S&F

Sentence: a meaningful group of words.

Fragment: a meaningless group of words.
Sentence = Subject + Verb + Meaning
Subject = Noun, Pronoun, Gerund, but not a Relative pronoun (who, which, that….)
Verb = be, do, have, model, present, past, perfect, continues………
but not gerund verb+ing (eating) or to infinitive (to eat) or past participle (eaten)

Subordinating conjunctions
(When, Where, While, Before, After, Until, If, since, because, Despite, in spite,
unlike, though, although, as)
When they come at the beginning of the sentence, they make it a fragment.
We do not prefer to use a comma or a semicolon or a colon before or after them.
We do not prefer to use a verb to Be or of gerund after them.
, when ; while is when when of reading
, because ; because was because because of eating

1) S F may not to use a comma

, Subordinating conjunctions , who ,which, ing

2) F , S must use a comma
Mistakes
1) S S Run on sentence
2) S and S Run on sentence
3) S , S Comma splice error

Coordinating Conjunctions
(F A N B O Y S)
For And Nor But Or Yet So

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 Correction
1) S ; S semicolon between related sentences
2) S , fanboys S Comma and fanboys not a semicolon fanboys

3) S; adverb, S (However, therefore, moreover, furthermore, instead… )

. S. Adverb, S
. S, adverb, F

4) S (who/which/that) S Remove the 2nd subject and use (Who, Which, or that)

,Who person relative pronouns refer to the word before them

,Which thing you may use a comma before who and which no comma before that.

That thing

One of them

Many of whom

Some of which

5) S . S period and Capitalization.

6) S : explanation when the second part explains the first or to introduce a list of items.

7) None essential phrase , , _ _ ( ) Article Relative pronoun Job

8) S S to give a conclusion
List of subordinating conjunctions

Contrast Cause
though Because until after
although provided that when before
even though why whenever than
whereas since where once
while so that whether if
unless as wherever even if
Despite in order that
in spite
unlike

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List of Conjunctive Adverbs

Comparison Restate G S
+ Contrast - +Addition+ Cause
however also therefore likewise In fact For example
nevertheless then Thereafter similarly True For instance
nonetheless furthermore consequently Equally Indeed Such as
Rather besides subsequently In other words Including
instead next As a result specifically
Still moreover accordingly Particularly
conversely In effect
otherwise thus
On the other hand hence
Even so To this end Conclusion Same time
unfortunately In the end meanwhile

Fortunately finally Simultaneous

Contrary Ultimately
counterintuitive Eventually
Regardless

Negative signs: no, none, not, never, hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, few, only, too, over …

Which of the following is a sentence?

1) Mark and his friends are students.

2) They are spending a year in Spain.

3) Mark sitting and writing a letter.

4) Most of them will stay for a year.

5) Most of whom will stay for a year.

6) Emily who received three letters from Mark.

7) While he was thinking about the problem.

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8) Which was a beautiful building.

9) Such an exciting year.

10) The letters written over the course of the year.

11) Because he was afraid of heights.

12) All students in the program will have arrived by September.

13) Reading is the easiest part of the test.

14) Call me tomorrow.

15) where you live is far for me.

1) Unclear pronoun reference (Ambiguous)

It, its, they, them, their, this, these.

This + verb this + noun this made me cry these led to the revolution

These + verb these + noun this story made me cry these actions led to the revolution

I) The dogs ran after the cats, they were big. …………………………………………

II) The boys ran after the cats, one of them was big. ………………...............

III) The dogs ran after the cat, they were big. ……………………………………

2) Repetition:

D) The dog ran after the cat, the cat was big. ........……………………………………

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Exercises:
1) When you handled the car well you ran a red light. …………………
A) No change
B) although
C) because
D) since
2) As China is overpopulated it is trying to correct the problem. …………………
A) No change
B) although
C) because
D) since
3) We couldn't solve the problem of violence because we didn't control guns. …………………
A) No change
B) although
C) after
D) when
4) They have to make some personal sacrifices when the economy worsens.
A) No change …………………………….
B) although
C) because
D) after
5) They were on their way to a yard sale an old man waved to them.
A) No change …………………………….
B) when an old
C) because an old
D) although an old
6) Michael was born in Paris where he spent most of his childhood.
A) No change …………………………….
B) Paris although
C) Paris because
D) Paris, where
7) Ella wrote a statement for the media, she attended a press conference for an hour.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) media, yet she
C) media, but she
D) media; she
8) Some people write with a word processor other people do not use this advanced technology.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) although other
C) because other
D) although, other

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9) The officers were not committed enough, we accepted their excuses.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) , and we
C) , but we
D) , so we
10) Mark went to the cinema and he didn’t watch the movie.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) , and
C) , but
D) , so
11) Americans consume more Junk Food, consequently Canadians become aware of its disadvantages.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) ;therefore
C) ; in addition,
D) ;however,
12) Many doctors work long night shifts nevertheless they have less time for their families.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) ;therefore,
C) ; in addition,
D) ;however,
13) Chinese warriors fought violently; therefore defeating their enemies.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) ;therefore,
C) ; in addition,
D) thus,
14) The foundation tries to save the lives of wild animals. However, it tries to improve their health.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) . Therefore,
C) . In addition,
D) . On the other hand,
15) Sarah is a very hungry in addition she is starving.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) ;therefore,
C) ; indeed,
D) . on the other hand
16) Car companies manufacture their automobiles in many different countries around the world therefore
. Toyota manufacture their automobiles in South Africa.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) ;therefore,
C) ; indeed,
D) for instance

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17) Mark joined his best friend he lived in Canada.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) friend ,who
C) friend; he
D) friend , and he
18) Margaret has taught high school English and history and she has a master's degree in it.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) this
C) that
D) English
19) The mail carrier couldn’t open the package and make it to the door, it was closed very firmly.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) door; it was
C) door, and it was
D) door, which was
20) Children like to watch science fiction movies, science fiction movies expand their imagination.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) movies; it was
C) movies, and it was
D) movies, which was
21) Writers spent most of their lives writing their novels, one of them is translated to more than 70 . .
. Languages
A) No change ……………………………….
B) one of it is
C) one of whom is
D) one of which is
22) College students have to take many courses some of them face learning challenges.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) some of it is
C) some of whom is
D) some of which is
23) The bookstore specializes in three subjects art, architecture, and graphic design.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) subjects, art
C) subjects: art
D) subjects; art
(24) He got what he worked for he earned that promotion.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) for, he
C) for: he
D) for; he

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25) That apple a variety of apple called Golden Delicious is best when eaten fresh.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) That apple: a variety of apple called Golden Delicious
C) That apple, a variety of apple called Golden Delicious)
D) That apple, a variety of apple called Golden Delicious,

26) Mr. Harrison, the principal at my school wears a tie every day.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) Mr. Harrison: the principal at my school
C) Mr. Harrison the principal at my school
D) Mr. Harrison, the principal at my school
27) She was only three years old, but dressed in grown-up clothes.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) old but dressed
C) old but she dressed
D) old, dressed
28) The students read more books, for the improvement of their languages skills.
A) No change ……………………………….
B) : for the improvement
C) ; for the improvement
D) for the improvement
Places where you should not use comma
Subj verb object preposition that adjective noun
Sarah eats pizza in that big room.

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 Writing skills

Modifiers
1) Dangling modifier 2) Misplaced modifier

Sentence = Subject + Verb + Meaning

Subject = Noun, Pronoun, Gerund, but not a Relative pronoun (who, which, that)
Verb = Be, Do, Have, Modal, present, past, perfect, continues………
but not a Gerund ( verb + ing reading) or a To infinitive ( to read ) or past participle

Subordinating conjunction

(When, Where, While, Before, After, Until, If, Since, Because, Although, Though, and as)

1) The first man who discovered aqua therapy.

2) The first man discovering aqua therapy.
3) The first man to discover aqua therapy.
4) Because the first man discovered aqua therapy.

1) S F better not to use a comma

2) F , S must use a comma

Example: While driving my new car, Sam called me.

After the comma we bring the subj that was doing the action without ‘s

(1) ing …………………….…., Sam's was

(a) ing …………………….…., Sam's was

(b) ing …………………….…., Mark was

ing ………………., subj
(c) ing …………………….…., Sam who

(d) ing …………………….…., Sam doing

ing ……………………., Subj
(e) ing …………………….…., Sam was

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 Writing skills
Dangling modifier

Gerund or to infinitive no subject , Subject + Verb

Example:

Incorrect: While walking down the yellow road, the castle was seen by me.
Correction: While walking down the yellow road, I saw the castle.
Exercise:
1) To find an appropriate job, many applications must be done by Mark.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) Unable to defeat the Americans in open battles, a trick was used by the Iraqis.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) Out of all the great movies, the committee granted Titanic the best movie Oscar.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4) Being a non English speaking student, the course was very hard for Sam to pass.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5) When driving the car fast, the police gave me a ticket.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
6) By lowering her blood cholesterol level, Nancy’s diseases will be avoided.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
7) Because of his hard and well preserved physique, talent, and good educational backgrounds,
the HSR organization selected the professor G.Brown to be its representative .
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
8). After working tediously for days on the assignment, Mark’s eyes were very red.
……………………………………………………………………………………
9) Trying hard many years to reach the major leagues, success was his reward.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10) Having done its work with exceptional care, the president was very satisfied about the
company's accomplishments .…………………………………………………………………
11) Eating too much in the last three months, finally she gained weight .
……………………………………………………………………………………………
12) Written with care, mark impressed everybody by the book .
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
13) When thinking about television shows, the insider is the most wildly chosen.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
14) With their many chapters, frank’s novels achieved unsurpassed fame.
………………………………………………………………………………….

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Writing skills

Misplaced modifier
(Ed or ing) (Relative pronouns)
(Exciting, excited) (Who, which, that)
Refer to the word before them
I read a long story Person : who , whom , whose
I read an interesting story Thing : which, that , whose
The girl who is playing cards is Sarah. Time : when
The man crossing the street is my friend. Place : where , in which
The boy punished by the principal is Mark. By which to which for which

Place the modifiers right next to the word they modify.

A) Sarah went to the doctor who is sick ……………………………………………
B) Sarah eats pizza dressing the baby. ……………………………………………
C) Sarah eats pizza dressed in black. ……………………………………………

1) They borrowed a book from the public library that costs one dollar.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) Bono surprised his friends with his shaggy hair.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3) Some people are riding horses waving their hands .
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
4) The state is trying to control the spread of flies on pet animals causing a lot of disease.
.…………………………………………………………………………………

5) The cat and the dog bought a wedding ring from the pig which weights three grams.
……………………………………………………………………………………
6) The engineers designed a car to enter the national race which has an enormous engine.
………………………………………………………………………………………
7) There only remained two places on earth where the criminal could find help and support
that were safe enough.
……………………………………………………………………………………
8) The student entered the math class carrying a baseball .
……………………………………………………………………………………

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Writing skills
9) The Central Hospital is the largest in the country consisting of a hundred rooms.
……………………………………………………………………………………
10) Finally we found the lost toy in the old house that we always play with.
………………………………………………………………………………………
11) The TV show interviews many movie stars named after its host.
.……………………………………………………………………………………
12) Judge William declared that the responsible criminals were Boss Tweed and Tammany
Hall depending on the facts of the crime.
………………………………………………………………………………………
13) The student was taken to the principal dressed out of the school uniform.
………………………………………………………………………………………
14) Mark shows the class his invention, a car that moves its wheels when pressing a button.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
15) I came across a fascinating hotel when wandering in the big city.
………………………………………………………………………………………
16) Experts say that many fires occurred last summer while hiking in the woods.
………………………………………………………………………………………
17) The teachers are testing the students using some difficult questions.
………………………………………………………………………………………
18) The famous series of detective stories were written by Mark and Helen based on finding
the secret weapons hidden in unpredictable places.
………………………………………………………………………………………

Examples:
1) The king almost ate all the oysters.
……………………………………………………………
2) Sam only broke the door.
………….…………………………………………………
3) The students agreed on Monday to go for a stroll with school principal.

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Writing skills

Parallelism
The cat is in the hat seeing is believing seeing is more important than believing

The rat is in the bath to see is to believe being free more important than being well

Try as much as you can to use the same prepositions.

1) I lived in Canada not by America…………………
2) It is good for boys and to girls……......................

Parallelism usually occurs around the Fanboys (for - and - nor - but - or - yet - so)
3) The sports fans jumped and were screaming. ………………………….
4) My English is improving slowly but sure……………………………
5) Dowson College offers courses in chemistry physics.
6) Dowson College offers courses in chemistry physics biology.
7) Dowson College offers courses in three different subjects chemistry physics biology.

The best list : --------------, ----------------, ----------------, and ----------------

Bad lists : --------------, ----------------, ----------------, as well as ---------
--------------, ----------------, ----------------, in addition --------
--------------, ----------------, ----------------, plus ----------------
--------------, ----------------, ----------------, and also -----------
--------------, ----------------, ----------------, with ----------------
Verbs
8) Sarah wanted to eat a balanced diet, to drink fresh fruits juice, and doing regular exercise.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
9) Over the weekend I had bought a new car, had painted the room, and planted the garden.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10) The actor usually starts the war, then gave up his weapons, and also then surrenders to the enemy.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Adjective and Adverb:

11) The story was short, comprehensively, as well as realistic.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Noun, noun, noun
12) I know every student’s name, address, in addition to what is his mobile number
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

You can place the articles before each noun or before the first one only . (Common factors)
13) Helen loves to read, write, and to attend the opera.
A)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
B)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Dr. Abdelrahman Ragab

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Writing skills

14) On her shopping trip Mrs. Brown bought a book, dress, and a toy.
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
B)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
15) The prisoner was arrested, was tried, and also found innocent.
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
B)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
16) Last night I studied math, I studied English, I studied French, and I studied chemistry
A)………………………………………………………………………………………………
17) Kenneth loves camping, to collect stamps, and also playing baseball.
A)………………………………………………………………………………………………
18) Lately I’ve been able to pass through many truths , through opinions , plus different accounts
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
B)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
19) The continent of Atlantis was struck by devastating earthquakes, covered by flood, and was
swallowed up by the ocean.
A)………………………………………………………………………………………………

20) I have visited my brother, my sister, my father and mother, and visited my uncle too.
A)………………………………………………………………………………………………

21) The carpenter fixed the chair’s torn leather, broken arms and legs and the rusty metal knobs.

B)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
22) The students were happy to find new books, new novels, also to find new stories.
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
B)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
23) I advised them to walk for a mile, to eat well, to exercise and relax, and get a good night sleep.
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
B)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
24) Anthropologists speculated that the Anasazi might have been attacked by unfriendly tribes,
decimated by crop failures, or drought might have driven them away.
A)………………………………………………………………………………………………
B)…………………………………………………………………………………………………

25) To live a happier life, we should all focus on eating meals together, on airing our problems and
concerns, and in general on to slow down the pace of our lives.
A)………………………………………………………………………………………………
B)………………………………………………………………………………………………

Dr. Abdelrahman Ragab

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 Writing skills

(Between -- and) (Both -- and) (Prefer -- to) (From -- to) (Same -- as) (As --- as)

(Not -- but) (Not only -- but also) (Not just -- but also) (Not because -- but because)

(Because -- and because) (More -- than) (Less -- than) (Sooner -- than)

(Neither -- nor) (Either -- or) (So -- that) (So much – as) (Just as – so too)

(Neither) by (Nor)……. (not) from (but) …….. (More) in (than) ………

(Both) its (And)…… (Not only) reading (But also)…….. (Between) the (and)…….

Examples: both my sister and my brother were happy about the score.

The actors not only played well but also showed unique talents.

1) The teachers were not only active and also were happy.
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) The dogs not only ran after the cat as well as trying to catch it.
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) Sam not only activates his account and also he created a new one.
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4) He worked not because of the money but because he wanted the improvement of his skills.
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
6) They live neither in the past nor the future.
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
7) I spent more time in America than Canada.
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
B)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
8) The artist skills were more marked in his novels than either narration or poetry.
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
B)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
9) The show is infuriating because of its characters and because of the plot
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………
10) Many eighteen century romantic poets were both advocators of rebellion as well as they are
supporting the power of imagination .
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Dr. Abdelrahman Ragab

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Writing skills

11) Jazz is originated in America not, as they say, to be Africa.

A)………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12)
Exercise offer both physical and emotional benefits; a sense of control over one’s body, feeling of
our accomplishment, and it release from pent-up frustration.
A)…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Dr. Abdelrahman Ragab

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 The subject verb agreement Subj Obj
Of
1) Bird species (chirp or chirps) when dangerous animals attack it. To
2) Bread fungus (live or lives) on wet organic materials of its production. On
3) They noticed that the danger of credit cards (is or are) increasing. In
4) The outcome of the cases of these criminals (has or have) been dangerous. At
5) Life standards of a child of a big family (require or requires) variable changes. By
6) The young fish (was or were) attracted to each other. For
7) The acoustic big body electric guitars (make or makes) authentic sounds. From
8) The acoustic big body of the electric guitars (make or makes) authentic sounds. About
9) The sculptures made by Michelangelo (survive or survives) the war. Along
10) The responsibilities upon my shoulders (is or are) bigger than me. Among
Between
The subj is always before the first preposition.
Countable and none countable
Some types of food: pasta, rice, butter, cheese… etc.
Liquids: water, juice, coffee, oil ….. etc.
Abstract: freedom, education, justice, knowledge ….. etc.
Money, funding, work …..etc.

They It
Countable or (plural) Uncountable or (singular )
Many few less much
Both Every, Either , Neither , any , each
A number The number

1) No two of my friends (is or are) coming over tonight.

2) Five of my friends (promise or promises) to come over tonight.
3) Many individuals in our society (prefer or prefers) travel.
4) The singing of those famous Australian opera stars (is or are) uplifting.
5) A list of available jobs (contain or contains) posted on the board.
6) Some of the assignments (has or have) been ready to submit.
7) Some of the assignment (is or are) due on Saturday.
8) Neither of the environmentalists (is or are) in favor of cutting the forests.
9) Far too few of us (create or creates) financial problems.
10) The act made by the European countries (was or were) unclear.
11) A number of my clients (submits or submit) incomplete payments.
12) Either of the plants (grow or grows) surprisingly.
13) Movie goers at the theater (is or are) excited.

Dr. Abdel Rahman Ragab

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14) The number of injuries (has or have) been truly increasing.
15) The spotted owl and the spotted tiger (increase or increases) the danger.
16) Each of the workers at the construction site (need or needs) some salary raise.
17) Eating of carbohydrates (cause or causes) high glucose level.
18) The fish and wild life service (is or are) doing great efforts to finish the problem.
19) Eating, sleeping and reading ( is or are ) enjoyable activities.

If we have more than one subject we look at the subject that is closer to the verb.
1) Neither pollution nor other environmental disasters ( is or are ) related to overcrowding
2) Either the oysters or the whale (enjoy or enjoys) the party.

The none essential phrase or “nonrestrictive“

1)Between two commas
2)Between two dashes
3)Between two parentheses
4)Starts with a relative pronoun 5) Starts with an article (the, a, an)
6) Job

3) The American Sign Language, which contains many forms and signs and gestures, (is or are) huge.
4) Siberian tiger, may be the fiercest of all tiger species, (leads or lead) the endangered species list.
5) Midwesterners who lived most of their lives in mountain (is or are) not used to the city living.
6) Mark, an editor at the turbines, (was or were) killed in a car accident.
7) Cryonics – a very successful computer company in the Asian markets – (is or are) thriving

Inverted sentences:
There and prepositions at the beginning make the subject comes after the verb.
A) The cats (is or are) big D) There beside the cats (is or are) a big cat.
B) The rooms (is or are) big E) In the rooms (is or are) a boy looking at us.

8) There (is or are) huge fierce dogs at the gate of the house
9) According to the spokesman, there (have or has) been many disasters in the African continent.
10) Under the floor (lies or lie) the secret doors to the cave.
11) Among the great treasures of all realms (is or are) the cloak of invisibility.

Dr. Abdel Rahman Ragab

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 Subjective Objective Possessive Reflexive
First person I Me My mine Myself
We Us Our ours Ourselves
Second person You You Your yours Yourself or yourselves
Third person One One One’s Oneself
He Him His himself
She Her Her herself
They Them Their themselves
It It Its itself
who whom whose

Their They’re There

Its It’s
whose Who’s

1) When one starts a new business (you / one) must think about the profits.
2) If you focus in the class (you / one) will get a better grade.
3) Each of the players recorded (his or her / their) scores.
4) One of the reasons is that (it / he or she) needs more time to finish the work.
5) My father asked my brother and (I or me) to take part.
6) The house was built by (he or him) in less than three months.
7) My sister and (I or me) will become (a doctor or doctors) in the future.
8) For (who or whom) are you buying this present?
9) I need to know (who or whom) made this delicious dish.
10) The electrician (who or whom) I asked for assistance was helpful.
11) The teacher will announce (his or her / their) decisions.
12) Smokers are putting an end to (his or her / their) (life or lives).
13) (There, their, they’re) colors were nice
14) (its or it's ) color is beautiful
15) (There, their, they’re) will be a party on Friday
16) (There, their, they’re) working on a new project.
17) (its or it's ) considered illegal in the state of California.
18) In The zoo (There, their, they’re) are thousands of wild animals that might not be able to leave
(its , their, they’re) cages.
19) Humans practiced chemistry for centuries before (its / it’s / there/ their) recognized as a science.
20) The dog house is very big.
21) The two dogs house is very big.
22) The two dogs heart is very kind.
23) The boys mother is excited.
24) The babys mothers are exited.
25) Many country's mountain is increasing in height.

Dr. Abdel Rahman Ragab

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 Collective nouns
1) The team (is or are) playing tonight.
2) The team (is or are) discussing their opinions.
3) The bee swarm (is or are) approaching us.
4) The audience (is or are) attending the show.
5) The team (who or which) is playing tonight.
6) The team (who or which) are discussing their opinions.

Italics is always singular:

7) The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe (is or are) an admirable tale.
8) The eagle and the child (is or are) a shop in oxford street.
9) Collecting and recycling of electronic devices (is or are) an important environmental issue.
10) Mozart’s myths (look or looks) at its predecessors.

Some singular pronouns:

Something everything anything nothing
somebody everybody anybody nobody
someone everyone anyone no one
1) A news about the epidemics (was or were) very surprising.
2) Fumigating the crops (is or are) a powerful means of sterilization.
Parenthesis expressions:
(Like, as well as, in addition to, with, along with ……)
3) Dr. Hopkins like the other doctors (is or are) lecturing today.
4) Prolonged exposure with excessive levels (have or has) caused the crisis.

Dr. Abdel Rahman Ragab

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 Writing skills

Adjectives - Adverbs
The exam was easily ………….. Jessica is moving slow……………
Sarah smiled happy…………… Mark thinks clever………………

When an Adj is preceded with or followed by any verb

. (ed, ing, present ) we add (ly)to it .
The house was 1) quiet/quietly. It had been snowing 2) heavy/heavily and the ground was
covered 3) soft/softly by a white blanket.4) an extreme/ extremely loud/loudly voice at the
door. I jumped up 6) nervous/nervously. ‘Who is it?’ I called 7) anxious / anxiously. There
was no reply. I 8) slow/slowly opened the door and looked outside. A rush of 9) unexpected
/ unexpectedly cold/coldly air entered. I 10) quick / quickly shut the door and turned
around.

Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives. hard, fast, high, low, early, late.

Adjective Adverb
See Hear
Good Well
Fast Fast Look Sound
Hard Hard (hardly)=(not) Appear Smell
Early Early Feel Taste
None action verbs
1) It was an extreme helpful story………………………………….
2) Mark has got an unusual strong memory…………………
3) They did a perfect accurate job in this project ……………………..
4) The job needs a kind intelligent, manager …………………………
5) The architect, John brown is successful……………………….
5) The Canadian, born, artist, Justin Bieber is the first to break the world record.
6) The dark, blue, dress, is more attractive.
6) His story sounded nicely ……………..
7) The cake smells badly ………………..
8) The man felt well

Dr. Abdelrahman Ragab

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 Writing skills

Comparative and superlative

(2) Comparative (3) Superlative Three things are not allowed in English:
Double negative (-)ve (-)ve
Older Oldest Double comparative more er
More careful most careful Double superlative most est
Double possessive mark’s arm’s
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Good Better Best (More than ) ( less than) (..er than )
Bad Worse Worst ( compared with ) (same as) ( equal to )
(as as) (unlike ,) (like ,) (different From)

We can say (a more, a most, a stronger, a strongest, the more, the most)
Negatives: no, none, not, neither, nor, never, hardly, scarcely, fail, refuse, few, only, less, out
Positives: any, either, or, ever, accept, many, more, a few
Exercise
1) I can’t hardly see you …………………………..
2) I will not remember you no more …………………….…………………………..
3) Mark is the middle child, and jimmy is the older…………………………………
4) Mark is more stronger than his brother ………………………………………………
5) The hobbyist is more effective and faster than the professional. ………………………….
6) He picked as many apples, if not more, than his father did. ………………………
7) New York is cleaner compared with London. …………………………………
8) The Egyptian book fair and the Syrian book fair are held in almost the same time, but the
Egyptian one has the best sales..………………………………………………
9) The robot’s finger’s sensors are not functioning. …………………………………………..
10) Sarah’s and John’s stories are interesting. ……………………………………
12) The Nile river is larger than other rivers in the world …………………………………
13) I refused to see neither your friend nor you ………………………..…………
14) The researchers project is due on Friday.
15) The opinion’s of the players is important. ………………..

Dr. Abdelrahman Ragab

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 Writing skills

Incomplete and Illogical Comparisons

Compare similar things: a person to a person, a thing to a thing, a verb to a verb……..etc

(More > than) (Less > than) (Sooner > than) (Like >,) (Unlike >,)
(Compare >with) (Prefer >to) (Similar> to) (Superior> to) (equal > to)
(same as ) (As >as) (Different >from)

We compare the subj with the first word after (than, comma, as, to, with)
.
The cat of Sarah is better than Mark
A) The cat of Sarah is better than Mark ………………………if the subj is singular use (that)
B) The cats of Sarah are better than Mark …………………… if the subj is plural use (those)
C) Sarah’s cat is better than Mark ……………………………if you used one ‘s use another ‘s

1) Mark’s hair is better than his brother. ……………………………

2) The interior of the world trade center is better designed than the Saris tower. ……………………………
3) The streets of London are larger than New York. ………………………………………………
4) The Company noticed that the meat price in the local market is better than the foreign market. …………
5) The muffins at McDonald’s are similar to Burger king …………………………………
6) The design made by Mario Bellini is as practical as Harry Bertoia …………………………………
7) Like many movie producers, the movies of Michel Bruno are influential.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
8) Unlike the great author Shakespeare, the works of Ernest Hemingway are short..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9) I found that swimming in the ocean is better than when you swim in the lakes
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10) The United States has a greater area than if we combine France and Italy together.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11) The seller works much more than me.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12) The bus uses more gas than the car.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
13) you could play the game much faster than me …………………………………………………..

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 Writing skills

Verb Tenses

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future

Last night, I studied an I will work as much as I can
He reads nearly every day.
entire novel. this year.
Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous
I was reading a Poem last I will be reading Nathaniel
I am reading a book at the moment.
night. Hawthorne soon.
Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
I had taken at least 100 I will have created at least
I have written so many books I
books by the time I was 500 books by the end of the
can’t keep count.
twelve. year.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous
I had been reading for at I will have been reading for
I have been reading since I was
least a year before my sister at least two hours before
four years old.
learned to read. dinner tonight.

He is reads nearly every day……………………………………………………………………..

I have write so many books I can’t keep count………………………………………………......

Verb to be: verb to have:

Infinitive be Infinitive have
Gerund being Gerund having
Present is am are + (P.P) or (ing) Present have has + (P.P)
Past was were Past had
P.P been P.P had

1) She was took to the hospital. 3) He has wrote the story.

2) This bell will be break all night. 4) They had run for hours before 10.
Having studied very hard, I’ve got A+.

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 Writing skills

Modal verbs:
Present past
Can could
Will would
No (to, ing, ed, s, or es )
Shall Should + bare infinitive
May might 1) you must to write faster
Must ought to 2) She could distinguished the difference
3) He might has see the boys.

If I find a bag full of money, …………………………………………………..

If I found a bag full of money, ………………………………………………..
If I had found a bag full of money,……………………………………………

If clause (verb), + main clause (modal)

Main clause (modal) + if clause (verb)

If conditional:
Type 1: If + present Will If he studies, he will pass the test.
Type 2: If + past would If I were you, I would talk to her.
Type 3: If + had would have If she had studied, she would have passed the test

1) You would have passed the test if you study hard ………………..
2) You would get a good grade unless you waste your time ……………………..
3) Should you have any questions, you (can/could) call our direct number.
4) Had the car been driven off the road, it (would/ would have) not been easy to finish
the race.
5) Were it to be eaten quickly, the fruit (will/would/ would of) be finished.

Unless If not
If type 1 Should If present will
If type 2 Were If past would
If type 3 Had If had Would have

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 Writing skills

1) Present simple: Rivers Moon

I study you don’t study do we study? Sea Sun
He studies he doesn’t study does he study? Water Stars
Insects planet
Uses: Announcement of scientific facts Animals Galaxies
Literary works, paintings, films, exist in an
eternal present.
(Always, mostly, usual, often, sometimes, rarely, never, every day, a day,
daily…etc.)

1) The Nile is crossing the Arabian Desert. ……………………………………

2) Beetles caused no noticeable harm. …………………………………………

3) The planet had orbited around the center. …………………………………

4) In Evelyn’s novel the main character suffered from guilt.

2) Simple Past:

I started early today. He didn’t start early today. Did she start early today?
They took a class. We didn’t take a class. Did they take a class?
Uses: Actions started and finished in the past

If time is in the past, keep everything in the past without using has or have
(Last, in the past, yesterday, ago, early,)
in 1999 during 1999 ed

1) They start their holiday in Paris in 1999

2) Sarah has become active in1994.
3) By the eighteenth century, The Americans invaded the west.

Past continuous (interruption):

Mike was watching TV when Kim left the room.
Uses: When + past simple second action (shorter action)

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Writing skills

3 )Present perfect (have and has):

a) I have eaten a sandwich. b) I ate a sandwich.

a) I have broken my arm. b) I broke my arm.
a) I lived in the US. b) I have been living in the US.

Uses:
Action started in the past and has recently finished.

I have just finished my homework

Present perfect continuous:
I have been working we haven’t been reading have you been studying
She has been asking he hasn’t been seeing has it been producing
Uses:
Action started in the past and continues up to the present.
Sarah has been sending these messages for three hours.
Present perfect tense in statistics

Key words:
Since, for, recently, over has or have

1) Since the last few years the number of people decreased dramatically ………….
2) For the past ten years the age of students increased by10%. …………………..
3) Over the last decade the average dropped sharply ……………………………….
4) After 1999 I have gone to many parties …………………………………...

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Writing skills

4) Past perfect: (older action)

I had arrived we hadn’t arrived had you arrived
She had gone he hadn’t gone had it gone
Uses:
when you have two past actions (Action 1) ( Action 2 )
Past perfect Simple past
For actions happened before another past action or stated time in the past
I had eaten Fish before I Felt pain.
Key words:

Before, after, by the time, until, when, by , had

1) You ……answered after you….…left the room. 4)

No, I ….answered before I ……..left the room. 1)
2) I arrive after you wait for two hours.
3) Fortunately I discover before I miss the plane
4) 4) By the 1995, I finish the military service.
5) 5) By the 2025, I finish the military service
6) By the 1990, I worked in NASA ……………………………

Passive voice:

Step 1: Remove the subject and start with the object

Step 2: Use verb to be (agrees with the sentence tense)
Step 3: Put the main sentence verb in pp

I eat pizza Pizza is eaten I ate pizza Pizza was eaten

I am eating pizza Pizza is being eaten I was eating pizza Pizza was being eaten

I have eaten pizza Pizza has been eaten I had eaten pizza Pizza had been eaten

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Writing skills

In / during 1900 Ed

Since / for 1900 Have / has

recently /over
by / After /before 1900 Had

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Declarative and Interrogative
Helping verbs:
Present past
Verb to be is, are, am was, were
Verb to have have, has had
Verb to have Do, does did
Modal verbs Can, shall, may, must Could, should, might, ought to

Step 1 is making yes/no questions.

Sentences with helping verb subject + verb + meaning the men are hungry.

Sentences without helping verbs do/does for present did for past
He works hard. He worked hard.
Step 2 add Wh words to the y/n question
What, when, where, who, whom, which, whose, why, and how
The men are hungry. He worked hard.
Present simple He eats pizza

Present continuous She is reading.

Past simple I cooked dinner

Past simple continuous They were skiing

Present perfect We have seen it

Present perfect continuous We have been singing.

Past perfect She had studied.

Past perfect continuous She had been studying.

Future simple I will travel.

Future simple continuous He will be travelling.

Future perfect He will have finished

Future perfect continuous He will have been finishing

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The police noticed exactly how does he create the problem?
……………………………………………………………………
Your mom is the only person who knows how do you feel?
......................................................................................................
Parents must notify doctors when did these symptoms appear first?
...........................................................................................................

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 Types of questions on the test

1) Grammar questions 2) logic questions 3) vocabulary, diction, and idioms

1) Grammar questions are questions without questions.

Steps to answer grammar questions:
1) Check the answers.
2) Find the differences.
3) Identify the topic.
4) Read from period to period.

2) Logic questions are questions with questions.

Steps to answer logic questions:
1) Find the keyword of the question.
2) Read the title
3) Find the most repeated word ( main idea )
4) Find if it’s positive or negative (tone).

Keywords examples
How to introduce/ How to conclude /sets up.
What is the main Idea / main claim / primary point/ Central claim / paragraph’s focus.
The following information /the previous sentence / the preceding sentence/ the pervious paragraph/ the
next paragraph/ the passage / first paragraph / most specific information

1) Avoid the too general (Broad) answers ex. All, many, most, majority, several, plenty. Entire, whole , ……
2) Avoid the too specific (narrow) answers ex. Only, few, specifically, particularly.
3) Avoid the reversed relationship.
4) Avoid the unrelated concept.
5) Some answers have two parts. If one part works and the other part doesn’t work you still need to eliminate the
answer.

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 (1) 1) What is the main idea of the paragraph (1)
American presidents A) All American presidents.
{1} Barack Obama became the President of the United B) Obama created Obamacare.
States from 2009 to 2016. {2} He is the first African
C) Obama lost 2016 elections.
American to have served as president and considered as
the best president in the history of America. {3} Obama D) Obama is a great president.
was a tech-savvy. {4} during his first two years as a
2) to make paragraph (1) more logical, the writer
president, Obama signed many landmark bills
should add which of the following sentence after
Including the Affordable Care Act “often referred to as
sentence {3}
"Obamacare". {5} Obamacare is designed to give all
A) George W. Bush is another respected president.
American equal access to health care.
B) Obama failed to Achieve majority in 2016.
C) Obama is regarded as America’s best president.
(2)
D) Well informed about the use of modern technology.
{1} Donald Trump is the current President of the
United States. {2} Before entering politics, he was a 3) to make paragraph (1) more effective the write wants
businessman and television personality, and he made to add the following sentence after sentence {4}
many controversial and racist comments on American “Obama’s efforts helped to support the American economy”
minorities. {3}But He is considered by many
Americans as the worst president in the history of A) Yes, because it supports the main argument.
America. {4} he was born and grew up in New York B) Yes, because it explains a term in the passage.
city and earned economics degree from University of C) No, because it blurs the focus of the passage.
Pennsylvania. {5} these comments made him a D) No, because it interrupts the discussion of Obamacare.
superstar among some Americans.
(3) 4)To make paragraph 2 more logical sentence number 5
should be placed
{1}Bill Clinton was able to defeat the republicans A) Before sentence 1
candidates and he was elected as the United B) After sentence 1
States president from 1993 to 2001 {2} Many C) After sentence 2
democratic presidential candidates were trying to win D) Before sentence 4
the elections to push the Republicans out of office. {3}
he was the Governor of Arkansas {4} Clinton was 5) To make paragraph 2 more logical sentence number 3
ideologically a New Democrat. should be placed
(4) A) Before sentence 1
B) Before sentence 2
Obama studied and graduated from Columbia C) After sentence 4
University. After he worked as a community D) After sentence 5
organizer in Chicago, Obama enrolled in Harvard Law
School, where he was the first black president of 6) To make paragraph 2 more logical sentence number 4
the Harvard Law Review. should be placed
A) Before sentence 1
B) After sentence 1
C) After sentence 2
D) After sentence 3

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Add and Delete vocabulary 7) To make paragraph 3 more logical sentence number 2
should be placed
Blurs the focus. A) Where it is now
Detracts from the main point. B) Before sentence 1
Adds Irrelevant details. C) After sentence 3
Loosely related information. D) After sentence 4
Diverges from the main topic
8) Most effective transition ( smooth transition )
between paragraph 1 and 2
Restates previously mentioned ideas. A) Furthermore, Obama and Trump were both successful.

Interrupts the discussion. B) Although Obama was success, Trump won the elections
. In 2017.
Explains a term. C) As a result Obama was very modest, Trump was. .
. Grandiose.
Gives an example D) However, Trump was a very successful businessman and
. TV personal.
Supports the main argument.

Contradicts the information. 9) To make the passage in better chronological order

Undermines the main idea. the paragraphs should be rearranged as

A) 1,2,3,4
B) 4,1,3,2
Rearrange sentences : C) 3,4,1,2
1) Read the sentence we need to move. D) 3,4,2,1
2) Find the keyword in the sentence.
3) Read the paragraph and find the related idea.

Keyword:

1) Pronouns: I, you, we, they, you,

they, them, it, its, this, this, these, 3) Transitions:
those, that, who, which, Although
But
some, any, every, one where,
However
body, each, both
Pronouns refer to nouns in the Because
sentence before them. So
therefore
{1} I visited Paris last year {2} these streets were nice.
{3} I walked down many streets. And
Moreover
In addition
2) Articles: the, a, an

{1} The bank asked for more security {2} The code For example
they created was strong. {3} so they invented a code.

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 4 ) chronological order
1. The arrangement of sentences following one after
another in time: start with the oldest and finish with the
most recent.
2. pay attention to words like first, second, third, next ,
after that , finally , dates and numbers

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 Graph vocabulary

How to read a figure?

1) Read the figure key.
2) Read what’s on the X and Y.
3) Identify the trend.
Pay special attention to the units numbers or percent.
Percentage or number.
Any variable that is not mention in the graph is a wrong answer.

Increased steadily
Increased sharply
Peaking at
Fluctuates significantly
Decreased dramatically
Increased slightly
Decreased greatly
Increased by 10
Increased to 10
Doubled, tripled, quadrupled
Twice as much
Half as much

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10) Which of the following is accurate data from the graph
A) The average daily high pressure increased from February to July.
B) The average daily high temperature increased about 25% from January to July.
C) The lowest average daily low temperature is in Mar.
D) The average daily high pressure increased from February to May.

11) Which of the following is accurate data from the graph

A) The number of Subsacral is decreased.
B) The percent of MS increased.
C) The percent of brain injuries is stable.
D) Approximately half MS.

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 WORD MEANING WORD MEANING

accept to receive, take except excluding

access entrance; opportunity excess more than needed

a certain production of
addition something added edition
something

to change to be more
adopt to legally take on, accept adapt
suitable

advice a recommendation advise to give a recommendation

adverse bad; unfavorable averse opposed to

affect to influence effect a result

afflict to cause suffering inflict to force something harmful

aisle space between rows isle island

to make an indirect
allude elude to avoid
reference

allusion an indirect reference illusion a false idea or vision

already happened before now all ready to be entirely prepared

altar table for religious ceremony alter to change

altogether completely; entirely all together all things with each other

a large number of to give out an amount of

a lot allot
something something

to have two different having more than one

ambivalent ambiguous
feelings about something possible meaning

List of commonly confused words

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 having no sense or right and having intentionally bad
amoral immoral
wrong morals

a substance or activity that

anecdote a short personal story antidote
stops something bad

space between intersecting

angel a spiritual creature angle
lines measured in degrees

apart separated, into pieces a part a piece of something

appraise to examine and judge apprise to tell someone of something

are 3rd person plural of “to be” our belonging to us

how someone pronounces

accent ascent movement up
words

assent agreement/approval

assistance help assistants helpers

attribute a quality/characteristic contribute to give something

auditory related to hearing audible able to be heard

spoken or related to the

aural related to hearing oral
moth

balmy pleasantly warm barmy crazy or silly

bare not covered bear to carry or accept something

bated in suspense; excited baited to harass (past tense)

bazaar a market bizarre very strange and surprising

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 berth a bed on a boat/train birth time when a baby is born

beside next to something besides in addition to something

boar a wild pig bore a dull person

board a long, flat piece of wood bored feeling uninterested

born to have been birthed borne carried

bough a large branch of a tree bow bend upper body forward

breath air that comes from lunch breathe to take air in and out

brake part of a vehicle that stops it break to separate into pieces

shows a person who does

buy to purchase by
something

canvas a strong cloth canvass to ask people their opinions

to remove offensive things

censure to criticize formally censor
from public

city where government is

capital capitol state legislature building
based OR money

choose to decide or pick chose past tense of choose

climactic an important or exciting time climatic relating to the weather

coarse rough and thick course a series of lessons

to provide supporting
collaborate to work together corroborate
information

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 command to order commend to praise

feeling you don’t need to try

complacent complaisant willingness to please others
hard

something that goes well saying something to show

complement compliment
with something else praise

comprehensive thorough comprehensible easy to understand

the part of you that makes

conscience conscious aware; awake
you feel guilty

contemptuous showing contempt contemptible extremely bad

a group of people or military

corps corpse a dead body
force

council an elected group of people counsel to give advice

credible able to be believed credulous gullible

dairy milk products diary a book of personal thoughts

descent a movement down dissent disagreement

desirous wanting something desirable attractive

dessert sweet food desert hot, dry area

equipment used for a to design or invent

device devise
particular purpose something

discreet secretive discrete separate and different

disinterested impartial uninterested not interested

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 do a helping verb dew drops of water

due expected or planned

most important or wanting to control or have power

dominant dominate
control over

substance used to change

die to stop living dye
color

dyeing to change the color of dying present participle of “die”

to get info or a reaction from

elicit illicit not legal
someone

eminent respected imminent about to happen

immanent permanent part of something

emit to send out gas/heat/light omit exclude

envelop cover something envelope what letters go in

everyday consecutive days every day used a lot

exhaustive repetitive use exhausting tiring

expandable gets bigger expendable to leave out

explicit gratuitous implicit complete

fair reasonable fare cost

farther far further more

flaunt exaggerate flout intentionally

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 formally properly formerly before

foreboding over-powering forbidding not allowed

forth forwards fourth first, second, third…..

gorilla large monkey guerrilla unofficial military group

hear sounds here present

heard noise herd flock/gaggle/group

hoard collect/store horde large group

hole hollow space in something whole complete

human people/person humane kind

implicit complete complicit involved in

suggest someone is involved

imply suggest implicate
in something

guess something based on

infer
the information you have

experience something
incur occur to happen
unpleasant

lasting a long time, in a

indeterminate impossible to know interminable
boring way

influence make an impression affluence wealth

ingenious really clever ingenuous honest

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 its belongs to it’s it is

knew knowledge you have new not old

know knowledge no denied

laid the past of lay lain lied down

later in the past latter near the end of a period

lay to put something down lie horizontal

lead to take charge led had taken charge

lessen to weaken lesson what a teacher teaches

lightning weather lightening not as dark

loose not fitting tightly lose to not win

accepting something as true

maybe perhaps/possibly may be
despite your opinion on it

meat flesh meet assemble

mete punish

metal hard, shiny substance medal metal object given as a prize

determination when doing

mettle
something

someone who works in a

miner minor not important
mine

moral right and wrongs morale the meaning

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 passed to qualify past something that’s happened

patience to stay calm patients sick people

peace tranquility piece a part of

peak the top peek a quick look

pique annoyed

foot operated part of

pedal petal part of a flower
machine

peddle to sell

perpetrate do something bad perpetuate elongate

personal relating to a person personnel staff

persecute treat someone unfairly prosecute to convict

perspective viewpoint prospective potential buyer

plain ordinary plane flying vehicle

small hole for sweat to pass make liquid flow from a

pore pour
through container

to happen before something

precede proceed to go forward
else

precedent to set an example for others president the head of

prescribe give medical treatment proscribe to not allow something

presence being in a place presents gifts

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 principal most important principle basic rule

quiet no noise quite completely

rain precipitation reign to rule

rein straps that control a horse

raise to lift raze completely destroy

rational reasonable rationale the reason

saying little about what you

reluctant unwilling reticent
feel

respectfully showing respect respectively in the same order

reverend Christian official reverent showing respect

traditional religious
right correct rite
ceremony

write produce words

road surface built for vehicles rode to have ridden

scene a view seen to have looked

sense logic since from a time in the past

sensible well behaved sensitive to be dealt with carefully

connected to the physical

sensory
senses

sight vision site a place of importance

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 cite mention something as proof

simulate to mimic stimulate to make something happen

stationary still motion stationery office supplies

straight not curved strait narrow area of sea

suppose think something is true supposed to expected to do something

taught educated, instructed taut stretched very tight

than used to compare two things then at that time

used to show something

their belongs to them there
exists

they’re they are

through from one end to the other threw to have thrown

thorough completely

to used to give the reason too as well as

two comes after one

track narrow path tract large area of land

visual relating to seeing visible able to seen

around the middle of your

waist waste a bad use of something
body

allow someone to break the move hands from side to

waive wave
rules side

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 weak not strong week 7 days

conditions in the air above

weather whether if, or not
the earth (wind, rain etc)

wether a castrated ram

where to, at, or in what place were past tense of be

which determining pronoun witch woman with magical powers

which person owns or is

whose who’s who is
responsible for something

belonging to the person

your you’re you are
being spoken to

yore a long time ago

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 For Over To
About
Named for Have power over
Worry about
Recognized for Recommend to
Complain about
Have control over Listen to
Wonder about Curious
Known for
about Think about
Mull over Try to – not try and
Bring about To
Famous for
be particular about Prefer something
Celebrated for to something else
Against Of
Protect against Defend Have a tolerance for Have an appreciation of Devoted to
against
Strive for Suspicious of In contrast to
At
Succeed in/at Adept Compensate for A mastery of In opposition to
at
Responsible for A command of A threat to
By
Confused by Followed Watch for Capable of Central to
by Predate by Puzzled
by Perplexed by Look out for Incapable of Unique to
Impressed by Amazed
by Surprised By Wait for In recognition of Similar to
Stunned by Shocked
by Outraged by Last for Devoid of Parallel to
Encouraged by
Accompanied by Endure for A proponent of As an alternative to

On Prized for A source of Inured to

Based on
Draw on Necessary for An offer of Be native to

Insist on Criticize for An understanding of Put questions to

Focus on Blame for A knowledge of In addition to

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Rely on Advocate for Approve of As opposed to

Reflect on Offers for Disapprove of

Dwell on In awe of Toward

From Biased toward
Protect from Take advantage of
In A tendency toward
Interested in Defend from Composed of

Succeed in Far from Comprised of

With
Have confidence in Different from Consist of Familiar with

Engage in Refrain from Convinced of Unfamiliar with

Take pride in Apparent from Characteristic of Identify with

Justified in Prevent x from doing y Typical of Correlate with

In x as in y Opposite from In the hopes of Sympathize with

A variety of Consistent with

Into A plethora of Inconsistent with

Enter into
An abundance of Preoccupied with
Have insight into
To be a native of Cope with/Coping with

On the verge of

Combination of x and y

Critical of

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 Informal Formal Informal Formal
say sorry apologize, apologise start commence
go up increase keep retain
go down decrease free release
get on someone’s
set up establish bother
nerves
look at examine ring up call
blow up explode show up arrive
find out discover let permit
bring about cause fill in substitute, inform
put off postpone, delay block undermine
give the go ahead,
rack up accumulate authorize, authorise
greenlight
make up fabricate
stand for represent ASAP as soon as possible/at your earliest
find out discover, ascertain
leave out omit Okay, OK acceptable
point out indicate
go against oppose In the meantime In the interim
get in touch with contact
It’s about It concerns, It’s in regards to I think In my opinion,
need to required wrong incorrect
think about consider smart intelligent
get obtain cheap inexpensive
put up tolerate loaded rich
deal with handle ASAP as soon as possible
seem appear T.V. television
show demonstrate, illustrate, portray photo photograph
All right Acceptable cell cell phone
net Internet
Well, kids children
In order to bad negative
To top it all off, good positive
totally completely, strongly really big considerable
lots of/ a lot of much, many right correct
tons of, heaps of large quantities of, a number of really, very definitely
Way to Things
bunch Stuff

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