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EE 582 Solar PV Systems 9th Lecture

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29 views14 pages

EE 582 Solar PV Systems 9th Lecture

Uploaded by

abdullah alkhaldi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EE 582 SOLAR PV SYSTEM

UT: 17:20-18:35, Room: 59-2015

9th Lecture
February 28th, 2023

Instructor: Dr. Bandar Jubran Alqahtani


Department of Electrical Engineering, KFUPM
E-mail: [email protected]
Office Hours: UT: 16:15-17:15; and by appointment (email)
Electric Equivalent Circuit

Solar Cell I-V Characteristics


Today’s topics

Exercises
PV Basics – Electric Equivalent Circuit
A PV cell can be described with basic electric elements
• Source of DC current (proportional to the incident light intensity)
• Antiparallel diode (created by the p-n junction)
• Series resistance (semiconductors are not very good conductors)
• Shunt (or parallel) resistance (loss of current through defects)

To increase solar cell efficiency:


• Maximize the shunt resistance
• Minimize the series resistance
• Maximize the cell current density
• Optimize the diode
PV Basics – Electric Equivalent Circuit
The equation for the IV curve (ideal solar cell):

where:
I = the net current delivered to the load;
ID = the net current flowing through the diode; ID =
IL = light generated current; In an ideal solar cell Rs→ 0 and Rsh→ ∞
I0 = "dark saturation current", a measure of the recombination in a device.;
V = applied voltage across the terminals of the diode;
q = absolute value of electron charge (1.602 × 10−19 C);
n = ideality factor, a number between 1 and 2 which typically increases as the current decreases
k = Boltzmann's constant (1.381 × 10−23 J/K); and
T = absolute temperature (K).
At 298K, kT/q = 25.7 mV.
PV Basics – Electric Equivalent Circuit
• In the presence of both series and shunt resistances, the IV curve of
the solar cell is given by:
Solar Cell I-V Characteristics

• The power delivered by a solar cell is the product of


current and voltage ( I x V ).
• With the solar cell open-circuited, that is not
connected to any load, the current will be at its
minimum (zero) and the voltage across the cell is at its
maximum, known as the solar cells open circuit
voltage, or Voc
• when the solar cell is short circuited, that is the
positive and negative leads connected together, the
voltage across the cell is at its minimum (zero) but the
current flowing out of the cell reaches its maximum,
known as the solar cells short circuit current, or Isc.

At 298K, kT/q = 25.7 mV

6
Solar Cell I-V Characteristics
• Fill factor: the ratio of the maximum power from the
solar cell to the product of Voc and Isc so that:

• Solar Cell Efficiency: the fraction of incident power


which is converted to electricity
PV Cell Behavior
• Light shifts the curve upwards on the current-axis (y-axis)
• PV cells gain a bit of current at high temperature but lose some voltage
I-V Parameters of Solar cell
Open-circuit voltage (Voc) Short-circuit current (Isc)
• Is the maximum dc voltage on a given I-V curve, and • Isc the maximum current on an I-V curve.
is the operating point for a PV device with no
connected load. • Isc corresponds to a zero resistance and short-circuit condition, at zero
voltage and zero power output.
• Voc corresponds to an infinite resistance or open-
circuit condition, and zero current and zero power • Isc is directly proportional to solar irradiance, and rated values are
output. used to size PV circuit conductors and overcurrent devices.
• Open-circuit voltage is independent of cell area and • Individual solar cells may produce Isc with ratings 8 A and higher.
increases with decreasing cell temperature, and is
used to determine maximum circuit voltages for PV
modules and arrays. The maximum power point (Pmp)
• For crystalline silicon solar cells, the Voc is typically • Pmp of a PV device is the operating point where the product of current
on the order of 0.5 V to 0.6 V at 25°C. and voltage is at its maximum.
• Typical PV modules have between 60 and 72 series • The Pmp is located on the “knee” of the I-V curve, and represents the
connected cells with Voc ranging from about 34 V to highest efficiency operating point for a PV device under the given
44 V. conditions of solar irradiance and cell temperature. Typical PV
modules have rated maximum power of 200 W to 350 W.
Since sunlight intensity and cell temperature vary
• The maximum power voltage (Vmp) is the corresponding operating
substantially throughout the day and the year, the voltage at Pmp, and is typically about 70% to 80% of the Voc.
module or array MPP current and voltage also move
significantly, therefore affecting the energy • The maximum power current (Imp) is the operating current at Pmp, and
typically about 90% of the Isc.
production..
Solar Photovoltaic
• A single solar cell produces only 1 to 2 W of power.
• Multiple cells should be connected to form modules and modules should be
connected into arrays so that reasonable amount of power can be generated.
• For wafer-based tech (crystalline silicon), each wafer is a solar cell. Many cells
are tiled into a module or panel. For thin-film tech (CdTe, perovskites), all the
cells in a module can be made at the same time. A PV system/array consists of
many solar panels.

The life span of a solar cell is


about 20 to 35 years.

10
PV Panels
• Photovoltaic panels can be wired or connected together in either series or parallel combinations, or
both to increase the voltage or current capacity of the solar array.
• Series connection: Voltages add up
• Parallel connection: Currents add up
• Various factors such as dust, heat etc. end up effecting solar cell performance

11
Example-I: Analysis of a Solar Cell
A solar cell has an open circuit voltage value of 0.62 V with a reverse saturation current density 𝐽𝑜 of 2.253×10-9
AΤm2 and light − induced current density 𝐽𝐿 of 100 AΤm2 . K= 1.381 × 10−23 J/K , q =1.602 × 10−19C
(a) If the solar irradiation is 770 𝐖Τ𝐦𝟐 , determine the 𝜼 of the solar cell at a load voltage of 0.5 𝐕.

(b) Determine the cell area for a power output of 500 𝐖 at a load voltage of 0.5 𝐕.
Example- II: Analysis of a Solar Cell
Consider a 150 cm2 PV cell with reverse saturation current I0 = 10−12 A/cm2. In full sun, it produces a short
circuit current of 40 mA/cm2 at 25◦C. What would be the short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage in
full sun and again for 50% sun. Plot the resulting I–V curves.
Homework
Assigned reading:

http://www.pveducation.org/
sections 5.1-5.4

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