Model 4

Chapter 6-Color Image processing

6.1 Introduction
•Light

•Light is fundamental for color vision

•Unless there is a source of light, there is nothing to see! What do we see?

•We do not see objects, but the light that has been reflected by or transmitted
through the objects
Color Fundamentals
In 1666 Sir Isaac Newton discovered that g (2002) when a beam
of sunlight passes through a glass prism, the emerging beam is
split into a spectrum of colors.

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 Visible light wavelength: from around 400 to 700 nm
1.For an achromatic (monochrome) light source,
there is only 1 attribute to describe the quality: intensity
2.For a chromatic light source, there are 3 attributes to describe the
quality:
Radiance = total amount of energy flow from a light source (Watts)
Luminance = amount of energy received by an observer (lumens)
Brightness = intensity
The colors that humans and most animals perceive in an object are
determined by the nature of the light reflected from the object

For example, green objects reflect light with wave lengths primarily in
the range of 500 – 570 nm while absorbing most of the energy at other
wavelengths.

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Three basic quantities are used to describe the quality of a
chromatic light source:
– Radiance: the total amount of energy that flows from the
light source (measured in watts)

– Luminance: the amount of energy an observer perceives from

the light source (measured in lumens)
•Note we can have high radiance but low luminance
– Brightness: a subjective (practically un-measurable) notion that
embodies the achromatic notion of intensity of light

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Chromatic light spans the electromagnetic spectrum from approximately
400 to 700 nm.
Human color vision is achieved through 6 to 7 million cones in each eye.
Three principal sensing groups:
–66% of these cones are sensitive to red light
–33% to green light
–2% to blue light.
Absorption curves for the different cones have been determined
experimentally.
Strangely these do not match the CIE standards for red (700nm), green
(546.1nm) and blue (435.8nm) light as the standards were developed
before the experiments!
The primary colors can be added to produce the secondary colors.
Mixing the three primaries produces white.
Mixing a secondary with its opposite primary produces white
(e.g. red+cyan).
Primary colors of light (red, green, blue)
Primary colors of pigments (colorants)
– A color that subtracts or absorbs a primary color of light and
reflects the other two.
– These are cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY).
– A proper combination of pigment primaries produces black.

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Primary and Secondary Colors (cont.)
Additive primary colors: RGB
use in the case of light sources
such as color monitors

RGB add together to get white

Subtractive primary colors: CMY

use in the case of pigments in
printing devices
White subtracted by CMY to get
Black
How to Distinguish one color from another?
Brightness: the achromatic notion of intensity.
Hue: the dominant wavelength in a mixture of light waves.
Note : The dominant color perceived by an observer, e.g. when we call
an object red or orange we refer to its hue)

Saturation: the amount of white light mixed with a hue. Pure colors are
fully saturated. Pink (red+white) is less saturated.
Hue and saturation are called chromaticity.
Therefore any color is characterized by its brightness and chromaticity.
The amounts of red, green and blue needed to form a particular color
are called tristimulus values and are denoted by X, Y, Z.

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6.2 Color modules
RGB Color model
6.2.2 CMY and CMYK Color Models

• Additive color won’t work for printing because we can’t begin with
black.
• We must begin with a piece of paper, and that’s usually white.
• White, as we know, is all colors. So we can’t add to all colors. We
must subtract.
• Furthermore, an offset printing press can’t generate the enormous
number of colors available on a computer screen.
• We need to run a piece of paper through the press for each ink
6.3 Pseudo color image processing
•Pseudo colour (also called false colour) image processing consists of assigning colours
to grey values based on a specific criterion

•The principle use of pseudo colour image processing is for human visualisation
• Humans can discern between thousands of colour shades and intensities,
compared to only about two dozen or so shades of grey
True-color images are images with natural color rendition: a red apple
appears red, a blue ocean appears blue, etc. It’s difficult to achieve
absolute true color in images, but being approximately close to human
perception is acceptable.
False color images, on the other hand, sacrifices natural color rendition
in order to facilitate the detection of some objects. They are mainly used
for satellite and space images.
– Intensity slicing and colour coding is one of the simplest kinds of
pseudocolour image processing
– First we consider an image as a 3D function mapping spatial
coordinates to intensities
– Now consider placing planes at certain levels parallel to the
coordinate plane
– If a value is one side of such a plane it is rendered in one colour, and
a different colour if on the other side
•In general intensity slicing can be summarised as:

– Let [0, L-1] represent the grey scale

– Let l0 represent black [f(x, y) = 0] and let lL-1 represent white [f(x, y) = L-1]
– Suppose P planes perpendicular to the intensity axis are defined at levels l1, l2,
l
…, p
– Assuming that 0 < P < L-1 then the P planes partition the grey scale into P
+ 1 intervals V1, V2,…,VP+1
– Grey level colour assignments can then be made according to the relation:
– where ck is the colour associated with the kth intensity level Vk defined by the
partitioning planes at l = k – 1 and l = k
 Module 4
Chapter 3 Morphological Image Processing
• Preliminaries,
• Erosion and Dilation,
• Opening and Closing,
• The Hit-or-Miss Transforms,
• Some Basic Morphological Algorithms.
• [Text: Chapter 9: Sections 9.1 to 9.5]
Morphology
What are Morphological Operations?

• Morphological operations come from the word “morphing” in Biology

which means “changing a shape”

• Morphing Image morphological operations are used to manipulate

object shapes such as thinning, thickening, and filling. Binary
morphological operations are derived from set operations.
Transform
Reflection

https://www.mathwarehouse.com/animated-gifs/transformati
ons.php#reflect-point-x-axis
Rotation
Operators by graphical example
Logical operators for binary Images
Structuring Element
How structuring elements are used
Example: Dilation
Cont….
Cont…
Cont…
Cont…
Cont…
Cont..
Cont….
Example 2:dilation
Example: Erosion
Example 2:Erosion
3 .Opening and Closing
• Opening generally smoothest the contour of ab object, break narrow
Isthmuses and eliminates thin protrusions.

Closing also tend to smooth sections of contours but as opposed to

opening, it generally fuses narrow breaks and long thin gulfs,
eliminates small holes, and fills gaps in contour.
Closing of set A by structuring element B, denoted as
Duality
3.4 Hit and Miss Transform
Introduction
3.5 Basic Morphological algorithms
1.Boundary Extraction
The boundary of asset A, denoted by β(A),can be obtained by first
eroding A by β and then performing the set difference between A and
its erosion.
2.Hole filling or region filling

A Hole may be defined as a background region surrounded by a

connected border of foreground pixels.
Develop an algorithm based on set dilation, complementation and
intersection for filling holes in an image
Let A denotes a set whose elements are 8-connected boundaries, each
boundary enclosing a background region, B is structuring element and
K denotes the number of iterations.
3 Extraction of Connected components

Extraction of connected components from binary image is central to

many automated image analysis applications.
Let A be a set containing one or more connected components and form
an array X0(of the same size as the array containing A) whose elements
are 0s(background values) except at each location know to correspond
to a point in each connected component in A, which we set to
1(foreground value).
The objective is to start with and find all the connected
components
4 Convex hull
5.Thinning
6.Thickening
7.Skeltons