CHINGA BOYS HIGH SCHOOL

FORM 3 EXTRA TERM 3 2024 HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENT

ENGLISH
1. Write a summary in each of the following
(i) ACT 1
(ii) ACT 2
(iii) ACT 3
2. Write notes of the following (and highlight page number retrieven from).
(i) Themes
(ii) Character traits (all characters)
(iii) Styles
3. Write the following essays
(i) Closely referring to professor Kimani in fathers of nations, write an essay to show how one problem can lead to another.
(ii) Discuss the theme of Betrayal as brought out in the novel fathers of nation.
(iii) Discuss the theme of poverty and destitution as depicted in fathers of nation.
(iv) Discuss the theme of corruption and dishonesty as depicted in fathers of nation.

MATHEMATICS FORM THREE

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENT 2024

1. Make c the subject of the formula in

1 c2 r 1 c
(i) v 
2
 ii) n 
r2 3 2x k
2. Make u the subject of the formula.
uv
x
u  2w
3. Use matrix methods to solve.
(i) x+2y = 4
2x+y=7
(ii) 3x – y = 5
5x-2y=9
4. Solve (i) y2=x-1
y2+3x=7
5. Solve x2+5/2x-3/2=0
6. Solve (i) log(4x-9)= 3log3 (ii) logx+log5 = log 30 (iii) log (3x+4) – log(3-x)=1
7. Two points A and B are such that AB=3i+4j+12k. Find the distance AB.
8. Find the distance between the points whose position vectors are 3j+k and 2i+j+k.
9. Given that 2i-j+k=a and 3i+5j-k=b, find
- 3a+2b
-3a + 2b
10. Construct tangents from a point which is 6cm from the centre of a circle radius 4cm.
Measure the length of the tangent.
11. On the figure above PQR and PT are tangents to the circle at Q and T respectively. Angle
RPT=300 and angle RQS = 500. Giving reasons for your answer find the size of <PTS.
12. Using binomial expansion expand and simplify (1-2x)5 up to the term x3. Use the expansion to evaluate (0.98)5.
13. Onyango is now three times as old as his daughter and four times as his son. Eight years from Onyango’s age will be
twelve years more than the sum of the ages of his son and daughter. Find Onyango present age.
14. Two quantities x and are such that y varies inversely as the square of x. Given that y=8 when x=2. Find the values of
x when y=18.
15. A box contains 6 yellow balls, 4 white balls and 2 blue balls being similar in shape. A ball is picked at random without
replacement and its colour noted. Use a tree diagram to determine the probability that at least one of the first two balls
picked is blue.
16. The table below gives some values of y=sin 2x and y=2cos x in the given range complete the table.
x0 -225 -180 -135 -90 -45 0 45 90 135 180 225
y=sin 2x0 -1.0 1.0 0 -1.0 1.0
 y=2cosx -1.4 -.1.4 2.0 -1.4 -1.4
b) On the same axes draw the graphs of y=sin 2x0 and y=2 cos x.
c) Use your graphs to find the values of x for which
Sin2x - 2xcos x = 0
17. The table below shows the rate at which income tax is charged for all income earned.
Taxable income per year (sh.) Rate (sh. For every sh. 20)
1-75480 2
75481-150960 3
150961 – 226440 4
226441-301920 5
301921-377400 7
A bank manager earns a basic salary of sh17200 and a house allowance of sh 4000 per month. He is married and is
entitled to a family relief of sh 480 per month. Calculate how much income tax the manager pays per month.
18. Two friends safari and Temu contributed sh. 200,000 and sh. 300,000 respectively to start a business. They decided
that 15% of the profits made each year would be put back into the business. They also estimated that 33% of the profits
would cover salaries and other expenses for that year. The rest would be shared between the two in the ration of their
contributions. At the end of the first year sh. 33,000 was put back into the business. Determine how much each partner
received at the end of that year.
19. Using a ruler and compasses only, construct triangle ABC such that AB=8cm, BC=6cm and angle ABC=30 0.
(b) Measure line AC and angle ACB.
(c ) Draw a circle that passes through A, B and C.
20. A quantity f is partly constant and partly varies as the cube of E. When E=1, f = 23 and when E=2 F=44. Find the
value of F when E=5.
21. A cold water tap can fill a bath in 5 minutes while a hot water tap can fill it in 6 minutes. The drainage pipe can empty
the full can empty the full bath in 3 minutes. Find how long it would take to fill the bath if the three are left open.
22. The table below shows height of 50 trees in a nursery measured to the nearest cm.
Height in cm Frequency
10-14 9
15-19 12
20-24 16
25-29 10
30-34 3
(a) State the modal class.
(b) State the modal frequency
(c) Give the difference between the mean and median.
23. The straight line passing through the points p(-2, -4) and Q(3, -2) meets the x-axis at point R. Determine the
coordinates of R.
24. (a) Evaluate 3log 105 + log1064-log108
3 1 
(b) Given the matrix A    find A2
 2 4 

(c ) Find matrix B such that A2 = B-2A.

4  5
25.The position vector of P is   and the vector PQ=   . Determine the coordinates of Q.
  3 7
26. Solve for x in the equation
27(x-1) x 9x=81x.
27. Under an enlargement scale factor 2 the image of point A(-1, 3) is A1(8, 12). Determine the coordinated of the centre of
enlargement.

28. Four towns P, Q, R and s are such that town Q is 120km due East of town P. Town R is 160km due north of town Q
Town s is on a bearing of 3300 from p and on a bearing of 3000 from R. Use a ruler and compasses only for all
constructions in this question.
(a) Taking a scale of 1cm =50km construct a scale drawing to show the positions of towns
P,Q, R and S.
(b) Use the scale drawing to determine
(i) The distance SP
(ii) The distance SR
(iii)The bearing of town s from town Q
29. A country bus left Nairobi at 10:45 am and travelled towards Mombasa at an average speed of 60klm/hr. A matatu left
Nairobi at 1:15pm on the same day and travelled along the same road at an average speed of 100km/h. The distance
between Nairobi and Mombasa is 500km.
(a) Determine the time of the day when the matatu overlook the bus.
(b) Both vehicles continue towards Mombasa at their original speeds. Find how long the matatu had to wait in Mombasa
before the bus arrived.
21 21
30. Simplify 
7 3 7 3

1 1 1
3  1 1
31. Evaluate 3 9 3
2 5 2
4 2 
9 9 3
32. The equation of a circle is x 2+y2+6x-10y-2=0. Determine the coordinates of the circle and state its radius.
33. The points A(2,6), B(1,1), C(2, 3 and D(4,0) are the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD.
(a)On the graph paper plot points ABC and D and join them to form a quadrilateral ABCD.
(b) A1B1C1D1 are the images of ABCD under enlargement centre origin and scale factor -2. Draw A1B1C1D1.
(c ) A11B11C11D11 are the images of ABCD under a reflection in the x-axis. Draw A11B11C11D11.
34. Given the points p(-6,-3) Q(-2, -1) and R(6,3) express vectors PQ and QR as column vectors and hence show that the
points P, Q and R are collinear.
35. The length of a room is 3 metres longer than its width. A carpet where area is 18m2 is laid in the middle of the room
leaving a margin 50cm wide between the wall and the carpet all around the room.
(a) Taking x to represent the width of the room, express the dimensions of the carpet in terms of x.
(b) Write down the area of the carpet in terms of x.
(c ) Determine the dimensions of the room.
(d) The space between the wall and the carpet is covered with polythene materials which costs sh. 145 per square metre.
Find the cost of the material required.
36. A model of a cylindrical tank is used in such a way that it is similar in shape to the actual tank to be constructed. The
curved surface area of the model is 110m2.
(a) Given that the height of the model is 4cm, calculate the height of the actual tank in metres.
(b) Calculate the volume of the model given that the diameter of the actual tank is 7m.
(c ) Find the volume scale factor and hence calculate the volume of the actual tank in cubic metres.
37. Use logarithms to evaluate
0.89322  582.3 3
1

69.35 2
1

38. The line which joins the points A(3,K) and B(-2,5) is parallel to the line whose
Equation is 5y+2x=7. Find the value of k.
39. Use mathematical tables to find the
(a) (i) Square of 86.46
(ii) Reciprocal of 27.56
(b) Hence or otherwise calculate the value of
86.462
27.56
40. It would take 15 men 8 days to dig a trench 240m long. Find how many days it would take 18 men to dig a trench 360
metres long working at the same rate.
41. The sum of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is 14400. Find the value of n and hence deduce the name of the
polygon.
3 5 1
42. Solve the inequality. 4  2
2 3 3
43. The table below shows the marks scored by form 2 students in a mathematical tests.
5-14 3
15-24 7
25-34 12
35-44 20
45-54 30
55-64 15
65-74 8
75-84 3
85-94 2
(a)Complete the table
(b) State the modal class
(c ) Calculate the mean mark for the students
(d) Draw a histogram and hence a frequency polygon to represent the information.
44. The distance Murema’s hose and Kaluta’s house is 40km. One day Murema left his house at 9.00am and cycled
towards Kaluta’s house at an average speed of 20km/h. Kaluta left his house at 11:30 am on the same day and cycled
towards Murema’s house at an average speed of 30km/hr.
(a) Determine
(i) The distance from Murema’s house where the two cyclist met.
(ii) The time of day when they met.
(b) The two continued with their respective journeys until each reached his destination. Determine who reached his
destination earlier and by how long.
45. Find all integral values of x which satisfy the inequalities
5-3x < x-7 1< 1-2x
46. Solve for x in the equation.
9 x 1  3 2 x 1  243
47. Kariuki, Mwangi and Jane are practising archery. The probability of Kariuki hitting the target is 2/5, that of Mwangi
hitting the target is ¼ and that of Jane hitting the target is 3/7. Find the probability that in one attempt.
(a) Only one hits the targets.
(b) All three hit the target
(c ) None of them hit the target
(d) Two hit the target
(e) At least one hits the target
48. The 2nd, 4th and 7th terms of an AP are the first 3 consecutive terms of a Gp. If the common difference of the AP is 2.
Find
(a) The common ratio of the GP.
(b) The sum of the first eight terms of the GP.
49. In a Gp the sum of the 2nd & 3rd term is 4 and sum of 3rd and 4th term is 2. Find the first term and the common ratio.
50. Bookings for the train seats between Nairobi and two stations K and M were equal. There were 5 in first class, 90 in
second class, and 26 in third class in each train. For station k the fares were first class sh. 45, second class sh 156 and
third class sh. 56. For station m the fares were first class sh 49, second class sh. 21 and third class sh. 7. Using matrices
find the total collection.
51. given 8.6cm  3.4cm find
(a) The absolute error in the quotient
(b) The relative error in the quotient.
52. Draw the graphs of the function y=x2+3x+1
Use your graphs to solve (i) x2 + 3x + 1= 0
(ii) x2+3x-4=0
(iii) x +2x-2=0
2

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

1. Explain the functions of IEBC
2)Give one special court in Kenya. (1mark)
3)Identify one function of the Governor of a county in Kenya.(1mark)
4)a) State three factors that undermine free and fair election in Kenya. (3marks)
b) Describe the stages through which a bill passes before it becomes a law in the National
Assembly of Kenya. (12marks)
5)Name the arm of government of Kenya that interprets law.(1 mark)
6)State the main duty of the government chief whip in Kenya’s parliament.(1 mark)
7)State two ways in which the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 affected the
Composition of the government in Kenya.(2 marks)
8)Identify two qualifications for the appointment in the office of Kadhi.(2mks)
9)Give one reason that can make the national government in Kenya to suspend a county government.
 (1mk)
10)(a)Why are general elections conducted in Kenya every five years.(5mks)
(b)Explain five functions of the public service commission.(10mks)
11)Name the body in charge of Elections in Kenya.(1mk)
12)State the house of parliament that represents the interests of counties in Kenya. (1mk)
13)Who is the head of National Police Service in Kenya. (1mk)
14)Identify two units of the Kenya Defence Forces.(2mks)
15)(a) State three principles of devolved governments.(3mks)
(b) Explain six functions of the county government in Kenya.(12mks)
16)(a) Identify three specials of courts in Kenya.(3mks)
(b) Describe six functions of the High Court in Kenya.(12mks)
17)State two objectives of devolving the government of Kenya. (2 marks)
18)(a) Give three superior courts in Kenya (3mks)
(b) Explain six measures taken by the government to improve the correctional services in Kenya
19)(a) Mention three national security organs (3mks)
(b) Explain six functions of the attorney general in Kenya(12mks)
20)Identify the parliamentary symbol of authority. (1mark)
21)Mention two units that make up the national police units in Kenya. (2marks)
22)State the main function of the attorney General in Kenya. (1mark)
23)(a)Give three reasons why elections are important in Kenya.(3 marks)
(b)Describe the law-making process in Kenya.(12 marks)
24)(a)Give three factors which may undermine the effectiveness of the traffic police in Kenya.(3mks)
(b)Explain six functions of the Kenya Defense Forces.
25.Explain 6 functions of high court in Kenya
26.State 5 non military functions of KDF
27.Explain functions of judicial service commission
28.State the composition of judicial service commission
29.State and explain the importance of parliamentary supremacy
30.Explain the independence of judiciary
31.State and explain the concept of natural justice in kenya

BUSINESS STUDIES PAPER 1 & 2

1. State four internal factors that may affect the business positively. 4mks
2. Give four types of direct taxes. 4mks
3. Identify the level of occupation described by each of the following activities. 4mks
Activities Level of occupation
i.A boy chasing hare for meat
ii. Britam insurance company selling their policies
iii. School carpenter making chairs for the school
iv. Mr. Zuma counseling form 4 students
4. Outline four considerations that a seller should take into account before giving credit to a customer. 4mks
5. State four services offered by retailers to their customers. 4mks
6. Highlight four challenges that Kenya government might experience in implementing a development plan. 4mks
7. State four advantages of division of labour and specialization. 4mks
8. Name the account to be debited and account to be credited in recording each of the following transactions of Soya
Traders. 4mks
Transaction Account to debit Account to credit
a. Sold goods on credit to Wanjau
b. Bought goods on credit from Saipei Traders
c. Achieng returned goods worth sh. Soya Traders
d. Bought a motor vehicle worth on credit
9. State four reasons why government issues licenses to businesses. 4mks
10. Outline four circumstances under which capital of a business may change. 4mks
 11. Highlight four challenges that may be faced when using a cell phone in communication. 4mks
12. Give four characteristics of underdeveloped countries. 4mks
13. State the term given to each of the following activities. 4mks
a. Giving a product a name by which it would sell at .…………………………
b. Putting goods in packets, boxes or cartons for easier carrying.……………………
c. Mixing different grades to achieve desired tastes, colours or other qualities.……
d. Putting goods in groups of similar qualities to make it easier to price them.……
14. Highlight four benefits of using electronic filing system to an organization. 4mks
15. Mention four sources of capital for partnership form of business unit. 4mks
16. The following balances were extracted from the books of Chebi Traders for the month ended 31 st March 2020.
Sh.
Sales 420,000
Purchases 240,000
Motor van 300,000
Equipment 120,000
Debtors 80,000
Creditors 40,000
Expenses 160,000
Capital 440,000
Required: Prepare a trial balance of Chebi Traders for the month ended 31st March 2020. 4mks
17. Outline four factors that a trader would consider in choosing a means of transport. 4mks
18. Give four sources of monopoly powers. 4mks
19. Highlight four factors that may influence the level of national income of a country. 4mks
20. Outline four ways in which a warehouse is of importance to a manufacturer. 4mks
21. Outline four factors that may be considered when measuring the size of a firm. 4mks
22. The following diagram represents a shift in supply curve.
Price d so s1

d
so s1

Quantity
Outline four factors that cause the shift from S0S0 to S1S1. 4mks
23. Highlight four reasons why the government may levy taxes. 4mks
24. Outline four insurance policies that a shopkeeper can undertake. 4mks
25. State four goals of development. 4mks.
26. a. Explain five components of business studies. 10mks
b. Explain five types of unemployment. 10mks
27. a. Explain five barriers to effective communication. 10mks
b. Explain five factors that may limit the number of entrepreneurs in an area. 10mks
28. a. State and explain any five documents and their uses as used in home trade. 10mks
b. With the aid of a diagram, explain the effects of an increase in supply to equilibrium
price and quantity of commodity. 10mks
29. a.Describe five differences between partnerships and public limited companies.10mks
b. Explain five factors that may influence the location of a firm. 10mks
30. a. Explain five characteristics of Economic resources. 10mks
b. Explain five types of advertising. 10mks
31. a. A company wishes to have its goods distributed all over the country. Advise the
company on five factors it may consider before choosing the distribution channels. 10mks
b. On January 1st 2019 Mambo Traders had sh. 130,000 in cash and a bank credit balance of sh. 134,000. During
the month the following transactions took place:
Jan 2nd: Cash sales sh. 215,000
Jan 5th: Debtor settled his account of sh. 100,000 by cheque less 5% cash discount
Jan 15th: Paid salaries sh.40, 000 in cash
Jan 20th: Settled creditors account of sh. 60,000 by cheque less 2% cash discount
 Jan 22nd: Deposited sh. 100,000 into the bank from cash till
Jan 24th: Withdrew shs. 10,000 of which shs 6,000 was for office use and the rest was
to pay for his daughter’s medical bill.
Jan 25th: Cash sales directly banked sh. 200,000
Jan 26th: A cheque received on Jan 5th from a debtor was dishounored.
Jan 27th: Purchased goods worth sh. 20,000 on credit
Jan 31st: Banked all cash except sh. 50,000
Required: Prepare a three column cash book duly balanced as at 31st Jan 2019. 10mks

FORM 3 FRENCH
1. Transformez ces phrases à l’imparfait
a) Aujourd’hui, je regarde des sports en chaine TV 5.
Il y a 5 ans……………………………………………………………………………………
b) Ils déjeunent à midi.
Avant, ils………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Répondez à ces questions à la forme négative.
a) Le dentiste va toujours au stade ?
Non, ……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Le conducteur donne quelque chose à l’agent de police ?
Non, il…………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Le gouvernement a-t-il déjà changé le système d’éducation ?
Non, ……………………………………………………………………………………………
d) On a choisi quelqu’un pour ce poste ?
Non, ………………………………………………………………………………
e) Les élèves écrivaient seulement une rédaction par semaine.
Les élèves ………………………………………………………………………..
3. Remplacez le groupe de mots soulignés par le pronom possessif qui convient.
Votre cousine a le même âge que ma cousine.
Votre cousin a le même âge que……………………………………………………
4.Mettez dans une seule phrase en utilisant que
Tu aimes ces fleurs. Tu as acheté ces fleurs en ville.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.Completez ces phrases avec la forme des verbes entre parenthèses qui convient
a) Samedi soir, Juliette (dormir) au lit quand son copain (arriver) à la maison.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Il me (téléphoner), au moment où son patron (entrer) le bureau.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
6.Changez les phrases en utilisant soit avoir mal soit faire mal
a)Il a mal au ventre.…………………………………………………………….
b) Mes jambes me font mal………………………………………………………………

5.Cherchez les adverbes des mots entre parenthèses .

a) Tu as payé……………………………………..un dollar. (seul)
b) La fille gagnante a reçu son cadeau…………………………………………(joyeux)
6.Fill in with one word.
a)……………………………………….belle photo!
b) Ils sont…………………….le point de jouer.
c)Il vient………………………..commencer.
7.Mettez ces phrases au discours indirect.
a) Il lui ordonne :« N’allez pas au disco ! »
Il lui ordonne de …………………………………………………………………………….
b)Il dit : « je pars pour Mombasa ».
Il dit………………………………………………………………………………………..
8.Answer the following questions using pronouns to avoid unnecessary repetitions.
a) Vous avez demandé la permission à vos chefs ?
Oui, je…………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Est-ce qu’elle vous a déjà donné des fruits de son jardin ?
Non, elle………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Vous avez envoyé ma commande à ma femme ?
 Oui, je…………………………………………………………………………………………
d) Est-ce que vous avez mangé de la tortue ?
Non, nous ………………………………………………………………………………….
9.Repondez avec si,
a) Il ne peut pas écrire une rédaction ?................................................................................
b) Vous ne vendez pas les bananes ?........................................................................

10.Mettez les phrases suivantes au futur proche.

a) Tu réponds aux questions ……………………………………………………………….
b) Elle sort de la maison ……………………………………………………………

DRAWING AND DESIGN

tr ctio to Ca i ate

(a) You hould have the following material :

Drawing in trument .
3 heet of drawing paper ize A3;
cale rule.
(b) Thi pa er con i t of three ection ; A, B and C.
(c) An wer all the que tion in ection A and B and any two que tion from ection C. (d) Que tion
in ection A mu t be an wered in the spaces provided.
(e) Que tion in ection B and C hould be an wered on the A3 heet of drawing paper provided.
(f) All dimen ion are in millimeter unle otherwi e tated.
(g) Ca didate may e e alize f r ot followi g t e i tr ctio give i t i a er.
(h) T i pa er co i t of 8 ri ted age .
(i) Ca i ate o l c ec t e e tio a er to a certai t at all t e age are rin e a i dicate
a t at o e tio are mi i g.
(j) Candidate o l a wer t e q e tio i E gli .

1. a) State the three main factors that contribute to quality drawings. (3 mks)
(b) Briefly de cribe four main tep involved in de ign proce . (4mks
2. a) (i tate one rea on for u ing different type of line in drawing. ( mk
(ii) Explain one u e of each of the following line : (1mk
b) Outline six advantage of u ing computer in drawing compared to manual method. (3mks
3. a) tate one di advantage of using each of the following item to mount drawing pape on dra ing board.
(i) a king tape; (1mk
(ii) Thumb pin ; (1mk
b) e cribe each of the follo ing manufactured board :
i. Plywood; (1mk
ii. Chip board; (1mk
iii. Block board. (1mk
4. Figure 1 how a template drawn in full ize
ea ure and dimen ion the hole and angle of the lanting face. (2mks
 5. Figure 2 how a pictorial view of a haped block.
U ing third angle projection, ketch in good proportion the orthographic view of the block. (6mk ).

6. Figure 3 how two view of a block drawn in fir t projection. In good proportionality ketch the block in
oblique projection. (6mk )
7. Con truct an internal common tangent to the circle given in fig re 4. (7mk )

8. The following line were drawn u ing different cale . a)

Determine the di tance repre ented by each line u ing the given cale. (3mk )

I. Line AB if the cale u ed i 1:2

II. Line CD if the cale u ed i 2:1

9. A ri ht quare pyramid i truncated along X-X and Y-Y a hown in fig re 5. Complete the plan.
(4mk )
DD44 /1 Page
10. Figure 6 how two view of a haped block drawn in fir t angle projection. ketch the third view by
projecting from the given view . (5mk )
DD44 /1 Page
 I N ( marks)

C MPU R QU I N.

11. Figure 7 how part of a mac ine component drawn in fir t angle projection. A emble the part and draw
ULL IZE the following:

(a) ectional front elevation along the cutting plane - ;

(b) The plan; (20 mark

DD44 /1 Page
 I N (3 M )

Answeranytwoquestionsfrom thissection.
12. Figure 8 how the three orthographic view of a machined block drawn in fir t angle projection. Draw full
ize, the i ometric view of the block taking corner X a the lo est poi t. (15mk ).

DD 449/1 Page 10
 13. In the mechani m hown in fig re 9, the crank E rotate about center E while GH o cillate about G. lot
the loc of point for one complete revolution of E . (15mks

14. Figure shows a square pyramid truncated along X-X and Y-Y.

Copy the given front elevation, complete the plan and draw the end elevation in the direction of arrow U.
(15mks)

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 TH THE LA T PR NTED PAGE

FORM THREE BIOLOGY HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENT 2024

Make notes on evolution and also do the given assignment. 60% of opener will come from the assignment and evolution topic
given.

2. EVOLUTION

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 1

• Organic evolution is the emergence of complex life forms from pre-existing simple life forms gradually over a long period of time.
• It also refers to progressive development of complex organisms from simple pre-existing life forms over a long period of time.
Importance of organic evolution.
• It provides a scientific explanations for the great diversity/ variation observed in organisms and in their similarities in structure and function.

2.
•
EVOLUTION
Organic evolution is the emergence of complex life forms from pre-existing simple life forms gradually over a long period of time.
• It also refers to progressive development of complex organisms from simple pre-existing life forms over a long period of time.
Importance of organic evolution.
• It provides a scientific explanations for the great diversity/ variation observed in organisms and in their similarities in structure and function.
• It enables organisms to change and adapt to their environment. These adaptations help them to survive and breed passing these adaptations to
the young one.
THEORIES THAT EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN OF LIFE.
A. Special creation theory- it
explains that the whole universe and all it contains was created by action of a supreme being (God).
• It holds the following views on the origin and nature of life:
1. Life was brought into existence by a supreme being.
2. Life forms were created in a perfect form and have remained unchanged over time.
3. This knowledge is based on faith and cannot be disputed. It cannot be contradicted/ proved by science because it is not scientifically testable.
B. CHEMICAL EVOLUTION THEORY.
• It explains that life occurred/ originated when simple chemical compounds reacted to form simple life forms/ first living organisms.
• It explains that life began by a catalytic effect of lightning or some other catalysts bringing together elements ( Hydrogen, Oxygen and nitrogen) to
form simple molecules e.g. water (H2O), Ammonia (NH3) and Methane (CH4).

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• Further, combinations of such compounds possibly resulted in the formation of complex self-replicating molecules (DNA) which forms the genetic
material of living cells.
• Successive replication of these molecules and further development led to formation of simple forms of the living cells.
• Chemical theory holds the following views about origin and nature of life;
1. Life came into existence through combinations of chemical substances.
2. The initial life forms were simple and have changed over the years to form present day complex organisms.
3. Scientific experiments, artifacts and fossil records provide evidence/ proof to this theory.
Differences between special creation theory and chemical evolution theory.

Special creation theory Chemical evolution theory

1. Life was brought into existence by a supreme being.

1. Life came into existence through combinations of chemical substances.

2. Life forms were created in a perfect form and have remained unchanged 2. The initial life forms were simple and have changed over the years to
over time. form present day complex organisms.

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3. It cannot be contradicted/ proved by science because it is not scientifically 3. Scientific experiments, artifacts and fossil records provide evidence/ proof
testable. to this theory.

EVIDENCE FOR ORGANIC EVOLUTION.

• They include: 1. FOSSIL RECORDS.

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 1. 2. Fossil records. Geographical distribution of organisms.
3. Comparative embryology. • Fossils are remains of ancestral forms that were accidentally
4. 5. Comparative anatomy. Cell biology. preserved in some naturally occurring materials e.g.
6. Comparative serology. sedimentary rocks, plant resins and amber. The study of fossils is
called Palaentology.

• The fossils arte arranged from the oldest to the latest. The age of t
he fossils are determined through radioactive carbon

dating.
Methods of fossil formation. a) Petrification/ permineralization- process by which hard parts e.g. bones, teeth, shells and woody parts of
plants are
converted into rock/ stones
b) Preservation of entire organisms or its parts in amber, plant resins and ice.
c) Impressions such as moulds and casts- If an organism is totally dissolved or liquefied in sedimentary rock, it my leave behind impressions of
its outer surface in the rock known as moulds. If the mould is filled with other minerals it is called a cast.
Importance of fossils.
1. They give direct evidence of the type of animals and plants that existed at a certain geological age. By comparing the fossils of different
organisms it is possible to tell the phylogenetic relationships between the organisms.

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• Example- Fossils show that the different groups of organisms arose at different times on earth e.g. earliest fossils are for Monera, followed by
Protoctista and then Fungi. Plantae and animalia appeared later.
2. They also show gradual increase in complexity from simple organisms to more complex organisms. The older rock strata at lower layers
contain fossils showing simple structures while the younger rock strata at upper layers contain fossils showing more complex structures.
3. They show phylogenetic relationship of organisms.

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Examples
1. Increase in complexity of limbs of a horse.
2. Human fossils show progressive increase in skull sizes to the present age.
• Charles Darwin proposed that human beings (Homo sapiens) descended from ape-like creatures.
• The order of evolution include Proconsul, Homo habilis, Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.
Features of Homo sapiens/ humans/ Advantages evolution has given man over other animals.
1. Ability to think/ rationalize/large brain capacity.
2. Ability to communicate through speech.
3. Upright posture/ ability to walk on two hind limbs/bipedal locomotion.
4. Binocular vision.
5. Modification of the limbs/ opposable thumb to manipulate objects.
Structural differences between

Apes and Humans

Ape
1. Lower brain size.
2. Has larger incisor and canine teeth for defense and killing prey.
3. Has narrower and elongated pelvis.
4. Locomotion is quadruperal (on four limbs).
5. Fore limbs are used for arboreal locomotion and walking with opposable thumb.
6. Hind foot has opposable toe for grasping tree branches.
Human
1. Has larger brain capacity.
2. Has reduced incisor and canine teeth for defense and killing prey.
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3. Has broad and flattened pelvis.
4. Locomotion is bipedal (on two limbs)
5. Fore limbs are used for manipulation with opposable thumb.
6. The hind foot has non-opposable thumb mainly for stability on the ground.
Differences between Homo

Homo sapiens Homo erctus

1. Has higher brain capacity. 1. Has lower brain capacity.

sapiens and Homo erectus Disadvantages/ limitations of fossil

records/ reasons why fossil records are incomplete.
2. Has highly developed culture. 2. Has less cultural
development.
1. Partial/ entire decomposition of dead organisms/ organic
matter.

2. Some parts/ entire dead organisms are eaten by

scavengers.
3. Has speech vocalization. 3. Has rudimentary language.
3. Soft-bodied organisms do not fossilize.
4. Natural disasters e.g. earthquakes, earth movements,
faulting, mass movement, folding.
4. Has reduced brow 4. Has prominent brow ridge.
ridge/ flat face. 5. Distortion due to sedimentation, earth movement,
earthquakes.
Study question
• The diagram below illustrates the skulls of an adult human and
chimpanzee.

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 a) State one difference between the two skulls in the following structures (3mks).
Structure Chimpanzee skull Human skill

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 i) Parietal bones - Less - More curved;
flatter/curved - Located
towards the back -Smaller
- More central;
- Larger;

ii) Mandible - Larger - Smaller;

iii) Brow ridge -Thicker/more - Less protruded;

protruding - - Less conspicuous;
Conspicuous

b) State the significance of the evolution observed on the parietal bone in the chimpanzee and human skulls. (1mk)
• Larger to accommodate large sized brain in humans
2. Geographical distribution of
organisms.
• This refers to the dispersion/distribution of organisms on specific geographical locations due to geographical isolation.
Geographical distribution as evidence/importance of continental drift.
• The theory of continental drift explains that in the past the present day continents formed one large single land mass/pangea. The animals
migrated freely all over the land mass.
• The land mass later broke up into parts which drifted from one another forming the present day continents.
• This continental drift isolated organisms of common ancestry causing the organisms to evolve along different evolutionary lines.

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• This resulted in the formation of new different species distinct from those found in other climatically similar but separate regions. Examples
i. Llama of South America resembles the Camel of Africa and Asia and are thought to have originated from North America.
ii. Tiger of Asia and leopard in Africa resemble Jaquar of South America.
iii. Short-tailed monkey of Africa resemble the long-tailed monkey of South America.

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Study question
• Below are photographs of two dogs.
Explain the possible reason for the difference in length of their fur.
 Due to geographical distribution, the animals adapted to
survive in their environments (cold/ hot).
 Those having thicker fur were adapted to colder/ cooler
region for insulation.
 The genes were passed from parent to offspring.
3. COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY.
• Embryology is the study of the formation and development of the
embryo
• Vertebrate embryos are morphologically similar during their early
stages of development suggesting that they have a
common/similar/same ancestry.
• Therefore, the closer the resemblance between the embryos the
closer the evolutionary/ phylogenetic relationship between organisms.
• This is described using recapitulation theory which states that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny i.e. in the development from embryo to adult,
animal embryos go through stages resembling successive stages in the evolution of their ancestral forms.

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 Study question.
• Below are diagrams representing developmental stages of different vertebrates.

a) State the evidence of evolution illustrated by the vertebrates in the diagram. (1mk) • Comparative embryology.
b) Suggest why the structure labeled J has been retained throughout the evolution of fish. (2mks)
• Fish remained in water/ aquatic habitat and the well developed tail is used for propulsion/ movement..

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4. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.© Sam obare 25-Mar-21
• Anatomy is the study of structural
a) DIVERGENT EVOLUTION.
similarities/differences between
•
organisms.
• Some group of organisms show basic structural similarities suggesting that they have common/ related ancestry.
• When anatomical structures show many differences they have less evolutionary relationship.
•

• There are three evidences under comparative anatomy namely:

a. Divergent evolution.
b. Convergent evolution.
c. Presence of vestigial organs.
This is a type of evolution where one basic structural form is modified to give rise to various different forms.
The type of evolution where organisms with the same embryonic origin become adapted to exploit different habitats/ to a different ecological niche in a
given habitat is called adaptive radiation.
25-Mar-21
• These organisms have homologous structures.
• Homologous structures are structures with similar/ common embryonic origin but modified to perform different functions.
• Therefore organisms with homologous structures have the same embryonic origin. Examples of divergent evolution/ adaptive
radiation.
1. Pentadactyl limb- this is the limb that ends with five digits/fingers. These limbs are modified to perform different functions e.g.
a) The forelimb of a bat is modified to form a wing for flight.
b) The fore limb of a horse is modified for running.
c) The forelimb of a whale/ turtle is modified for swimming.
d) The forelimb of a lizard for walking.
e) Forelimb of human is modified for grasping.
© Sam obare
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2. Adaptations of beaks of birds to different feeding modes e.g.
a) Short stout beaks for seed eaters.
b) Long slender beaks for nectar feeders.
c) Large beaks for fruit eaters.
d) Strong hooked beaks for flesh eaters/ carnivorous birds.
3. Adaptations/ modifications of foot structure in birds for various functions and habitats e.g.
a) The webbed feet of ducks for swimming.
b) Heavy feet of eagles for grasping and tearing prey.
4. In the family Diptera, the hind pair of wings are modified into little rods called halters, which serve as organs that maintain balance during
flight.
5. The pericarp/ ovary wall becomes
modified after fertilization of the ovules to assist in seed and fruit dispersal.
Advantages/importance of divergent evolution/adaptive radiation.
i. It reduces competition of organisms for the available resources.
ii. It leads to formation of new species.
iii. Organisms are able to occupy new habitats.
© Sam obare 25-Mar-21
Study questions.
1. During a lesson, students observed the structure of bat, cat and human forelimbs to determine their evolutionary relationship.
a. State the name given to the structure of the limbs observed by the students.
Pentadactyl limb/homologous structure. b. Name the type of evolution
illustrated by the structure of the limbs observed.
Divergent evolution/adaptive radiation. c. What evidence of evolution is illustrated by the limbs?
Comparative anatomy.
d. State the significance of the type of evolution illustrated by the limbs.
Allows organisms to exploit different habitats/to reduce competition.

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2. The diagram below illustrate some forms of beaks in birds.

a) Which diagram represents the beak from which others are likely to have evolved?
•M
b) Explain your answer in (a) above.
• Beak M is simpler/ basic/ original hence likely to be original beak. The birds separated to occupy different niches and specialized for
different diets..
• This led to more complex/ developed beaks over time.

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Divergent evolution © Sam obare 25-Mar-21

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B) CONVERGENT EVOLUTION.

• This is a type of evolution where structures with the different embryonic origin are modified to perform similar functions.

• These organisms have analogous structures.

• Analogous structures are

structures with different embryonic origin but adapted to perform similar functions. This is due to exploitation of same kind of environment.

• Therefore organisms with analogous structures have the different embryonic origin.
Examples.
i. Wings of birds and insects adapted for flight. The wings of birds have pentadactyl structure while insect wings originate from the
exoskeleton.
ii. Eyes of vertebrates and thosse of molluscs e.g. octopuses.
iii. Limbs of mammals and those of arthropods/ Jointed legs of insects and legs of vertebrates used for locomotion.
iv. Presence of thorns in leaves and stem of a plant and spines on animals that perform t he same function.
Convergent evolution

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C. PRESENCE OF VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES.

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• They are structures that have ceased to be functional in the course of time and therefore become reduced in size/ are rudimentary.
Examples.
1. Appendix in man- it has no digestion
function in man but in herbivores it is well developed and is used for
cellulose digestion.
2. Vestigial tail/coccyx in man but
functional in other primates e.g. monkey.
3. Nictating membrane in mammalian eyes, but in birds and fish they
move over the eye and act as a third eye lid.
4. Reduced wings beneath the body plummage in kiwi (flightless bird).
5. Rudimentary pelvic girdle in snakes and whale reveal the original
presence of limbs.
6. Presence of hair in humans.
• Therefore, organisms with vestigial organs and those with functional
organs are said to have the same ancestral origin.
5. CELL BIOLOGY.

• The cells of all higher organisms show basic similarities in their structure and
function hence contain cell membranes and organelles (e.g.
mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies).

• They also contain some biological chemicals e.g. ATP and DNA or similar
amino acid molecules hence those organisms are said to have the same
embryonic origin.

• Differences in structures and chemical substances in plants and animals e.g.

presence of cell wall, chloroplast, starch, chlorophyl in plants and
haemoglobin haemocycin and chlorocruorin in animals show different
ancestral origin.
6. COMPARATIVE SEROLOGY.
• Analysis of blood proteins and antigens reveal phylogenetic/ evolutionary
relationships.

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• Organisms that are closely related contain more similar blood proteins.
Example.
• If human serum is injected into a rabbit, the protein in the serum will act as antigens and the rabbit will produce antibodies against human
proteins.
• When the blood with antibodies is drawn from the rabbit and mixed with serum from other animals antigenantibody will take place leading to a
precipitate/agglutination.
• The greater the amount of precipitate/agglutination formed the closer the ancestral relationship e.g. apes and chimpanzee produce a lot of
precipitate due to antigen-antibody reaction hence closer evolutionary relationship.

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MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION.© Sam obare 25-Mar-21
• The following theories explain how evolution occurred:
A. Lamarck's theory- Developed by Jean Baptise de Lamarck in 1809.
B. Charles Darwin's theory of natural selectiondeveloped in 1859.
A. LAMARCK’S THEORY.
• It is based on the following principles:
1. Use and disuse of structures—he proposed that when the environment demanded the need or use of a particular structure in an
organism, the organism developed that structure in response to the demand.
2. Acquired traits/characteristics are inherited- traits that are acquired by an individual during its lifetime were transmitted to their
offspring and subsequent generations resulting in the emergence of new forms/ species.
Reason why Lamarck’s theory in unacceptable.

• Acquired characteristics are not inherited.

• Characteristics are determined by genes found in reproductive cells only.

Role of Lamarck's theory of evolution.
1. It explains the role of the environment in directing phenotypic changes in an individual.
2. It tries to explain the occurrence of vestigial organs.
Examples.
1. Development of present day long-necked giraffes from shortnecked ancestral forms.
• Originally, all giraffes had short necks and fed on grass and other short shrubs. When low growing plants became scarce, the giraffes
started to stretch their necks to reach taller plants and feed on leaves to avoid competition with other browsers. Their necks stretched
and became long and the long necked trait was passed on to the offspring.
2. Appearance flightless birds e.g. ostrich, kiwi.
• The functionless wings resulted from their disuse in an environment not requiring flight.
B. CHARLES DARWIN'S THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION.
• Natural selection is the process through which nature selects those individuals/ organisms which are well adapted and allows them to survive
and rejects those that are poorly adapted. Favorable/advantageous characteristics are called adaptations.
• Main features of natural selection theory:
1. It is observed that variations occur within members of a population. These variations arise by chance and from within the individual.
• Through sexual reproduction these characteristics are transmitted to offspring/ inherited.

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• Some of those variations offer an advantage to the individuals while others are disadvantageous.
2. The offspring outnumber the parents but only a few survive to adulthood and reproduce.
• This is due to environmental pressure
e.g. predation, diseases and competition for food and breeding sites. Therefore the numbers of population remain relatively constant.
• This means that the members of the population are constantly competing with each other in an effort to survive.
This is called struggle for existence.
• In the struggle for existence, individuals with advantageous variations are well adapted to the environment. Since they are suited to the
environment, they are selected hence survive and reproduce. Those that are poorly adapted perish and do not transmit their characteristics. This
is called survival for the fittest.
Advantages of natural selection.
1. Elimination of disadvantageous traits/characteristics and perpetuation of beneficial ones.
2. Better adapted organisms are able to survive adverse conditions in the environment while poorly adapted organisms are eliminated.
How natural selection leads to emergence of new species.
• There is no natural selection without genetic variations. Individuals of the same species/population show variations/genetic differences.
• These variations are caused by genes/mutations and arise by chance and from within the individual.
• Individuals with beneficial variations are better adapted to compete for resources within the environment. They survive, reproduce and
transmit these variations to their offspring.
• Those individuals with disadvantageous variations are poorly adapted hence not able to compete favorably hence are eliminated. The gradual
accumulation of small variations from generation to generation leads to emergence of new species.
Example
• Variation existed in the giraffe in neck length. The long necked giraffes were favored as they were able to reach higher branches while the
short necked starved and died and became extinct.
Role of variation in evolution.
§ Variation are raw materials for evolution i.e. they give direction to natural selection. Advantageous variations are selected for and are hence
transmitted from one generation to the next. Over a long period of time, accumulation of such variations in the population lead to emergence
of new species, hence evolution.
Role of mutation in evolution.

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 • Mutation brings about variations in a species. Some of those variations are favorable/ advantageous making organisms survive in struggle
for existence. These organisms reproduce and pass on the favorable mutations to the offspring.
Role of sexual reproduction in evolution.
• Meiosis leads to new recombination and crossing over/exchange of genetic materials resulting in variations which are hereditary/inherited.
Study question.
Distinguish between struggle for existence and survival for the fittest.
Struggle for existence.
• This is a situation where organisms tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support hence they struggle to exist.
• Individuals/organisms with favorable characteristics will have a better chance of survival in the struggle for food, breeding sites, mates, struggle
against predation, diseases.
Survival for the fittest.
• This is a situation where individuals with advantageous traits/ characteristics /variations survive and reach reproductive maturity and pass the
traits to the young ones while those poorly adapted die young and are eliminated.

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 © Sam obare

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 © Sam obare
NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION.
1. The peppered moth (Biston betularia)(Industrial melanism).
• This is found in Britain and they are of two types: Speckled white and black melanic.
• Before industrial revolution, the white speckled form was well camouflaged against tree trunks with similar pattern and colouration.
• The white speckled moths/ forms were not easily seen and eaten by predatory birds hence their population increased while the melanic forms
were easily seen and eaten by predatory birds hence their population decreased in population.
• Therefore the white colour was an advantageous characteristics/ trait/ adaptation hence it was transmitted to the offspring leading to increase in
number/ population.
• After industrialization the tree trunks was darkened by soot. This caused the melanic forms to blend well/ camouflage well with the background
than the lighter forms.
• This led to increase in population of melanic forms while the lighter forms were easily seen and eaten by predatory leading to decrease in
population. Therefore dark colour became an advantageous characteristic/ trait/ adaptation which was passed to the offspring.
© Sam obare

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 © Sam obare 25-Mar -21

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2. Resistance to drugs, pesticides and© Sam obare 25-Mar-21
antibiotics.
• Drugs, antibiotics, and pesticides are chemicals used to kill pathogens and pests respectively.
• Within the population some individuals possess the gene for resistance or acquire it through mutation hence survive the chemical.
• Those that survive transmit this characteristic (resistance to chemicals) to their offspring thus establishing a new population of resistance
forms.
• The attempts of man to control various species of pathogens and pests has resulted in evolution. This evolution has been brought about by
natural selection.
Examples.
a) If mutation occurs in a population of bacteria, the mutant bacteria produce an enzyme that breaks down penicillin. Hence the continued use of
penicillin fails to cure bacterial diseases.
b) Mosquitos have a gene which make them synthesize an enzyme against DDT (an insecticide that kills mosquitos) hence making DDT
ineffective in controlling such insects.
c) Control of malaria has become difficult hence ever changing drugs for malaria treatment.
 This is because malaria causing
pathogens/ plasmodium become resistant to some malaria drugs over time.
 This is due to gradual change in the
genetic constitution due to mutation which with time results in the evolution and eventual perpetuation of the new strains of pathogens.
 This necessitates the discovery of a more effective drug to counter the new/ emerging strains.
e) Some strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that cause TB have developed resistance to the commonly used antibiotics against TB.
ü This has made it difficult to cure and eradicate TB in the population. This is because the mutant bacteria live long, reproduce and multiply.
f) The tick population has different strains. Some strains have a gene that makes them neutralize the effects of acaricide.
ü This gives them a selective advantage which
enables them to survive, reproduce and transmit the gene to their offspring. Overtime, the population of the resistant strain iincreases.
3. Sickle cell trait- there is high frequency of this mutant gene in places where malaria incidences is high.
ü It has an advantage because individuals
have natural immunity against malaria because plasmodium parasite does not survive well in sickle celled red blood cells.
Study questions.
1. Why are some bacteria able to resist the effect of antibiotics? Why is it considered as an example of the process of evolution?

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• They have a gene for resistance/acquire it through mutation. The gene leads to production of an enzyme which neutralize the antibiotic. The
resistant forms survive the antibiotics hence transmit their advantageous genes to the offspring. From these few, a new population of resistant
strains is established. Accumulation of these variations over many generations may result in emergence of new species/ speciation.

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 2. Using examples, explain how natural selection takes place.
• Variations among living organisms can be advantageous or disadvantageous. Organisms with advantageous
variations enable them to better exploit the environment. Those organisms grow to maturity, reproduce passing on
beneficial variations to their offsprings hence offsprings produced are able to survive.
• Organisms with disadvantageous variations are less adapted and therefore not able to exploit the environment.
Therefore are not able to grow, reproduce and transmit their characteristics hence they are eliminated.
• For example, some strains of plasmodium parasites have a gene that makes them resistant to some antibacterial
drugs. So these strains survive, reproduce and transmit the gene to the offspring.
• This causes an increase in the population of the drug resistant strain. However, the strains without the gene for
resistance are eliminated by the antimalarial drug and do not survive to reproduce.
• This way, natural selection allows advantageous variations to propagate, while disadvantageous variations are
eliminated.
3. Explain how the process of evolution may lead to formation of a new species/adaptation of species to the
environment.
 Organisms that give rise to new offsprings will always produce offsprings which outnumber their parents; the offsprings
will have many variations; which arise from genetically inherited material; or mutation; these variations are either
advantageous; or disadvantageous to the offspring;
 In the environment there are scarce resources e.g. sunlight, oxygen, water and the individual will compete for these
scarce resources;
 Individual with advantageous traits/ variations will compete/ struggle better for the resources; survive to reproductive
maturity and pass on the advantageous trait to the young ones which are better adapted to the environment;
 This is repeated for several generations; leading to accumulation of favorable/ advantageous traits/ variations;
 The individuals now present are well adapted/ suited to the environment than the original parents;
 Individuals with disadvantageous traits/ variations will die and perish/ wiped out by nature;

CHINGA BOYS HIGH SCHOOL

FORM THREE GEOGRAPHY HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENT

Read and write the following notes on your geography class note book from the back.
WILDLIFE AND TOURISM.

Definition of wildlife –kcse 2020

- Wildlife is plants and animals existing in their natural habitat.

Factors influencing distribution of wildlife in East Africa –kcse 2019

i. Climate
- Different climates will influence varied wildlife.
- Areas receiving high rainfall have a variety of plant and animal species like elephants and birds.
- Arid areas have limited plant cover hence have fewer wild animals.

ii. Vegetation cover

- Different types of vegetation offer habitat/ food for different wild animals.
- Birds live where there are trees so as to have shelter.
- Natural forests are habitat for a wide variety of animals like monkeys and elephants.

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 - Savannah woodlands with more acacia trees favour giraffes which feed on foliage from the trees.
- Desert and semi-desert vegetation support hardy animals like gazelle.
- Most herbivores and carnivores are found in open/ savanna grasslands.

iii. Drainage
- Drainage supports a wide variety of plants and animals.
- Rivers, lakes and oceans hosts a variety of organisms like birds e.g. flamingos and animals e.g. crocodiles/
hippos.
- Waterbodies also contain a variety of fish e.g. sharks/ whales.
- Waterbodies also influence growth of plants like mangrove trees that contain crabs/ snakes.

iv. Soil type

- Different types of soils influence varied vegetation/ wild animals.
- Deep, well drained soils support luxuriant forests which support wild animals.
- Thin soils favour grasslands which support carnivores/ herbivores.
- Waterlogged soils support papyrus plants.

v. Relief
- Varied relief will influence varied wildlife.
- Hunting animals like cheetah are found in plains/ plateaus which are relatively flat.
- Windward sides of mountain receive high relief rainfall supporting large forests with a variety of wild animals.
- Leeward sides of mountain receive low rainfall favouring grassland supporting carnivores/ herbivores.
- Low altitude areas are warmer than high altitude areas favouring variety of animals.

vi. Government policy

- Policies of the government like conserving and managing wildlife influences a variety of plants and animals.

vii. Human factors

- Human activities are largely responsible for survival and distribution of wildlife.
- Man can promote existence of wildlife in an area through various management and conservation measures of
wildlife.

Quiz: Explain four ways in which human activities interfere with wildlife (8mks) –kcse 2020
 Vegetation cover is destroyed through cutting trees for timber/ wood fuel.
 Animal habitat is destroyed through clearing/ burning of vegetation.
 In some game reserves people graze their livestock which leads to shortage of pasture/ habitat for some wild
animals.
 In some areas vegetation cover is cleared for cultivation/ settlement.
 Setting up industries has led to pollution of some waterbodies causing death of aquatic animals/ migration of
some animals.
 Noise pollution from the tourist vehicles in the parks scare away the animals.
 Fire outbreaks destroy vegetation cover/ cause migration of animals.
 Overfishing may deplete certain marine species.
 Overuse of water for irrigation reduces habitat for quatic organisms.
 Mining activities destroys plants and animal habitats.
 Illegal hunting/ poaching lead to extinction of some animal species.

Definition of terms.
Game parks.
- Game parks are areas that have been set aside for wildlife to live in.
- They include;
 National parks
 Game reserves
 Wildlife sanctuaries

a) National parks –kcse 2021

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 - National parks are areas set aside for wildlife/ scenic/ historical sites where human activities are prohibited and
are managed by central government.
- Characteristics;
 Established by an act of parliament.
 Managed by the national government e.g. Kenya wildlife service (KWS), Uganda wildlife Authority
and Mali Hai in Tanzania.
 No other form of land use is permitted.
 May be fenced to keep off people and prevent animals from going out.

b) Game Reserves –kcse 2021

- Game reserves are areas set aside for wildlife with limited human activities.
- Characteristics;
 Managed by local authorities/ county governments.
 Accommodates both wildlife and livestock.
 May be or not fenced off.

c) Wildlife/Game Sanctuaries –kcse 2010

- Game sanctuary is an area set aside for protection of specific animals/ plants/ birds threatened with extinction.
- Characteristics;
 Hunting is not permitted.
 Predators are controlled.
 Breeding and keeping young ones until they are fit for release.

Note: A game range is a protected large tract of land for rearing specific kinds of animals for meat/ game products.

Examples of Big five/ endangered species –kcse 2020

 Elephant
 Rhino
 Lion
 Buffalo
 Leopards

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 Major marine parks.
1. In Kenya- Mombasa, Malindi, Mpunguti, Diani, Watamu, Kisite, Kiunga
2. In Tanzania- Sadaani, Mtwara, Lindi, Tanga, Pande, Mafia

Quick Quizs.
1. Give three factors that favour the establishment of national parks in semi-arid areas of East Africa (3mks)
–kcse 2022
 Availability of large tracts/ sparsely populated land.
 Availability of a wide variety of vegetation/ savanna grassland/ scrub land/ shrub which provide food for
the wild animals.
 The harsh climatic condition/ dryness that discourage farming/ settlement/ makes wildlife conservation
the best alternative use.
 The type of vegetation/ savanna found in such areas provide suitable habitat for wild animals.

2. State four ways in which game reserves are of benefit to the communities living near them (4mks) –kcse
2011
 The game reserves offer employment opportunities to the communities living near them.
 The management of game reserves provide social amenities to the communities.
 The communities are allowed to graze their animals in the game reserves.
 Access roads to the game reserves benefit the communities.
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  The income earned from the game reserves by the local authorities is used to provide services to the
communities.
 Sometimes members of the communities are given meat when the animals have been culled.
 Educational institutions located near the game reserves have easy access for educational tours.

3. Give reasons why wildlife conservation is encouraged in Kenya –kcse 1999

 To protect the endangered species.
 To promote tourism.
 To generate foreign exchange.
 To keep them for posterity/ future generations.
 To sustain the raw materials for supply of drugs.
 For education/ research purposes.
 For aesthetic value/ beauty.

Significance of wildlife.
a. Wildlife attract tourists earning a country foreign exchange used to develop other sectors of economy.
b. Wildlife creates employment opportunities to people e.g. tour guides/ drivers/ game wardens improving
their living standards.
c. Wildlife encourage tourism diversifying the economy instead of relying on agriculture as a major source
of revenue for the country.
d. Wildlife leads to protection of endangered species ensuring their survival for future tourism/ future
generations.
e. Wildlife leads to development of roads leading to game parks opening up remote areas.
f. Wildlife ensures proper utilisation of marginal areas through creation of game parks on ASALs.
g. It promote education and research on wildlife.
h. It is source of food e.g. game meat.
i. It leads to growth of hotel industry e.g. game lodges to cater for the tourists.
j. It is source of medicine e.g. neem tree.
k. It leads to modification of climate e.g. forests increases rainfall and moderate temperature.
l. It provides water catchment areas e.g. forests are source of rivers.

Quiz: Explain four ways in which wild animals are of significance to the Kenya economy (8mks) –kcse 2020
 Wild animals are a major tourist attraction earning the country foreign exchange used to develop Kenya’s
economy.
 Conservation of wild animals creates job opportunities to people improving their living standards.
 Wild animals in the privately owned game ranches are slaughtered/ culled for game meat and sold in some hotels/
exported earning foreign exchange.
 Wild animals promote research/ knowledge which helps in management and conservation of some species.
 Wild animals promote agricultural development since tourists create a high demand for food.
 Some wild animals promotes industrial growth by providing raw materials.
 Conservation of wild animals leads to utilization of marginal areas which receive little rainfall unsuitable for crop
growing.
 Park entry fees are source of government revenue.
 Roads built to parks/ reserves ease transport/ open up the remote areas.
 Wild animals provide a balanced ecosystem in Kenya/ ecological balance.

Problems facing wildlife in East Africa.

a.) Poaching/ illegal hunting for wild animals leads to extinction of rare species of animals.
Control of poaching of wildlife.
 Establishing of more game reserves/ national parks/ sanctuaries to protect wildlife against poachers.
 Creating more anti-poaching units to track down and arrest poachers.
 Equipping anti-poaching units with modern equipments to make them more efficient.

b.) Human encroachment into wildlife habitats in search of land for settlement and farming leads to;
 Killing/ dying of some animals.
 Extinction of some animals/ plants.
 Wildlife predation/ competition may set in.
 Land fragmentation/ reduction of the habitat.
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  Increased human-wildlife conflicts.
 Migration of some animals.

c.) Civil wars causes insecurity leading to migration of wild animals due to gunfire, killing of animals and also
discouraging tourists from visiting such areas.
d.) Adverse climatic conditions –kcse 2020
 Prolonged drought leads to migration of animals to areas that have supply of water/ pasture.
 Prolonged drought leads to drying up of some plant species/ starvation/ death of some wild animals.
 Excess rain leads to flooding of some areas where wild animals are drowned/ destruction of plants.
 After the floods there is shortage of pasture causing starvation of animals.
 When there is prolonged drought, fire outbreaks are common leading to destruction of habitats of wild animals.
 Prolonged drought cause wild animals to invade farms destroying the crops.
 Very low/ very high temperatures limit plant/ animal variety.

e.) Pests like tse tse flies attack wild animals transmitting diseases to animals leading to their death.
f.) Diseases like nagana affect the wild animals leading to death hence reduced population.
g.) Bush fires –kcse 2022
 The fires destroy the habitats of animals.
 Animals/ plants are destroyed/ killed/ damaged/ injured by the bush fires.
 Fires leads to reduction of food/ water for animals.
 The fires pollute the environments/ water resources.
 Fires lead to migration of wild animals to other places/ farm lands.
 Fires interrupt the ecosystems.

h.) Overpopulation of animals leads to overgrazing reducing habitats for animals hence migration.
i.) Pollution from careless disposal of litters by tourists may kill the animals when they feed on the litters/ waste.
j.) Human-animal conflict whereby pastoralists kills wild animals which kill their livestock/ destroy their crops.
k.) Inadequate capital to improve game parks and deploy adequate personnel to take care of wildlife.

QUIZ: Explain three ways in which human activities interfere with wildlife –kcse 2020
 Vegetation cover is destroyed through cutting trees for timber/ wood fuel.
 Animal habitat is destroyed through clearing/ burning of vegetation.
 In some game reserves people graze their livestock which leads to shortage of pasture/ habitat for some of
the wild animals.
 In some areas vegetation cover is cleared for cultivation/ settlement.
 Setting up industries has led to pollution of some water bodies causing death to aquatic animals/ migration of
some animals.
 Noise pollution from the tourist vehicles in the parks scare away the animals.
 Fire outbreaks destroy vegetation cover/ animals/ causes migration of animals.
 Overfishing may deplete certain marine species.
 Overuse of water for irrigation reduces habitats for aquatic organisms.
 Mining activities destroys plants/ animal habitats.
 Illegal hunting/ poaching lead to extinction of some animal species.
Problems associated with wildlife in Kenya.
a. Wild animals stray from parks killing livestock of the locals causing losses.
b. Wild animals occupy large tracts of land causing shortage of land for agriculture and settlement.
c. Some disease from wild animals are spread to livestock and humans threatening their lives.
d. Wild animals destroy crops reducing harvests causing food security.

Management and conservation of wildlife in East Africa.

Management of wildlife.
- This is the effective planning and control of wildlife.
- Wildlife management measures are;
a. Setting up wildlife protection agencies e.g. KWS.
b. Educating the public on the need to preserve wildlife.
c. Establishing wildlife clubs in schools to create awareness on the importance of wildlife.
d. Translocation of animals whose population increases beyond the capacity of parks to other parks.

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 e. Training and research on wildlife management principles.
f. Encouraging domestic tourism by lowering entry fee to enable the locals appreciate and conserve wildlife.
g. Culling i.e. killing older animals to reduce the number of wildlife giving room for younger animals to flourish.

Conservation of wildlife.
- This is the protection of wildlife against interference and destruction by people.
- Wildlife conservation measures are;
a. Establishing national parks and reserves to protect the wildlife from destruction by people.
b. Setting up the Kenya wildlife service/ anti-poaching units which conserve wildlife.
c. Creating the ministry of Tourism to coordinate management of wildlife.
d. Legislation/ banning/ controlling game hunting/ trade in wildlife products.
e. Creating public awareness of wildlife conservation through media/ wildlife clubs/ education centres.
f. Establishing Kenya rangeland ecological monitoring unit (KREMU).
g. Encouraging individuals/ communities to set up game ranches/ conservancies/ sanctuaries.
h. Recognizing/ supporting NGOs which support protection/ conservation of wildlife.
i. Intensifying research on wildlife conservation.
j. Gazetting forest reserves/ establishing forest reserves/ orphanages.
k. Offering veterinary services to wild animals.
l. Joining and enforcement of charters on animal protection internationally e.g. Convention on
International Trade on Endangered species of flora and fauna (CITES).

Reasons for wildlife conservation.

 To protect the endangered animal/ plant species.
 To promote tourism.
 To generate foreign exchange.
 To sustain the raw materials for supply of drugs.
 For education/ Research purposes.
 For aesthetic value/ natural beauty.
 To keep them for posterity/ future generations

NOTE: Failure to conserve wildlife in a country may lead to the following consequences;
 Increased soil erosion due to exposed surface.
 Landslides and floods.
 Loss of biodiversity.
 Extinction of some species of plants and animals.
 Lead to increased aridity and desertification.
 Shortage/ Lack of forest products e.g. Timber.
 Decreased vegetation cover reduces transpiration and leads to reduced rainfall

TOURISM.
- Tourism is an activity where people travel to visit places of interest either for leisure, business or education.

Eco-Tourism
- It is derived from ecology and tourism.
- Ecology is the study of relationships between the living things and their environment.
- Eco-tourism is the development and management of tourism while conserving the environment. It is enjoying
what nature provides while protecting it -Kcse 2011

Aspects/ Characteristics of Eco-Tourism.

a. The tourists follow marked trails instead of driving to the areas where animals are.
b. Telescopic viewing of the animals is encouraged.
c. There is creation of awareness among the local communities to appreciate and understand nature.
d. Benefits accrued are shared with the community.
e. Mass tourism is being discouraged. Mass tourism is where large group of people in several vehicles visit game
parks and occasionally surround animals of interest interfering with their routines.

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 f. Soft or green tourism is being encouraged. This is where people travel seeking to protect and restore the
damaged environment e.g. by planting trees.
g. At the entry points to the parks, tourists are warned against dangers of throwing cigarettes remains onto dry
vegetation.
h. Only particular types of vehicles are allowed in parks.

QUIZ: State ways in which ecotourism has led to sustainable tourism industry in Kenya –kcse 2022
 Conservation of the environment/ preservation of scenic beauty.
 Respect of rights/ active partnership with stakeholders.
 Equitable distribution of benefits accrued from tourism.
 Respect/ safeguarding of local customs/ culture.
 Harmonious development of tourism sector alongside other economic sectors.

Types of tourism.
i) Domestic tourism.
ii) International tourism.

1. Domestic Tourism.
- This is the visit by people within their country for pleasure –kcse 2015

Reasons why Domestic tourism is being encouraged in Kenya –kcse 2018

i) For people to appreciate the need to preserve wildlife/ culture.
ii) To utilize tourist facilities during low tourist season.
iii) For the people to appreciate the tourist attraction features.
iv) To earn revenue especially during the low tourist season.
v) To create more employment in the country.
vi) For education/ research.
vii) To enhance national unity.
viii) To provide market for local products.
ix) To earn income.
x) To enhance circulation of money in the country.

Measures being taken in Kenya to promote domestic tourism.

i) Advertising Kenya’s tourist sites through media.
ii) Offering favourable rates on accommodation in hotels/ lodges.
iii) Lowering entry fees into the parks/ reserves for Kenyans.
iv) Providing cheaper air tickets for the locals.
v) Special concession is given to school parties when they visit game parks.
vi) Marketing and improving tourist sites by county governments.

Problems facing domestic tourism in Kenya.

i) Low public awareness due to inadequate advertisement locally.
ii) Local people are familiar with the tourist attractions and hence they don't appreciate their beauty and value.
iii) Majority are low income earners thus cannot afford the cost of traveling and accommodation.
iv) Negative attitude towards local tourists.
v) Poachers and gangsters pose security problem

2. International tourism.
- This is the visit by people away from their mother country to a given country for pleasure –kcse 2015
- The origin of tourists to Kenya are Dubai, India, USA, Uganda, UK, China, Tanzania, South Africa

Measures being taken by the Kenyan government to attract more tourists –kcse 2006
i) Improving roads to tourist sites to make them accessible even during the rainy seasons.
ii) Building of more hotels to increase bed capacity.
iii) Improving air links with other countries so as to facilitate direct movement of tourists to Kenya.
iv) Preservation of wildlife/ eradication poaching/ maintaining tourist sites to attract more tourists.
v) Improving security by establishing the tourist police unit to deal with tourist related crimes.
vi) Traditional culture is being promoted so as to attract more tourists.

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 vii) Advertising abroad by opening tourist offices to give information about tourist attractions in Kenya.
viii) Providing package tours for the tourists to make it cheaper for them to visit the country.
ix) Lowering the rates charged during low tourist seasons to attract domestic tourists.

Factors influencing tourism in Kenya.

i) Kenya has a variety of beautiful scenery like lakes/ mountains/ the great rift valley/ sandy beaches that
attract tourists –kcse 2015
ii) Kenya has a pleasant warm tropical climate/ sunny conditions throughout the year that attract tourists from
temperate regions –kcse 2015
iii) Richness in wildlife attract tourists.
iv) The tour companies charter flights/ organize package tours which lower the cost of travel for tourists/
facilitate movement of tourists–kcse 2015
v) Kenya’s rich culture whereby different ethnic groups have unique way of dancing/ handicrafts/ dressing
attract tourists.
vi) Presence of historical sites and monuments with preserved artefacts of Iron Age attract tourists.
vii) Political stability/ Relative peace which assures tourists of their safety.
viii) Availability of many tourist sites by road, air and water facilitate tourism throughout the country.
ix) There are comfortable tourist accommodation facilities e.g. high class hotels and lodges which attract
tourists.
x) Improved facilities creates awareness on Kenya’s tourist sites both locally and internationally.
xi) Presence of packaged tours also has promoted tourism.
xii) Trained personnel in tourism provides excellent services in the tourism industry.
xiii) Involvement of the government has contributed to the flourishing of the tourism industry.
xiv) Kenyans are friendly to visitors and this attract tourists.
xv) Kenya’s efforts in wildlife conservation has promoted tourism industry.

Tourist attractions in Kenya.

1. Tourist attractions at the coast –kcse 2011
 Marine parks.
 Historical sites e.g. Fort Jesus/ Gedi ruins/ Vasco da gama pillar.
 Sandy beaches/ coral reefs/ coastal scenery.
 Sunny/ warm climate.
 Traditional culture e.g. the Mijikenda.
 Beach sports/ water sports like Yatching, surfing
 Wildlife
 Mangroove swamps with unique plants and animals.
 The Halter Park.

2. Inland tourist attractions.

 Wildlife conserved in national parks, game reserves and sanctuaries.
 Warm and sunny climate.
 Rich culture and traditions e.g. Maasai, Pokot, Kambas
 Pre-historical sites e.g. Kariandusi, Olorgesaillie
 Museums and cultural centres.
 The famous wildebeest migration in the mara.
 Attractive scenery like snow-capped Mt. Kenya/ Rift valley.
 Turkwel Gorge project.
 Seven forks dams project along R. Tana.

3. Tourist attractions in the Rift Valley region.

 Wildlife.
 Lakes.
 Varied relief features.
 Birds like flamingos.
 Hot springs and geysers.
 Vegetation.
 People’s culture.
 Pre/ historical sites e.g. Olorgesaillie and Kapenguria Prison.

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 4. Tourist attractions in the lake regions –kcse 2018
 Wildlife in Impala sanctuary/ Kakamega forest.
 Lake Victoria/ Lake Simbi Nyaima/ Ox-bow lakes.
 Granitic tors.
 Kisumu museum.
 Hot sunny weather.
 Sport fishing/ water sports.
 Relief features/ escarpments/ Rift valleys.
 Historical/ Archaelogical sites.
 Waterfalls.
 Beaches.
 Island.
 Hot springs.
 Culture of the people.
 Rivers.

Significance of Tourism –kcse 2006

i) It creates employment opportunities e.g. tour guides/ chefs improving their living standards.
ii) Tourists earn a country foreign exchange used to develop other sectors of the economy.
iii) It promote agricultural development since tourists create a high demand for food.
iv) Parks entry fees are source of government revenue.
v) It promote development of local craft industries e.g. sisal bags (ciondos), wood and stone carvings.
vi) It promote development of roads leading to game reserves/ parks hence opening up remote areas.
vii) Tourists provide a ready market for trade items such as handcrafts hence source of income to the locals.
viii) It encourages cultural exchange which promotes international understanding.
ix) It enables people to appreciate wildlife as they visit game parks reducing human-wildlife conflict.
x) It promotes conservation of wildlife and historical sites since they attract tourists.

Problems facing tourism in Kenya.

i) Insecurity in the parks whereby tourists are attacked and their property stolen from them.
ii) Ethnic clashes in tourist attraction areas make tourists to stay away than put their lives at risk e.g. in Molo.
iii) Poaching/ illegal hunting of wild animals reduces rare wildlife species reducing number of tourists.
iv) Terrorist attacks e.g. bombing of tourist resort causes foreign countries to issue travel advisories to their
citizens reducing the number of tourists.
v) Pollution of aquatic systems kills aquatic organisms reducing the number of tourists.
vi) International media giving negative publicity of Kenya by portraying it as an insecure country.
vii) Air fares from and to many parts of the world is high due to high fuel prices which discourages tourists to
Kenya.
viii) Adverse climatic conditions affects wildlife which in turn reduce number of tourists.
ix) High tariffs/ taxes charged on tourists e.g. visa charges/ airport taxes/ parks entry fee/ food and
accommodation discourages many tourists.
x) Negative attitude by Kenyans that tourism belongs to the international travellers.

QUIZ: State five effects of floods on tourism –kcse 2015

 Inaccessibility to tourist sites.
 Migration of wild animals.
 Death of wild animals.
 Destruction of tourist sites/ hotels/ lodges.
 Disruption of communication systems.
 Loss of income by proprietors.
 Water related diseases in tourist areas.
 Drowning of people.

Problems associated with tourism –kcse 2011

i) Tourism has led to increase in drug abuse.
ii) A number of youths especially at the coast have dropped out of school to become tour guides/ beach boys.
iii) Tourism has led to the spread of diseases like S.T.I.s

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 iv) Tourism has led to pollution of environment/ national parks.
v) Overemphasis on tourism has led to the neglect of other sectors of economy.
vi) Tourism has led to increase in crime/ insecurity.
vii) Tourism has encouraged poaching/ illegal collection of marine resources.
viii) Tourism has led to international terrorism/ piracy.
ix) Erosion of some social values/ culture.

QUIZ: Explain four ways in which the county governments in Kenya would promote sustainable tourism –kcse 2015
 Involving local communities in decision making to enhance positive perception on wildlife conservation.
 Compensating persons aggrieved by wild animals, fencing parks to minimise human-wildlife conflicts.
 Encouraging the use of alternative sources of energy/ management of energy to reduce the destruction of
natural ecosystem/ animal habitat.
 Improving waste management to reduce contamination of the environment.
 Encouraging local tourism/ lowering rates during the low season inorder to have continuous use of tourist
facilities.
 Conserving water to meet the needs of local communities/ wildlife/ tourists.
 Improve transport systems within their counties to facilitate movement of tourists.
 Advertise tourism activities within their county to increase awareness/ strengthening marketing.
 Enforcing by-laws to strengthen security in game reserves/ tourists sites.
 Planting trees to help in the conservation of the environment.
 Encouraging community tourism/ home stays in order to benefit from the tourism industry/ enhance hospitality.
 Encouraging collaboration with the private sector to finance tourist activities.
 Establishing new tourist attractions to create diversity.
 Modernizing existing tourist facilities to attract more visitors/ tourists.

Tourism in Switzerland.
- Tourists who visit Switzerland come from Netherlands, Canada, Japan, USA, Belgium, UK and France.

Factors influencing tourism in Switzerland.

a) Physical factors.
i) Beautiful scenery produced Alps Mt e.g. snow-capped Mt peaks, clear blue lakes and waterfalls.
ii) Climate i.e. it has a double season of winters and summers that attract tourists all year round. The sunny
summer conditions favour mountaineering/ winters are suitable for winter sports –kcse 2019
iii) Central location i.e. it is centrally located within Europe which makes her accessible to other European
countries who form a bulk of her international tourists –kcse 2019

b) Human factors.
i) Political neutrality i.e. Switzerland is non-aligned to any political blocks in the world. This removes any
restrictions to the country as a tourist destination hence it attracts tourists from any country in the world –kcse
2019
ii) Well-developed transport network system e.g. electric trains, good roads which enable tourists to travel
easily to centres of attraction.
iii) Language diversity where several major languages of Europe are spoken making it possible for tourists to
get excellent services in the country.
iv) Headquarters of various international organisations like ILO, Red Cross and UN hence people who go for
meetings take time to tour various parts of the country.
v) Excellent accommodation facilities which are fairly priced and offer discounts to mass tourists.
vi) Hospitality i.e. the Swiss people are highly trained and efficient thus offering high quality service.
vii) It is highly industrialised hence many people are employed earning good income enabling them to save for
holidays.
viii) It has one of the lowest crime rates in the world which attract many tourists since security is guaranteed.
ix) Package tours is availed to people hence attracting many tourists.
x) Presence of many tourist resorts e.g. Geneva, Bern which attract many tourists.

Significance of Tourism in Switzerland –kcse 2021

i) It earns the country foreign exchange which is used to finance development.
ii) It creates employment opportunities to people improving their living standards.

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 iii) It has encouraged the development of other related industries like banking, insurance, hotels and
transport.
iv) Many unproductive areas have been opened up and brought to productive use e.g. glaciated landscapes.
v) The country earns revenue through taxation and direct fee collection.
vi) Through tourism, Switzerland has gained good international reputation and fame.

Similarities between tourism in Kenya and Switzerland.

i) Both countries have similar tourist attractions like snow-capped mountains, waterfalls and a rich culture.
ii) Both countries have a well-established hotel industry offering excellent accommodation for tourists.
iii) Both countries have a well-established tour package system.
iv) Both countries have offices abroad to promote their tourist attractions to the international market.
v) Both countries enjoy a peaceful political environment suitable for tourism.
vi) In both countries, all the major tourist sites are accessible by road, railway or air.
vii) In both countries, tourism sector earns a significant fraction of the foreign exchange.
viii) In both countries, tourist visits are all the year round.
ix) Both countries have health spas with mineral water which people consider to cure certain ailments e.g. at Mt.
Moritz (Switzerland) and at lake Bogoria (Kenya).
x) Both countries have national parks e.g. Swiss National park and Amboseli National park attract tourists.

Differences between tourism in Kenya and Switzerland.

i) Kenya has tropical climate which is warm and sunny most of the year encouraging sun-bathing while
Switzerland has temperate climate with cold winters which encourage winter sports.
ii) Kenya has varied and beautiful coastal scenery/ Rift valley/ volcanic mountains while Switzerland has varied
scenery consisting of snow-capped mountains/ glaciated landscape.
iii) Kenya being far from Europe gets fewer tourists than Switzerland which is centrally located in Europe.
iv) Kenya’s reports of insecurity scare away potential tourists but the reports of peaceful atmosphere in
Switzerland encourage more tourists.
v) Kenya has inefficient transport network making it difficult to access some tourist sites while in Switzerland
transport network is efficient.
vi) Kenyans are not able to speak a variety of international languages hence communication with tourists is
sometime limited while the diversity of languages spoken in Switzerland make it possible for tourists to
communicate with ease.
vii) The training of personnel in tourism industry in Switzerland is more advanced than in Kenya hence higher
quality services to the tourists.
viii) The accessibility to financial facilities and services like use of credit cards by tourists is widespread in
Switzerland than in Kenya promoting easy transactions by tourists.
ix) Kenya’s low purchasing power limits their ability to travel as tourists while in Switzerland, the high
purchasing power enables people to travel as tourists.
x) Kenya has coastal beaches while Switzerland has lakeside beaches.
xi) In Kenya, wild animals are found in their natural habitat while in Switzerland, they are kept in zoos.

The future of tourism in Kenya.

- Factors that indicate a bright future of the tourism industry in Kenya include;
i) Aggressive promotion by ministry of tourism through the Kenya tourist board exhibitions abroad promoting
Kenya as a tourist destination.
ii) Serious marketing being done to promote domestic tourism.
iii) Improved security in tourist attraction sites.
iv) Lowering tariffs in hotels, game parks and airports taxes to encourage more tourists in Kenya.
v) Strength of the Kenya shilling- depreciation of the Kenyan shilling will attract more tourist since most will
find it cheap to visit Kenya.
vi) Opening up of new areas with untapped attraction potential e.g. Northern part of Kenya, Lakes Turkana,
Baringo and Victoria.

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 vii) Developing of sustainable tourism e.g. ecotourism which involves conservation of the environment.
viii) Formation of Kenya national tourism master plan to underscore the need to diversify tourist sources and
opening new avenues.

Topical Questions.
1. Explain three ways in which the Kenyan government protects her wildlife (6mks).

2. Explain four features of tourism that Kenya can learn from Switzerland (8mks).

3. Explain four factors which hindered the development of domestic tourism in Kenya (8mks).

4. Explain three problems experienced by the Kenya government in its effort to conserve wildlife (6nks).

5. State three reasons why national parks have been established in Kenya (3mks) –kcse 2003

6. Give three reasons why it is necessary to preserve historical sites (3mks) –kcse 2004

7. Explain four reasons why Switzerland gets more tourists than Kenya (8mks) –kcse 2001

8. Explain the difference between tourist attractions in East Africa and Switzerland under;
 Climate
 Culture

“END OF TOPIC FOUR”

TOPIC FIVE: ENERGY

Definition of Energy –kcse 2021

- Energy is the power/ fuel needed to run a machine/ assist people in production.

Sources of Energy.
 Sun
 Wind
 Fossils
 Plants
 Animals

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  Water

Types of energy.
- This refers to the different forms of energy that are derived from the various sources.
- Sources of energy are classified into two types namely;
a) Renewable sources of energy.
b) Non- renewable sources of energy.

1. Renewable Energy Sources.

- A renewable energy source is that source that can be regenerated/ replenished/ reappear/ inexhaustible/ used
over a long period of time –kcse 2019
- Renewable sources of energy include; -kcse 2022
 Water
 Wind
 Solar/ sun
 Waves/ tides
 Geothermal steam/ underground steam
 Biomass
 Wood / trees
 Drought animals

i) Solar Energy.
- This is the power from the sun.

Advantages of solar energy –kcse 2012

 It is free.
 It is cheap source of energy.
 It is inexhaustible/ renewable source of energy.
 It is clean/ environmentally friendly.
 It can be stored for future use.
 It is safe to use.
 It can be found everywhere/ it has many uses.
 It is easy to use.

Disadvantages of solar energy –kcse 2017

 Solar panels are expensive to manufacture.
 Low energy production.
 Solar batteries are cumbersome to transport.
 Solar energy has limited use.
 Solar technology is new hence used by few people.

QUIZ: State three factors that have hindered the development of solar energy in Kenya –kcse 2023
 Solar energy has low energy output.
 The short life span of storage batteries.
 Competition from alternative sources.
 High cost of purchasing/ installation of solar panels/ low purchasing power of people.
 Inadequate technology.

ii) Wind Energy.

- This is the power from air in motion (wind).

Advantages of wind energy.

 It is inexhaustible/ renewable.
 It is cheap source of energy.
 It is free.
 It is clean/ environmentally friendly.
 It can be produced on a small scale basis.
 It can be found everywhere/ it has many uses.

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 Disadvantages of wind energy.
 Not very reliable as the wind may change direction.
 Wind mills are expensive to establish and maintain.
 Low energy production.
 Wind energy has limited use/ cannot run heavy machines.
 Wind mills may take up land needed for agriculture.
 Only available in open areas.

iii) Tidal Energy.

- This is the power from the periodic rise and fall in the level of ocean water due to gravitational pull by the sun and
moon (tides).

Advantages of tidal energy.

 It is inexhaustible/ renewable.
 It is cheap as it is freely available.
 It is clean/ environmentally friendly.

Disadvantages of tidal energy.

 It is expensive to harness tidal energy.
 It is limited to countries with a sea front.
 Low energy production.

iv) Wave Energy.

- This is the power from a moving ridge of ocean water caused by the frictional drag of wind over the water
surfaces. (Waves are oscillation of water particles).

Advantages of wave energy.

 It is inexhaustible/ renewable.
 It is cheap as it is freely available.
 It is clean/ environmentally friendly.

Disadvantages of wave energy.

 Power stations are expensive to set up.
 It is not safe in areas with regular incidences of storms, cyclones, hurricanes and tsunamis.

v) Hydro-electric power.
- This is the energy derived from falling water.
- It is produced by rotating turbines connected to generators.

Advantages of H.E.P.
 It is inexhaustible/ renewable.
 It is clean/ environmentally friendly.
 It can be transmitted over long distances using cables.
 It can be put into many uses e.g. cooking, lighting
 It is relatively easy to use i.e. switching on/ off.
 Dams for HEP creates lakes used for fishing/ irrigation/ recreation.
 It is reliable since significant levels of energy are produced.

Disadvantages of H.E.P.
 Fluctuation of water levels in the reservoirs may lead to shortage of power.
 It requires high capital for investment.
 It cannot be stored once generated.
 Construction of dams may lead to resettlement of people.
 It causes inconvenience to migratory fish species downstream.

vi) Geothermal Energy.

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 - This is the power derived from steam flowing from earth’s core to the surface.

Advantages of geothermal power as a source of energy –kcse 2015

 It is a clean source of energy/ non pollutant.
 The cost of production is low.
 It has minimal environmental degradation.
 It is a renewable source of energy.
 It is a reliable source of energy.

Disadvantages of geothermal energy.

 Low energy production.
 The sites for exploitation are limited.
 It is expensive to exploit.
 It causes noise pollution.

vii) Biomass.
- This is the energy produced from organic matter/ plant and animal waste (Biogas).

- Sources of biomass;
 Wood
 Animal waste
 Agricultural waste
 Molasses produce gasohol

Advantages of biogas.
 It is inexhaustible/ renewable.
 It is cheap as it uses waste products.
 It is readily available in many places.
 Simple technology is used in its production.

Disadvantages of biogas.
 It requires a lot of space.
 It cannot be transported to far places.
 It contributes to pollution which causes global warming.

viii) Wood fuel.

- It is derived from firewood, charcoal and saw dust.

Advantages of wood fuel.

 It is readily available.
 It has no maintenance costs.
 It is a renewable source.

Disadvantages of wood fuel.

 It leads to environmental degradation.
 It pollutes the environment.
 It is bulky/ requires a big storage area.
 It is dirty due to soot and smoke.
 A lot of wood is required because of less energy output.

ix) Draught animals.

- Animals generating power includes oxen/ bulls, horses, camel, donkeys

Advantages.
 They are readily available all over the world.
 It is cheap to maintain animals.
 Animals are flexible i.e. can pass over rugged terrain.
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  Some animals can be used in ASALs.
 It is inexhaustible/ renewable.

Disadvantages.
 Animals are prone to diseases and fatigue.
 Their use is restricted only to rural areas.
 They need regular rest as they tire easily.
 They can die as a result of too much work.
 They can only do limited work.

2. Non-renewable sources of energy.

- They are sources which are exhaustible if they are not well managed.
- Non-renewable sources of energy include; -kcse 2020
 Petroleum
 Natural gas
 Coal
 Uranium
 Peat

i) Petroleum.
- It consists of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons from animals and vegetation matter laid in sedimentary rocks.

Conditions that are necessary for the formation of petroleum –kcse 2022
 Deposition of remains of flora and fauna/fossils/ organic remains over a long period of time.
 Presence of non-porous rocks underneath the deposits of flora and fauna.
 Deposition of other layers of rocks/ non-porous over the remains of flora and fauna.
 Compression of the remains of flora and fauna due to folding of the layers of the rocks.
 Presence of porous rocks in between two non-porous rocks.
 Presence of sedimentary rocks.

By-products of petroleum –kcse 2022

 Lubricants/ Greese
 Tar/ Bitumen/ Asphalt
 Wax/ Paraffin wax
 Sulphur
 Resin/ petro-chemicals

Products from refined petroleum.

 Motor oil
 Diesel

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  Liquid and petroleum gas
 Kerosene
 Gasoline
 Jet fuel
 Lubricants

Advantages of petroleum.
 It is convenient for a variety uses.
 It can be easily transported to far areas.
 It can be stored in tanks.
 It can be used to generate thermal electricity.
 Free of the effects of weather changes.
 Transport and maintenance costs are low.

Disadvantages of petroleum.
 Crude oil is bulky to transport.
 It is non-renewable source of energy.
 It pollutes the environment causing global warming.
 It is expensive for low income groups.
 Exploration of petroleum is very expensive.
 It is highly inflammable and causes fire accidents.

ii) Coal.
- Coal is made up of vegetable matter laid down in a swampy area and buried under other materials.

Advantages of coal.
 It is most suitable in the smelting of iron and steel.
 It is more efficient in thermal generation of electricity.

Disadvantages of using coal as a form of energy –kcse 2022

 Coal is exhaustible/ non-renewable form of energy.
 Coal is bulky/ costly to transport.
 Soot/ smoke from coal pollutes environment.
 Coal has low calorific value/ low heat/ low energy value.
 Coal excavation lead to degradation of the environment/ pollute land.
 Coal is dirty/ dusty.
 It is expensive to mine/ difficult to mine.
 It is radioactive.

QUIZ: Give three reasons why use of coal as an industrial fuel has declined –kcse 2020
 It is bulky/ costly to transport.
 It is difficult/ expensive to mine.
 It is an exhaustible source of energy.
 It is dirty/ sooty/ dusty/ pollutes environment when used.
 It produces very little energy when burnt/ low calorific value.
 Adoption of new technology in steel production.
 Competition from other efficient sources of energy.
 The deepening of coal mines.

iii) Peat.
- It is young coal consisting of partially decomposed organic matter and inorganic minerals that have accumulated in
water-saturated environment.
- It is produced in Russia, Ireland, Finland and USA.

iv) Uranium/Nuclear Energy/atomic energy

- It is derived from the alteration of atomic structures leading to release of heat that produces steam which is used to
generate electricity.

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 - Nuclear energy is used in USA, Russia, Britain, Germany, France, Japan, South Africa and Canada.

Advantages.
 It occurs in huge reserves.
 It produces large amounts of energy.
 It has a longer lifetime.
 It is relatively cheap.
 It does not produce greenhouse gases.

Disadvantages.
 It is expensive to construct a nuclear reactor.
 Nuclear wastes are highly radioactive.
 It is exhaustible/ non-renewable.
 It requires heavy capital investment/ expertise.

v) Natural gas.
- It occurs in association with petroleum i.e. normally found on top of upper layers of crude oil.
- Composed of mixture of hydrocarbons with methane making the highest percentage.

Advantages.
 Clean
 Cheap to transport in pipelines
 Free from weather changes

Disadvantages.
 Accidental fires may occur due to gas leakage/ damaged pipes.
 Pollution of environment through gas leakage.
 Expensive for low income earners.
 It is exhaustible/ non-renewable.

Hydro – electric power (HEP) stations in Kenya.

- River Tana and its seven forks dams produce the highest amount of HEP in Kenya.

Physical factors that favoured the development of the seven forks hydro-electric power projects –kcse 2021
i) Presence of large volume of water from River Tana and its tributaries to provide water to drive the
turbines.
ii) Regular/ constant flow of River Tana which enabled continuous production of electricity.
iii) Presence of hard basement rock along the site which provided a firm foundation for the dams.
iv) Availability of enough space for construction of dams/ reservoirs due to low population in the area.
v) Presence of waterfalls/ rapids/ steep gradient which provided sufficient hydraulic force to turn the turbines.
vi) Presence of impervious rock which prevents seepage of water underground.
vii) Presence of a gorge/ deep valley which reduced the cost in construction of dam.
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Human factors that favoured the development of the seven forks hydro-electric power projects.
i) Adequate capital for construction and maintenance of HEP projects.
ii) High demand for electricity for industrial and domestic use.
iii) Sparse population in an area to minimize the cost of relocating people.

Benefits of the dams along the river Tana –kcse 2016

i) It provide electric power for both industrial/ domestic use.
ii) The reservoirs provide water for domestic use/ industrial use/ irrigation.
iii) The dams/ reservoirs are tourist attractions earning a country foreign exchange.
iv) The reservoirs are fresh water fisheries promoting fishing.
v) The reservoirs modify local climate.
vi) The dams act as bridges across the river thus promoting road transport.
vii) The dams and reservoirs control floods downstream.

NOTE: Other HEP projects in Kenya include;

 Turkwell Gorge on River Turkwel.
 Sondu – Miriu project on River Sondu.

Problems that affect the production of power along river Tana –kcse 2016
 Fluctuations of water levels in the reservoirs leads to the rationing of power.
 Inadequate capital for maintenance/ high cost of dredging/ expansion.
 Siltation of the reservoirs reduces its capacity and makes it expensive to desilt.
 Inadequate skills/ technology in power generation and maintenance of machinery.
 Relocation of people for the construction of dams is expensive.

Hydro – electric power (HEP) stations in Uganda.

- The major power source and HEP project in Uganda is the Owen Falls Dam.
- On the site where River Nile flows out of Lake Victoria provided a natural waterfall from where the power
generation was possible.
- Produces 162MW that supplies most of Uganda’s electricity and about 30MW exported to Kenya.

Physical factors that have favoured high hydro-electric power production in Uganda –kcse 2018
 Large volume of water from River Nile/ Lake Victoria to provide water to drive the turbines.
 The Owen falls/ natural waterfall for power generation.
 High rainfall throughout the year to enable high volume of water.
 Presence of deep valleys/ gorges which reduced the cost in dam construction.
 Presence of impervious/ non-porous rocks that prevent seepage of water underground.
 Regular supply of water from river Nile/ Lake Victoria which enable continuous production of electricity.
 Presence of hard basement rocks for firm foundation.

Geothermal Power projects in Kenya.

Places in Kenya where geothermal energy has potential of being harnessed –kcse 2018
 Mt. Longonot/ Suswa
 Lake Bogoria
 Eburru
 Menengai Crater
 Lake Turkana
 Lake Magadi
 Lake Baringo
 Olkaria
 Homa hills
 Mai Mahiu

Reasons why the geothermal power has not been fully exploited in Kenya –kcse 2014
 Inadequate capital required for exploitation.
 There is shortage of skilled personnel as the country relies on expatriates.
 The country faces low level of technology which hinders exploitation of the energy.

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  Most of the potential sites are found in remote/ inaccessible areas which makes it difficult/ expensive.
 Danger of land subsidence as tectonic fluids is withdrawn.

Ways in which Kenya has benefited from the development of geothermal power. -kcse 2010
 It has provided alternative source of energy.
 It has increased Kenya’s energy output.
 It has helped stabilize the cost of electricity for consumers.
 It has helped in opening up of formely remote areas.
 It has increased employment opportunities.
 It has led to the reduction of importation of hydro-electric power from Uganda/ has saved foreign exchange.

Factors favouring development of HEP projects in Africa –kcse 2010

i) Presence of hard basement rocks to provide a firm foundation for dam construction.
ii) Presence of steep rivers/ waterfalls/ rapids to provide a massive hydraulic force head for power
generation.
iii) Regular/ large volume of water from rivers Nile/ Tana to ensure continuous power generation.
iv) Presence of non-porous rocks to prevent water loss/seepage underground.
v) Presence of a deep narrow valley/gorge to provide a large reservoir behind the dam/reduce cost of building
embankments.

Reasons why HEP projects in Africa are not fully developed.

i) Inadequate capital to develop and maintain HEP projects.
ii) Remoteness of some potential areas limits their exploitation.
iii) Low industrial development hence low demand for electricity limiting HEP production.
iv) Fluctuation of river regime affecting power production.
v) Limited research is carried out slowing the development of HEP projects.
vi) Foreign aid sought by many countries to put up the projects carries higher interest rates thereby over-
burdening countries with HEP potential.

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 Significance of Energy.
i) Energy is used for domestic purposes e.g. cooking/ lighting/ heating
ii) Energy is used in industrial sector e.g. to run the machines/ lighting/ heating.
iii) Energy is used in transportation e.g. diesel and petrol used in Motor vehicles.
iv) Energy is used in agriculture by powered tractors/ drying grains.
v) Energy is used in water supply where wind mills/ solar power/ diesel engines are used to pump water.
vi) Energy is used for medical purposes by diagnosing equipment like X-Ray uses electricity.

Energy Crisis –kcse 2022

- Energy crisis refers to a situation where the prices of fossil fuel rise sharply as a result of short supply relative to
demand.

Causes of Energy Crisis –kcse 2014

i) There is a high demand for oil/ over reliance on petroleum leading to increase in the oil prices.
ii) There are embargoes/ controls on oil production by the producing countries.
iii) There is de-regulation of oil prices by the suppliers.
iv) There is unequal natural pattern of crude oil occurrence.
v) There is political instability/ wars in some of the oil producing countries.
vi) Inadequate alternative sources of energy leading to over-reliance on oil and oil products.
vii) Improvement in technology resulting into many machines that consume a lot of energy leading to shortage
causing a crisis.
viii) Prolonged drought lowers production of HEP leading to more demand of oil.
ix) Artificial shortages may be created by the oil-producing countries with holding the oil.
x) Rapid depletion of oil reserves leading to oil shortage hence energy crisis.

Effects of Energy Crisis in Kenya –kcse 2021/ 2022

i) Increase in oil prices triggers increase in prices of commodities/ inflation leading to low standards of living/
high cost of living.

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 ii) Increase in oil prices leads to rise in the cost of farm inputs which in turn leads to low agricultural
production/ food shortage.
iii) Increase in prices of crude oil makes Kenya spend a lot of foreign exchange in importation lowering foreign
currency reserves/ brings about imbalance of trade/ slows down the rate of economic growth.
iv) Increase in oil prices leads to high cost of production leading to slow industrial growth.
v) Oil scarcity leads to scarcity of by-products of oil leading the scarcity of raw materials in some industries.
vi) Increase in fuel prices leads to an increase in transport costs which triggers price increase in in price
commodities/ inflation/ reduced tourism activities.
vii) Increase in oil prices leads to high demand for wood fuel leading to deforestation.
viii) Increase in oil prices has led to the development of alternative sources of energy to reduce
overdependence of oil.
ix) Increase in oil prices lead to high cost of goods thus lowering their consumption.

Measures Kenya may take to manage energy crisis.

i) Developing alternative sources of energy like solar to reduce overdependence on oil.
ii) Encouraging Kenyans to use energy-saving devices so as to reduce the amount of oil used.
iii) Control the importation of vehicles with high engine capacities to reduce the consumption of oil.
iv) Improve the flow of traffic in urban centres to avoid delays that lead to high fuel consumption.
v) Encouraging industries to use coal which is slightly cheaper than petroleum.
vi) Developing nuclear energy to enhance self-sufficiency in energy provision.

Management and Conservation of Energy

- Management of energy is the effective planning and control of energy resources.
- Conservation of energy is the careful use and protection of energy resources to ensure little or no wastage.

Measures the government of Kenya has taken to conserve energy –kcse 2016
i) Encouraging people to use renewable sources of energy in order to reduce the overreliance of fossil
fuels.
ii) Developing energy saving technologies in order to reduce the high consumption of energy.
iii) Enforcing the legislation against indiscriminate cutting down of trees for fuel thus conserving existing
resources.
iv) Educating the public on the careful use of energy in order to save it.
v) Progress taxation on energy consumption in order to discourage the misuse of energy.
vi) Proper planning of road networks in urban areas to reduce traffic jam hence saving on fuel consumption.
vii) Encouraging the use of public transport/ walking/ cycling/ railway in order to reduce the number of vehicles
on the roads/ reducing energy consumption.
viii) Discouraging importation of high fuel consumption vehicles to reduce amount of fuel used.
ix) Encouraging afforestation/ reafforestation for continuous supply of wood fuel.

Topical Questions.
1. Explain four effects that the increase in oil prices has had on the economies of the oil importing countries in Africa
(8mks)-kcse 2006

2. State four ways in which Kenya can reduce the use of petroleum as a source of energy (4mks)-kcse 2006

3. Give three effects of liberalization of the oil industry in Kenya (3mks)–kcse 2001

4. Explain three benefits that would result from rural electrification in Kenya (6mks)-kcse 2002

5. State three benefits Kenya will achieve after drilling oil in Turkana County (3mks)

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 “END OF TOPIC FIVE”

TOPIC SIX: INDUSTRY

Definition of terms.
Industry is an enterprise that enables the production of goods/services for consumption / sale- kcse 2019
Industrialization is the process and pace at which a county establishes enterprises that produce goods and services for
consumption /sale.
Industrialized countries produces manufactured goods as their main economic activity.
Less industrialized countries produce agricultural raw materials.
Factors influencing the location and development of industries.
a) Labour –kcse 2021
 Industries that require intensive labour are located in areas that are highly populated /adequate supply of needed
labour.
 Industries require personnel with managerial skills to ensure maximum output at low production cost.
 Industries that require personnel who are semi-skilled are located in areas with high population.
 Industries requiring highly skilled labour force tend to be located in major towns where there are adequate skilled
personnel/ training facilities.
 Areas with inadequate / lack skilled labour discourage location of industries/ necessitate hiring of expatriates
who are costly.
b) Transport and communication –kcse 2021
 Well-developed transport network facilitates transporting of raw materials to the industries /finished products to the
market.
 Well-developed transport and communication networks attract more industrial investors in an area.
 Areas with poorly developed transport and communication networks discourage setting up of industries.
 Industries depend on good communication network to keep in touch with customers/suppliers.
 Well-developed transport network facilitates quick /safe transportation of perishable /fragile goods.

c) Market –kcse 2020

-Some industries are located near a market because:-
 Some finished goods /products are fragile.
 Some products are highly perishable.
 Some goods /products are bulky.
 High demand of the products.
 Need to reduce transportation cost.
d) Regular water supply –kcse 2011
-Some industries are located near source of water e.g. river because:-
 Industries need large amount of water for cleaning.
 Industries use water for cooling machines.
 Industries dispose off their waste materials through water.
 Water provides cheap means of transport.
 Some industries are located near large rivers that may provide H.E.P.
 Water is used as a raw materials in the industry.
 Some industries use water debark the logs.

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 e) Capital
 Capital is used to purchase land were industries are established.
 Capital is used to put up buildings for establishment of industries.
 Capital is used in paying wages/salaries of workers in industries.
 Capital is used to purchase raw materials used in industries.
f) Raw materials –kcse 2006
-Some industries are located near sources of raw materials because:-
 Raw materials may be too bulky and thus expensive to transport.
 Some raw materials are perishable e.g. tea and milk.
 There is a steady supply of raw materials e.g. paper industry.

g) Availability of power
 Industries are located in areas where power is readily available.
 Industries are located in areas where power is cheap.
 Industries are located near main power supply points to reduce the cost of transmitting power.
h) Government policy –kcse 2022
-Policies of the government may either encourage or discourage location /development of industries in an area.
-Ways in which the government policy influences location of industries in Kenya;
 Legislating industrial laws that restrict industrial location to given areas.
 Offering special concessions/ financial support to industrialists towards industrial locations.
 Developing roads/ railway lines/ airports/ communication systems that attracts industries to a given area.
 Developing of sources of power/ hydroelectric power/ geothermal.
 Providing security in areas where industries are meant to be established/ located.
 Government may set aside land for the location of certain industries.
 Government may provide technical support/ advice on industrial locations.
 Signing industrial location agreement with other countries.
 Government may influence the decentralization of some industries.
i) Personal decisions.
-Industrialists may decide to locate industries at a place of their choice i.e.
 Where there is security.
 Where there is reality available market.
 Need to provide jobs to the local people.
 For the interest of the family.
 Where there is well developed roads.

j) Industrial inertia
-It is the tendency of an industry to remain in a particular place even when the original factors for its location no longer exist.
-Factors that lead to industrial inertia: -
 Availability of experienced workers.
 Established markets.
 Fear of the cost of building other industries elsewhere.
 Well-developed roads.
 High cost of land in new areas.
 Extra cost of buying new equipment.
k) The cost of land
 A place where land is expensive discourages industrial development.
 Area where land is cheap encourages industrial development.
Types of industries
a) Primary industry
b) Secondary industry
c) Tertiary industry
a) Primary/ Extractive industries.
- They involve the extraction of raw materials from their sources.
- They involve exploitation of natural resources.
- They include mining /fishing/ lumbering /Agriculture.
b) Secondary/ processing/ manufacturing industry –kcse 2013
- They change raw materials into semi-processed/finished products.
- They are categorized into-:- Light Industries.

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 -Heavy industries.
i) Light Industries
- They process light raw materials to make goods with little volume /weight.
- Require small capital investment /small production.
- They include:-
 Textile Making
 Coffee Processing
 Tea Processing
 Sugarcane Processing
 Milk Processing
 Pharmaceutical
 Shoe Making
ii) Heavy industries.
- They process heavy /bulky raw materials to make heavy bulky products. .
- Require large capital investment / large production.
- They include:-
 Steel rolling mills.
 Glass making.
 Cement factories.
 Assembly of motor vehicles.
 Oil Refining.
 Pulp and paper.
 Car Manufacturing.
c) Tertiary industries –kcse 2013
- They provide services to consumers.
- They include insurance/trade/banking/tourism /security/communication /hospitality/repair and maintenance etc

DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIES IN KENYA

1. Agricultural food processing industries e.g– kcse 2007
 Tea processing.
 Sugar refining.
 Milk processing.
 Coffee processing.
 Brewing.
 Bakeries.
 Fruit canning/ processing.
 Grain milling.
 Meat canning/ processing.
 Vegetable canning /processing.
 Oil pressing/ canning.
2. Agricultural non –food processing industries –kcse 2022
 Tobacco processing/ cigarette making.
 Cotton /textile processing/cloth fabrication.
 Leather tanning /footwear making.
 Bees wax processing.
 Pyrethrum processing.
 Aloe Vera processing.
 Wood processing /lumbering/pulp and paper manufacturing.
 Sisal/ fibre making.
 Soap making.
 Glue making.
3. Non-agricultural manufacturing industries –kcse 2021
 Glass making.
 Oil refinery.
 Cement factories.
 Clay /ceramic industry.

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  Pharmaceuticals industry.
 Iron /steel/ aluminum rolling mills.
 Plastic manufacturing.
 Pulp and paper.
 Motor vehicle assembly.
Decentralization
- It is the establishment of some industries in rural areas so as to decongest urban areas.
Reasons why the government of Kenya encourages establishment of industries in rural areas –kcse 2021
1. To improve transport /communication networks /opening up the rural areas.
2. To diversify the economy /reduce over reliance on agriculture.
3. To create employment opportunities in rural areas/reduce rural-urban migration.
4. To improve /set up social amenities in the rural areas.
5. To enables people in the rural areas sell their products /raw materials to the industries.
6. To make use of the locally available raw materials.
7. To decongest major towns.
8. For equitable regional development.
Cottage industries.
- They are involved in making products particularly in homes using hands and simple tools.
Examples of cottage industries
 Pottery /pot making.
 Wood carving.
 Stone carving.
 Weaving of baskets.
 Boat making.
 Those using scrap metals.
Characteristics of cottage industries
i) They are labour intensive.
ii) They are owned by families /individuals.
iii) They use locally available raw materials.
iv) They produce mainly for local markets.
v) Little capital is involved.
vi) They use simple tools.
vii) They require simple skills.
viii) Labour is provided by individual/family members.
ix) They are wide spread in the country/ located in homes.
Factors that have promoted the growth of Jua kali industry in Kenya
i) The industry requires little capital to start.
ii) It uses locally available raw materials.
iii) It requires simple tools.
iv) Its products are cheap and target the local market.
v) It requires simple skills which are readily available.
Characteristics of Jua kali industries in Kenya –kcse 2005
i) They are operated by individuals /small groups.
ii) They are pursued as part time /full time occupation.
iii) They require low capital investment.
iv) They use local/ recycled raw materials.
v) They use basic/simple skills in craft.
vi) They are mostly operated in open space/sheds.
vii) They are widespread.

Ways in which the government is encouraging development of Jua kali industry.

i) The ministry of trade and industry has set up a department to promote this industry.
ii) It provides loans to Jua kali artisans to purchase raw materials and build sheds.
iii) It has set aside land for use by Jua kali artisans.
iv) It has encouraged Jua kali artisans to form cooperatives to assist in marketing of their products.
v) It offers advisory service to the artisans in marketing and expansion.
vi) It sources for funds and machinery from donors and NGOs to support Jua Kali artisans.

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 vii) It offers training through seminars and workshops to improve their skills.
viii) It has established permanent structures /sheds where the artisans can operate at low costs.
Importance of Jua kali sector.
i) It has created employment opportunities to people improving their living standards.
ii) It earns a country foreign exchange through the exportation of her products.
iii) It saves a country’s foreign exchange that would have been used to import goods.
iv) It is source of income to people when selling produced goods.
v) It is source of government revenue through taxation.
vi) It produces cheaper goods than those produced in the formal industries.
vii) It utilizes the locally available raw materials that would have been thrown away.
Problems facing Jua kali industries in Kenya –kcse 2022
i. Goods face discrimination due to wrong attitude leading to low demand/competition from well-established
manufacturers this reduces sales.
ii. Inadequate capital for expansion leading to low production.
iii. Exploitation by middlemen/ business people who offer low prices which discourages people in industries.
iv. Poor working conditions as most work is done in the open sun/rains/ easily affected by weather changes.
v. Frequent power blackouts which disrupt work leading to losses.
vi. Difficulty in getting raw materials leading to low production.
vii. Inadequate security/ theft leading to losses.
Significance of industrialization to Kenya –kcse 2022
i) It creates employment opportunities hence raising the living standards of the people.
ii) It earns a country foreign exchange through the exportation of industrialized goods.
iii) It saves a country’s foreign exchange through reduction of the importation of some industrial goods/ local
consumption of industrialized goods.
iv) It leads to development of roads thus opening up rural areas to development/ ease movement of goods.
v) It leads to development of social amenities improving people’s living standards.
vi) It leads to diversification of the economy thus reducing over reliance on the agricultural sector.
vii) It leads to improvement in the balance of trade since there is added value to the export exchange.
viii) It leads to development of urban centers which are focal points for economic development.
ix) It leads to utilization of natural resources which would otherwise be idle converting them to finished
products.
x) It enhances good international relations created by a trading co-operation.
xi) It leads to enhancement of agricultural production since most industries rely on agriculture for raw
materials.
Problems of industrialization in Kenya –kcse 2021
i) Some industries lead to displacement of people disrupting their economic /social life.
ii) Some industries emit gases that are toxic causing harm to human/animals.
iii) Industrialization leads to rural-urban migration increasing urban population hence shortage of houses
/congestion /increase in crime rates.
iv) Uncontrolled disposal /dumping of industrial wastes leading to land degradation /pollution.
v) Industrial wastes /effluents pollute water sources making it unfit for human /animal consumption.
vi) Fumes emitted by chemical industries corrode metallic roofs hence destroying them.
vii) There is imbalance in economic development due to concentration of infrastructure /social services in the
sindustrial centers.
viii) Industrialization may cause neglect of agriculture sector leading to shortage of food /importation of food.
Problems facing industrialization in Kenya.
i) Shortage of raw materials –kcse 2019
- Agricultural raw materials fluctuate with seasons/may be perishable hence the industries may have inadequate
raw materials during low seasons/ due to spoilage.
- Some industries relying on natural resources suffer closure/low production when the natural resources get
exhausted.
- Industries relying on imported materials face shortage when the allocation for importation is restricted.
- Political differences between /within countries may lead to limited supply of raw materials to the rival/ in the
country leading to shortage.
ii) Inadequate skilled manpower –kcse 2019
- Kenya has limited industrial culture /education to impart relevant skills for industrialization.
- Kenya rely on expatriates who are expensive to hire/maintain/ unreliable.
- Kenya has inadequate managerial skills to run industries resulting to mismanagement /embezzlement of funds.

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 - Kenya suffers from brain drain that slows down industrial development.
iii) Inadequate capital
- Inadequate capital for industrial development forces a country to get loans from IMF/world bank whose interest
rates are very high.

iv) Limited markets

- Local market for industrial goods is not sufficient to sustain production due to low purchasing power.
v) High cost of energy
- High cost of energy reduces profit margins thereby discouraging investors.
vi) Competition from cheap imports.
- Locally produced goods compete with imported goods which are cheaper leading to the decline/closure of local
industries.
vii) Industrial unrest
- Workers may strike due to poor working conditions /low pay interfering with production.
viii) Underdeveloped transport/communication networks
- Impassable roads hinders the transportation of raw materials to the industry or finished products to the market.
ix) Mismanagement of industries
- Some industries are poorly managed leading to their closure.
x) Low level of technology
- Low level of technology in industrialization limits its development /expansion.
COTTAGE INDUSTRY IN INDIA.
A cottage industry is one whose labour force consists of people working at home with their own tools /simple machinery.
Major concentration areas are:- Mumbai/ Lucknow/ Gujarati/ Calcutta/ Bhopal/ Bangalore/ Jabalpur/ Magpur.
Examples of cottage industries in India –Making clothes/ pottery/ weaving / brassware/ silverware/ ornamental ivory /
jewellery/ carpets making / handicrafts / trinkets.
Characteristics of cottage industry in India –kcse 2022
i) The level of capital investment is relatively low/ requires little capital.
ii) They are labour intensive.
iii) Simple tools/ equipment are largely used in production.
iv) Raw materials are mainly locally sourced/ locally available/ recycled.
v) Products are for domestic/ external market.
vi) The crafts person are highly skilled.
vii) The finished products are relatively cheap.
viii) Workshops are widespread/ located in homes.
ix) Industries are owned by individuals/ family/ groups.
Factors that favour development of cottage industry in India.
i) The industry requires little capital outlay to establish.
ii) India has a huge population which ensures a steady supply of cheap labour.
iii) India has abundant supply of locally available raw materials which are used in the cottage industry.
iv) Availability of H.E.P which is well distributed within the rural towns.
v) The industry can be established anywhere e.g. people’s homes or small rented rooms.
vi) Majority of Indians are skilled weavers and ornamental ware workers.
vii) Availability of simple and affordable tools and machines.
viii) The high demand for products in the popular sub-continent has led to the development of the industry.
ix) The urge of the people to earn an income in order to uplift their living standards.
Significances of cottage industry India.
i) It creates employment opportunities to people raising their living standards.
ii) It leads to utilization of locally available raw materials or recycle waste materials.
iii) It earns a country foreign exchange through the exportation of her products.
iv) It reduces rural –urban migration hence helps to check the influx of people to urban areas.
v) It produces cheap products than those produced in the formal industries.
vi) It produces affordable products to meet the demands of people.
vii) It leads to diversification of the economy from agriculture.
Problems facing cottage industries in India.
i) Inadequate capital to purchase raw materials and run the industry has affected the industry.
ii) Stiff competition for market from factory manufactured products.
iii) Exploitation of the artisans since middlemen sell the raw materials at high prices to the artisans.

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 iv) Difficulty in obtaining raw materials at an affordable prices.
v) Difficulty in making some products due to simple tools used.
Major industrial regions of the world
i) The Ruhr region of Germany.
ii) The Pittsburgh –Eastern states of USA
iii) The Moscow area of Russia.
iv) Tokyo –Yokohama region of Japan.
v) South-East England in Britain.
vi) The Rotterdam area in the Netherlands.

Iron and steel industry in the Ruhr Region of Germany.

Raw materials for iron and steel industry.

1) Coal
2) Iron ore
3) Limestone.
Examples of industries in the Ruhr region of Germany.
 Iron and steel industry.
 Textile manufacturing.
 Chemical manufacturing.
 Ship building industry.
 Cement factories.
 Paper manufacturing.
 Car manufacturing.
Factors which influenced the location of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany –kcse 2009
i) Availability of coal /iron ore /limestone from the Rhine valley provided raw materials needed in the
industry.
ii) Presence of rivers Rhine /Ruhr/ Lippe provided water required for industrial use e.g. cooling of machines.
iii) Presence of navigable Rhine /Ruhr Rivers and EMS canals provided cheap water transport for the bulky
raw materials/finished products.
iv) Coal from Ruhr region/imported petroleum provided power required in the industry.
v) The local population had acquired skills on iron working and this formed the foundation of iron and steel
industry.
vi) Presence of rich companies /families like Ruhr khlet krupp which provided capital for the development of
industries.
vii) The region is centrally located in Europe which offers easy access to all parts of the Europe.
viii) The dense and affluent population in (central and western) Europe/Germany provided ready market for
iron and steel.
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 ix) Availability of plenty of flat land for the construction of the industry.
Significance of iron and steel industry in the Rhur region.
i) It led to the improvement of transport network like roads, rail and waterways.
ii) It led to the growth and expansion of towns like Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, Bochum and Obehausen.
iii) Many people have been employed as loaders /clerks /operators.
iv) It led to promotion of agriculture due to the need to feed the huge population in the industrial towns.
v) It led to provision of social amenities like schools and hospitals to cater for workers.
vi) It is source of foreign exchange through the exportation of industrial goods.
Problems facing the Ruhr industrial region.
i) There is environmental pollution from smoke/fumes and solid wastes discharged into the rivers.
ii) There is congestion and overcrowding in housing and social amenities due to large influx of people.
iii) Depletion of coal mines due to coal being non-renewable.

CAR MANUFACTURING AND ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY IN JAPAN

Major manufacturing industries in Japan are ship building, chemicals, textile, automobiles (car manufacturing),
electronics and iron and steel industry.
Examples of automobile companies in Japan –The Mitsubishi and Toyota motor corporations.
Examples of electronics companies in Japan –Sony & Toshiba.
Major car manufacturing cities –Tokyo. Kobe, Osaka, Chiru, Hitachi.
Car models from Japan in Kenya –Toyota. Honda, Mitsubishi, Daihatsu, Isuzu, Datsun, Suzuki.

Major car manufacturing zone in Japan- kcse 2019

i) Tokyo-Yokohama zone
Has towns like Tokyo, Kawasaki, Hitachi, Chiba & Yokohama.
ii) Osaka-Kobe zone
Has cities like Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Nagasaki, Otsu, Akashi and Wakayama.
iii) Nagoya zone
Has cities like Nagoya, Toyota, Honda, Okazaki and Yokaichi.
Factors which have favoured the development of car manufacturing and Electronic industries in Japan -kcse 2019
i) The country has adequate capital from rich families / companies to invest in the car manufacturing and
Electronic industries.
ii) The advanced technology has increased efficiency leading to mass production of high quality products.
iii) Advanced scientific research which has led to diverse / high products.
iv) Highly developed sources of energy i.e. HEP / nuclear power provide the power required in the industries.
v) Large population with high purchasing power provides a large local market for cars and electronics.
vi) The government policy / peace and stability has encouraged industrialization.
vii) Japan has highly skilled and industrious work force which has promoted massive production of quality
cars/ electronics.
viii) The efficient transport system which eases the transportation of raw materials for industries.
ix) The rise of Empire Meiji who promoted industrial development in Japan.
x) The education system which has given rise to skilled man power / advanced technology.
xi) Japan produces fuel saving vehicles / cheap and affordable leading to high demand for them in the world
market.
xii) The rugged terrain of Japan hinders agricultural development making industrialization as an alternative
source of income.
xiii) Strategic location of Japan in relation to other countries makes it accessible to leading sea routes.
xiv) Japan has many sea ports which make importation of raw materials and exportation of goods easy.
Significance of car and Electronic industries in Japan.
i) It earns Japan foreign exchange through exploitation of cars and electronic appliance
ii) It created employment opportunities to Japanese improving their living standards.
iii) It led to the growth of towns like Yokohama / Osaka which are focal points for economic developments.
iv) It improved transport network e.g roads/ waterways/ railways.
v) It led to establishment of training institutions like universities, colleges to train personal.
Environmental problems which have resulted from development of car manufacturing industry in Japan.
i) Environmental pollution i.e. air/ water / noise pollution and this has a negative effect.
ii) Land pollution has occurred due to dumping of industrial waste on land.

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 iii) Traffic congestion i.e. there is shortage of packing space due to increased number of cars produced.
iv) Over exploitation of the limited raw materials e.g. coal due to increased number of cars produced.
v) Inadequate housing facilities due to high demand of houses caused by large manpower attracted to the many
industries.

FIELD WORK
Form 4 geography class of EGSS carried out a field study about Mumias Sugar Company.
a) State four factors that led to its location (4 mks)
b) State five activities carried out in Mumias sugar company (5 mks )
c) Outline five ways in which you would prepare for a field study (5 mks )
d) Give four reasons why you would need a route map
e) Identify four characteristics of a good hypothesis for the study
f) State three advantages of using the interview method to collect data.

TOPICAL QUESTIONS
1. Explain three causes of the decline in the textile industry in Kenya (6 mks) –kcse 2003
 Large scale importation of second hand clothes has reduced demand for locally produced textile products.
 There is decline in the production of cotton which has led to limited supply of raw materials for the textile industry.
 Mismanagement of textile factories has led to closure of such operations.
 Belief that imported garments are superior to locally produced ones has reduced demand for local garments.
 Decline in economy has discouraged investors who would set up textile industries in Kenya
2. State four ways in which Kenya has benefited from the motor vehicle assembly industry (4 mks) –kcse 2009
 Kenyan saves foreign exchange.
 Kenya earns foreign exchange through motor- vehicles export.
 The industry has created employment opportunities.
 The industry has promoted trade links with the neighboring countries.
 The industry has attracted foreign investors.
 It has led to the development of skills among Kenyans.
 It has promoted transport system by availing buses / Lorries / cars.
 It is source of government revenue through taxation.
3. Why is Kenya‘s oil refinery located in Mombasa (2 mks) –kcse 2016
 It is easier to transport refined petroleum products than crude hence the need to process crude oil at the point of
entry.
 Crude oil – the raw material for the refinery comes by sea / cheaper to transport to the port of Mombasa.
 Nearness to the source of raw material.
 Mombasa is the only port of entry.
4. a) Define industrial conurbation ( 2 mks )
This is a big industrial landscape formed due to joining together of many industrial towns.
b) Give three examples of industrial conurbation in the world (3 mks)
 The Ruhr region of Germany.
 The Pittsburg of USA.
 Tokyo – Yokohama of Japan.
 The Moscow area of Russia.
 The Rotterdam area of the Netherlands.
5. What efforts have been made to decentralize industries in Kenya? (3 mks)
 By providing part of capital for industries located in rural areas.
 By providing cheap land for industrial sites.
 By offering lower interest rates on bank loans to industrialists.
 By constructing roads in rural areas making them accessible.
 By improving security in rural areas.
6 .Explain three factors that hinder decentralization of industries –kcse 2000
 Collapse of previous industries in rural areas discourage fresh investments in similar industries.
 Insecurity in some areas discourage investment in such areas.
 Some industries depend on each other hence difficult to separate them.
 Low market in rural areas discourages investors from locating industries away from urban centers.
 Some private sectors are discouraged by impassable roads.

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7. Explain three ways through which industries will contribute to achievement of vision 2030 in Kenya.
 More industries will create employment opportunities to Kenyans improving their living standards.
 The government will export manufactured goods earning more foreign exchange used for economic
development.
 More industrial goods will help reduce importation of similar goods hence save foreign exchange.
 More industries will provide more revenue to the government through taxation providing much –needed services
to Kenyans.
 More industries will provide more market for agricultural raw materials hence farmers are able to improve their
standards of living.
 Development of industries will require construction of more roads / railways / air connections opening up the
country.

“END OF TOPIC TEN”

TOPIC ELEVEN: MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

Definition of Environment –kcse 2015

- It is all the external conditions surrounding an organism and which have influence over its behaviour/
activities.

Environmental Management –kcse 2017

- It is effective planning and control of the processes and activities that could cause the deterioration of the
environment/ improving resources in the environment.

Environmental Conservation.
- It is the protection, preservation and proper utilization of natural resources from destruction/ wastage/ loss.

Need for Environmental Management and Conservation.

- The following are reasons for/ significance of conserving and managing the environment -kcse 2014
i. To ensure effective utilisation of the available resources/ avoid wastage/ depletion.
ii. To reduce pollution which causes diseases to animals/ plants resulting into good health/ prolonged life/ reduce
global warming.
iii. To protect the endangered plant/ animal species/ preserving them for posterity.
iv. To preserve the aesthetic value/ beauty of landscape/ wildlife to promote tourism.
v. To protect the water catchment areas/ wetlands in order to preserve water sources/ maintain water cycle.
vi. To increase/ maintain source of food/ to maintain soil fertility because soil is the source of food.
vii. For economic value. Some natural resources like forests and minerals are extracted/ processed and sold earning
income.
viii. To sustain sources of raw materials for industries e.g. forests and mineral reserves need to be managed well.

Environmental Hazards.
- They refer to dangers or disasters within the environment due to natural causes or human activities.
- They include; -kcse 2009/ 2018/ 2023
 Windstorms
 Floods
 Lightning
 Pests and Diseases
 Pollution
 Volcanic eruptions
 Drought/ Desertification
 Earthquakes/ seismic disturbances
 Heat waves/ fires

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Kcse 2009- Name three environmental hazards associated with climatic conditions (3mks)
 Windstorms
 Lightning/ Thunderstorms
 Floods
 Drought/ desertification
 Landslides
 Heatwaves

Kcse 2023- Name two environmental hazards that occur as a result of human activities.
 Desertification
 Pollution
 Flooding
 Soil erosion
 Forest fires
 Earthquakes/ tremors- Dam failure
 Diseases
 Landslides
 Pests
 Drought
 Land dereliction (ugliness of land)

1. Floods.
- A flood is an overflow of large amount of water over dry land.

Examples of rivers that causes large scale flooding –kcse 2021

 River Yala
 River Nyando
 River Nzoia
 River Kuja
 River Tana
 River Ewaso Nyiro
 River Sondu Miriu

Areas which occasionally experience flooding.

 Budalangi
 Nyando
 Kano plains
 Tana River county/ Lower Tana
 Baringo
 Narok

Causes of floods.
i. Blockage of drainage in the urban centres by garbage as well as constructors hence water spills to the
surrounding streets/ roads.
ii. High rainfall rises the sea level/ lake/ river levels causing flooding in the adjacent lands.
iii. Landslides blocking river channels leading to flooding.
iv. Tsunamis cause sea waves which floods the adjacent lands.
v. Low-lying land limits the flow of surface run-off hence causing water to stagnate leading to flooding.
vi. Deforestation limits infiltration of surface run-off hence causing flooding.
vii. Siltation of rivers and lakes making them shallow unable to handle large amounts of water hence flooding.
viii. Presence of impermeable soils like clay limits water percolation resulting to flooding.
ix. Breaking of a dam making the water in the reservoir to drown the land on the downstream side of the valley.

Effects of flooding in Kenya –kcse 2021

i. Flooding causes water logging/ leaching of the soils hence lowering crop production.
ii. Flooding creates stagnant water that causes diseases which weaken people/ cause death.

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 iii. Floods destroy transport/ communication networks hence hindering/ disrupting movement of people/ goods/
services.
iv. Flooding leads to loss of property.
v. Floods leads to loss of life.
vi. Floods disrupts the farmers’ calendar/ destroy crops causing food shortages/ famine.
vii. Flooding displaces people/ leaves people homeless leading to destruction of human settlement.
viii. A lot of money is used for dredging silt deposits in rivers/ lakes/ reservoirs caused by flooding.
ix. Floods destroys aquatic habitat hence reduced fish production.
x. Floods pollutes water sources/land.

Ways through which floods can be controlled in Kenya –kcse 2021

i. Planting of vegetation along the river banks/ river catchment areas in order to reduce surface run off/ increase
seepage.
ii. Construction of dykes/ embankments to restrict the overflow of rivers.
iii. Regular dredging/ cleaning the drainage system in order to ease flow of water/ accommodate more water.
iv. Construction of dams/ canals/ water pans/ water reservoirs to reduce the velocity/ discharge of river
downstream.
v. Realigning/ training/ re-directing/ straightening river meanders to enable quick flow of water.
vi. Construction of drainage channel/ ditches/ furrows to drain away of excess water.
vii. Land use zoning i.e. government uses flood prone areas for development purposes like irrigation displacing
people.

Kcse 2001- Explain four factors that lead to frequent flooding in the lake region in Kenya (8mks)
 Most of the land is low lying which causes lake water to spread over wide area.
 The rivers are at their old stage thus have flood plain which allows water to spread over large area.
 The high rainfall received in the area is discharged into the lake making its level rise thus flooding adjacent
lowlands.
 Deforestation in the catchment areas reduces water infiltration and encourage surface run-off which ends up in
lakes increasing water volume hence spilling over to land.
 Siltation of lakes makes them shallow unable to hold large water hence flooding.
 Some areas have black cotton soils which are non-porous when it soaks up allowing water to flow and spread
over.

2. Lightning.
- Flash of brilliant light in the sky produced by natural electricity passing between clouds or from clouds to the
ground.

How lightning occurs.

- Intense heating occurs during the day.
- Localised movement of air masses in form of breezes occurs.
- Cumulo-nimbus clouds are formed.
- High terrestrial radiation results in convectional upsurge of air and rapid transfer of heat into the atmosphere.
- In the process, the earth surface is negatively charged while the air in the atmosphere is positively charged.
- This creates a severe mix-up of the heated air leading to thunder caused by collision of the charged molecules.
- A visible electrical discharge that appears in the atmosphere in form of a flash called lightning is formed.

Areas in Kenya that are prone to lightning –kcse 2017

 The Lake Victoria region.
 West of the Rift valley.
 The highlands of Kisii, Kericho and Nandi.

Effects/ problems caused by lightning –kcse 2017

i. It has killed many people/ animals.
ii. It has destroyed property/ buildings/ trees.
iii. It causes fires that may destroy vegetation.
iv. It has interrupted electricity causing power failures.
v. It has interrupted communication.

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 Ways/ measures of controlling lightning –kcse 2014
i. Installing lightning arrestors on buildings.
ii. Creating public awareness on dangers of lightning.
iii. Educating people to avoid sheltering under or near trees during rainstorms.
iv. Proper earthing of electrical installations.
v. Switching off electrical appliances during thunderstorms.
vi. Use of aircrafts to spray carbon dioxide/ silver iodide to disperse clouds reducing formation of lightning clouds.
vii. Use of early warning systems e.g. radars that detect lightning before it strikes.

Quiz: Explain how lightning arresters works (4mks).

3. Windstorms.
- They are strong destructive winds blowing across landmasses.
- They form due to great differences in atmospheric pressure on the ground.
- They include;
 Tropical cyclones/ hurricanes in Caribbeans.
 Willy willies in Australia.
 Tornadoes in North America.
 Typhoons in the Far East.

Effects of windstorms –kcse 2009

i. Windstorms destroy trees/ crops.
ii. They blow off roofs of houses.
iii. They disrupt transport/ communication lines.
iv. They spread bush fires.
v. They cause strong sea storms.
vi. They accelerate soil erosion.

Control of windstorms.
i) Planting trees to act as windbreaks.
ii) Monitoring windstorms so as to put mitigation measures.
iii) Warning people about the dangers of windstorms for them to take precautionary measures.
iv) Taking shelter in bankers.

4. Pests & Diseases.

- Read on pests and diseases affecting crops, animals and human beings, their effects and control.
Effects of pests and diseases.
i. Some pests like locusts/ army worms destroy vegetation resulting in shortage of pasture for herbivores.
ii. Some pests like ticks/ fleas transmit diseases to animals weakening them.
iii. Some pests like jiggery cause wounds in human feet through which infections may enter the body.
iv. Some pests like aphids feeds on crops lowering the yields.
v. Pests/diseases may lead to death of animals/ humans.

Control of pests and diseases –kcse 2017

i. Use of chemicals/ herbicides/ fungicides/ pesticides to control/ kill the pests.
ii. Developing plant species that are resistant to pests and diseases.
iii. Use of biological control measures such as breeding sterile male which does not allow breeding of some pests/ tse
tse fly/ organisms that destroy undesirable pests are introduced.
iv. Development of improved and effective alternative pesticides.
v. Education on proper use of chemicals to control pests and diseases.
vi. Clearing the vegetation/ habitat for pests.
vii. Creating awareness on the effects of human diseases like HIV/ AIDs and Covid-19.

5. Pollution.
- It is the introduction of harmful/ poisonous substances into the environment which interferes with its quality-kcse
2004
Types of pollution –kcse 2001
i. Air pollution
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 ii. Water pollution
iii. Sound pollution
iv. Land pollution

a) Air Pollution.
- It is the introduction of toxic/ harmful substances into the atmosphere which destroy its purity.

Causes of air pollution.

i. Volcanic eruptions releases poisonous gases/ dust/ ash to the atmosphere.
ii. Burning of fossil fuels like coal.
iii. Industrial emissions like SO2, CO2
iv. Cigarette smoking.
v. Dust and carbon particles added by quarrying and factories.
vi. Smoke and poisonous gases from motor vehicle emissions.
vii. Use of more carbon filled and leaded fuels.
viii. Burning of agricultural residuals.
ix. Rice production in irrigation scheme releases methane.
x. Charcoal burning.

Effects of air pollution on the physical environment –kcse 2023

i. Formation of acid rains leading to withering of plants.
ii. There is excess carbon dioxide leading to increase in temperatures/ depletion of ozone layer.
iii. Reduction of oxygen in the atmosphere.
iv. Excess dust in the air inhibiting photosynthesis in plants.
v. Gases emitted cause bad smell.
vi. Dust/ smoke/ smog reduces visibility.

Control of air pollution.

i. Use of unleaded fuels for the vehicles and farm machinery.
ii. Regular inspection of factories to ensure that toxic fumes are not released into the atmosphere.
iii. Warning cigarette smokers that smoking is harmful to their health and the environment.
iv. Planting of many trees/ vegetation to use CO2 for photosynthesis.

b) Water Pollution.
- It is the introduction of harmful/ poisonous substances in water interfering with its quality.

Causes of water pollution –kcse 2007

i. Discharge of untreated industrial waste into waterbodies.
ii. Disposal of domestic waste into waterbodies.
iii. Discharge of agro-chemicals into rivers/ lakes by rainwater.
iv. Surface run-off washes silt into waterbodies.
v. Pollution of water by human beings through washing clothes/ cars/ bathing in the rivers/ lakes.
vi. Discharge of raw sewage into waterbodies/ sewage from blocked pipes.
vii. Oil spillage from tankers.
viii. Dumping of solid waste into water courses.
ix. Poor methods of farming like cultivation along the river banks leads to soil erosion/ soil disposal into waterbodies.

Effects of water pollution –kcse 2007

i. It may cause death of aquatic life.
ii. It destroys aesthetic/beauty of beach/ waterbodies.
iii. It leads to spread of waterborne diseases.
iv. It leads to eutrophication/ growth of water weeds.
v. It causes foul smell to the environment.

Control of water pollution.

i. Treating industrial waste before being discharged into waterbodies.
ii. Recycle industrial waste in order to reduce industrial waste turn over.
iii. Biological control of weeds should be encouraged instead of weed killer chemicals.

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 iv. Enforce environmental laws on the use of improved technology industrial efficiency to reduce harmful discharge
into waterbodies.
v. Enforcing laws on environmental management and charging those who break the laws.
vi. Educating people on the appropriate ways of waste disposal/ effects of water pollution.
vii. Farmers to be advised to use more of organic manure to reduce use of agro-chemicals fertilisers.
viii. Clean up campaigns to be done/ clean beaches and dumps along river valleys and lakes.
ix. Planting trees along river banks/ ploughing along contours to control soil erosion.

c) Sound/ Noise Pollution.

- It is a discordant sound which is excessive, unwanted and of a disturbing nature.

Causes of noise/ sound pollution.

i. Repeated hooting of motor vehicles.
ii. Booming music in night clubs/ shops/ vehicles.
iii. Large flying aircrafts.
iv. Machines that produce loud sound in factories.
v. Blasts from mines.
vi. Banging of metal by Jua kali artisans.
vii. Excessive loud music from churches/ singing/ people like touts.
viii. Celebrations during Diwali/ Happy New Year.
ix. Thunder.
x. Reveting of machines in steel rolling mills and welding of metals.

Effects of sound pollution.

i. Headache.
ii. Stress leading to physical/ mental illness like neurosis.
iii. Cause people to become irritable.
iv. Raising blood pressure.
v. Damaging of ear drums/ leading to impaired hearing.

Control of sound/ noise pollution.

i. Vehicles/ industrial machines should be fitted with silencers to reduce noise pollution.
ii. Workers in noisy factories should wear gadgets to block loud noise.
iii. Doors/ ceilings/ walls of noisy factories should be fitted with earth sound proof boards to restrict noise.
iv. Zoning noisy industrial areas from residential areas to protect people from noise pollution.
v. Empowering traffic policemen to arrest vehicles with loud music/ exhaust pipes.
vi. Creation of bodies like NEMA (National Environment Management Authority) to deal with environmental matters
like sound.
vii. The government should come up with punitive legislative measures to control noise pollution.

d) Land Pollution.
- It is the introduction of harmful/ poisonous substances in the soil/ land leading to deterioration of their state.

Causes of land pollution.

i. Dumping of garbage particularly in urban areas.
ii. Dumping of industrial waste on the land.
iii. Disposal of human and animal waste on land.
iv. Mining/ quarrying leading to land dereliction.
v. Burning of vegetation destroying soil humus/ exposing land.
vi. Excessive use of agricultural farm chemicals.
vii. Oil spillage by tankers transporting oil using roads.
viii. Nuclear testing.

Effects of land pollution –kcse 2012

i. Garbage heaps are unattractive/ eye sore/ make environment ugly.
ii. Garbage produce foul smell/ air which is hazardous to human health.
iii. Garbage washed into waterbodies cause pollution.
iv. Organisms that thrives in the garbage may transmit diseases/ habitat for diseases causing vectors.

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 v. Garbage blocks drainage systems leading to flooding in urban centres.
vi. Some toxins from the garbage pollutes the soil reducing crop production.
vii. Some garbage can cause injuries e.g. glasses/ metal.
viii. Garbage may cause obstruction on roads// pavements leading to traffic/ human jam in urban centres.

Types of waste found in urban areas.

i. Household waste.
ii. Industrial waste.
iii. Biomedical/ clinical waste.
iv. Commercial/ business waste.
v. Agricultural waste.
vi. Construction/ demolition waste.
vii. Sewage/ sludge waste.
viii. E-waste/ electronic waste.

Control of land pollution –kcse 2004

i) Burning waste materials.
ii) Digging pits for throwing rubbish.
iii) Minimizing use of harmful chemicals/ use of organic manure.
iv) Creating awareness on the dangers of land pollution/ how to control it.
v) Recycling of waste materials/ treatment of industrial waste.
vi) Government legislation against dumping.
vii) Setting up proper garbage collection/ management program.

Measures being taken to manage and conserve the environment in Kenya –kcse 2017
i) Making legislative laws that govern environmental management and conservation.
ii) Setting up organizations such as green belt movement to protect the environment.
iii) Creating public awareness through mass media/ seminars education on the need to conserve the environment.
iv) Research on various aspects of conserving/ managing the environment in institutions like KARI/ ACIPG.
v) Setting up of recycling plants to recycle waste materials in order to protect the environment and keep it clean.
vi) Setting up ministries to deal with various aspects of environment like ministry of Environment and natural
resources.
vii) Presidential decrees and directives e.g. declaration of “kayas” protecting the aloe plant.
viii) Signing international agreement to reduce greenhouse gases emission to protect the environment from pollution.
ix) Rehabilitation of derelict land by filling pits with rocks/ soils then planting vegetation.
x) Participating in environmental activities like tree planting during environmental day.

Instructions : ATTEMPT ALL THE QUESTIONS ON YOUR GEOGRAPHY SUMMARY BOOK

Answer ALL questions

1. (a) What is environment? (2 marks)

(b) Name two divisions of physical geography. (2 marks)
2. (a) Name two layers of discontinuity in the interior part of the earth. (2 marks)
(b) State three characteristics of the outer core. (3 marks)
3. The diagram below shows one of the instruments used to measure weather. Use it to answer question (a)

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 (a) (i) Identify the instrument represented above. (1 mark)
(ii) Name the parts labeled A and B. (2 marks)
(b) Give three human activities that influence the climate of an area. (3 marks)
4. Outline four processes involved in physical weathering. (4 marks)
5. (a) Define the term hydrological cycle? (2 marks)
(b) Explain two factors that influence the occurrence of surface run-off. (4 marks)

6. (a) Give three examples of non-ferrous minerals. (3 marks)

(b) Describe the following characteristics of minerals.
(i) Tenacity (2 marks)
(ii) Cleavage (2 marks)
(iii) Lustre (2 marks)
(c) (i) What is a metamorphic rock? (2 marks)
(ii) Describe how sedimentary rocks are formed through mechanical process. (6 marks)
(d) Explain four significance of rocks to the economy of Kenya. (8 marks)

7. (a) Differentiate between magma and lava. (2 marks)

(b) The diagram below shows some features of vulcanicity.

(i) Identify the features marked C, D and E. (3 marks)

(ii) Give two examples of the feature marked F in Kenya. (2 marks)
(c) Describe how the following features are formed.
(i) Lava plateau (5 marks)
(ii) Hot springs (5 marks)
(d) Explain four ways in which volcanic mountains influence human activities. (8 mks)
8. (a) Define the term mass movement. (2 marks)
(b) Explain three physical factors that influence mass wasting. (6 marks)
(c) Describe the following processes of mass wasting.
(i) Solifluction (3 marks)

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 (ii) Earth flow (3 marks)
(iii) Rock slump (3 marks)
(d) Explain four effects of mass wasting on human environment. (8 marks)

9. (a) (i) Give three types desert landscapes. (3 marks)

(ii) State four factors that lead to the formation of desert land forms (4 marks)
(b) Using a well labelled diagram, describe how a rock pedestal is formed. (7 marks)
(c) Identify three landforms resulting from water action in arid areas. (3marks)
(d) Suppose you are to carry out a field study on desert landforms
(i) State two objectives you would formulate for the study. (2 marks)
(ii) Give two methods you would use to record your data. (2 marks)
(iii) Identify any four problems you are likely to face during field study in the desert. (4 marks)
……………………. MERRY CHRISTMAS & HAPPY NEW YEAR

F3 dec 24

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