy level drops down to a lower energy level and a photon is emitted with an
energy equal to the energy difference between the two levels. There is no
interference in this process from outside factors. Usually spontaneous emission
happens very quickly after an electron gets into an excited state. In other words,
the lifetime of the excited state is very short (the electron only stays in the high
energy level for a very short time).
However, there are some excited states where an electron can remain in the
higher energy level for a longer time than usual before dropping down to a lower
level. These excited states are called metastable states.

Stimulated emission: stimulated emission happens when a photon with an

energy equal to the energy difference between two levels interacts with an
electron in the higher level. This stimulates the electron to emit an identical
photon and drop down to the lower energy level. This process results in two
photons at
the end.
Applications:
1.laser printers
2. laser communication and fibre
3.opticsoptical storage
4.using lasers as precision measurement tools