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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
to Blockchain
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7927-4_1
Note that we will skip some of the technical bits in this chapter, as it
is only supposed to serve as introductory material. The technical bits
will be covered later when we start building the blockchain.
Let’s assume that you and your friends exchange money often, for
example, paying for dinner or drinks. It can be inconvenient to
exchange cash all the time.
One possible solution is to keep records of all the bills that you and
your friends have. This is called a ledger and is depicted in Figure 1-
1.
1 We will use this definition throughout the book, but note that there
are many different definitions on the Internet. By the end of this
book, you should be able to distinguish the slight nuances and
similarities in each definition.
transactions.
Further, at the end of every day, you all sit together and refer to the
ledger to do the calculations to settle up. Let’s imagine that there is a
pot that is the place where all of the money is kept. If you spent
more than you received, you put that money in the pot; otherwise,
you take that money out.
There are several ways this can be resolved, and the solution that we
will provide will be a simple check of the sum of the inputs and the
sum of the outputs.
A problem that might appear with this kind of system is that anyone
can add a transaction. For example, Bob can add a transaction where
Alice pays him a few dollars without Alice’s approval. We need to re-
think our system such that each transaction will have a way to be
verified/signed.
Definition 1-3 a
However, let’s assume that Bob is keeping the ledger to himself, and
everybody agrees to this. The ledger is now stored in what is a
centralized place. But in this case, if Bob is unavailable at the end of
the day when everybody gathers to settle up, nobody will be able to
refer to the ledger.
We need a way to decentralize the ledger, such that at any given time
any of the people can do a transaction. For this, every person
involved will keep a copy of the ledger to themselves, and when they
meet at the end of the day, they will sync their ledgers.
You are connected to your friends, and so are they to you. Informally,
this makes a peer-to-peer network.
Definition 1-4 a
peer-to-peer network is formed when two or
For example, when you are accessing a web page on the Internet
using a browser, your browser is the client, and the web page you’re
accessing is hosted by a server. This represents a centralized system
since every user is getting the information from a single place—the
server.
With the system (Figure 1-3), as the list of peers (people) grows, we
might run into a problem of trust. When everybody meets at the end
of the day to sync their ledgers, how can they believe the others that
the transactions listed in their ledgers are true? Even if everybody
trusts everybody else for their ledger, what if a new person wants to
join this network? It’s natural for existing users to ask this newcomer
to prove that they can be trusted. We need to modify our system to
support this kind of trust. One way to achieve that is through so-
called proof of work, which we introduce next.
5
Chapter 1 IntroduCtIon to BloCkChaIn
Definition 1-5 a
For each record we will also include a special number (or a hash) that
will represent proof of work, in that it will provide proof that the
transaction is valid. We will cover the technical details in the
“Hashing”
section.
At the end of the day, we agree that we will trust the ledger of the
person who has put most of the work in it. If Bob has some errands
to run, he can catch up the next day by trusting the rest of the peers
in the network.
1.2 Encryption
Note that in this section we will mostly talk about numbers, but
characters and letters can also be encrypted/decrypted with the same
methods, by using the ASCII2 values for the characters.
1.2.1 Functions
( x)
12
23
……
1.2.2 Symmetric-Key Algorithm
9
Chapter 1 IntroduCtIon to BloCkChaIn
This scheme is known as the Caesar cipher. To encrypt the text “abc”
we have E("abc") = "bcd", and to decrypt it we have D("bcd") =
"abc".
We share the public key with the world and keep the private one to
ourselves.
This algorithm scheme has a neat property where only the private
key can decode a message, and the public key can encode a
message.
10
public key p
1. Pick one random number, for example 100. This will represent a
common, publicly available key.
4. To encrypt data, add it to the public key and take modulo 100: E(x,
p) = (x + p) mod 100.
Other documents randomly have
different content
Como pálpebras rôxas que tombassem
Sobre uns olhos cançados, carinhosas,
A noite desce... Ah! dôces mãos piedosas
Que os meus olhos tristissimos fechassem!
CARAVELAS
Cheguei a meio da vida já cançada
De tanto caminhar! Já me perdi!
Dum estranho paiz que nunca vi
Sou neste mundo imenso a exilada.
INCONSTANCIA
Procurei o amor, que me mentiu.
Pedi á Vida mais do que ela dava;
Eterna sonhadora edificava
Meu castelo de luz que me caiu!
O NOSSO MUNDO
Eu bebo a Vida, a Vida, a longos tragos
Como um divino vinho de Falerno!
Poisando em ti o meu olhar eterno
Como poisam as folhas sobre os lagos...
PRINCE CHARMANT...
A Raul Proença
No languido esmaecer das amorosas
Tardes que morrem voluptuosamente
Procurei-O no meio de toda a gente.
Procurei-O em horas silenciosas!
ANOITECER
A luz desmaia num fulgor d'aurora,
Diz-nos adeus religiosamente...
E eu que não creio em nada, sou mais
crente
Do que em menina, um dia, o fui...
outr'ora...
ESFINGE
Sou filha da charneca erma e selvagem:
Os giestais, por entre os rosmaninhos,
Abrindo os olhos d'oiro, p'los caminhos,
Desta minh'alma ardente são a imagem.
TARDE DEMAIS...
Quando chegáste emfim, para te vêr
Abriu-se a noite em mágico luar;
E p'ra o som de teus passos conhecer
Pôz-se o silencio, em volta, a escutar...
CINZENTO
Poeiras de crepúsculos cinzentos.
Lindas rendas velhinhas, em pedaços,
Prendem-se aos meus cabelos, aos
meus braços,
Como brancos fantasmas, sonolentos...
NOTURNO
Amor! Anda o luar, todo bondade,
Beijando a terra, a desfazer-se em luz...
Amor! São os pés brancos de Jesus
Que andam pisando as ruas da cidade!
SAUDADES
Saudades! Sim... talvez... e porque não?...
Se o nosso sonho foi tão alto e forte
Que bem pensára vê-lo até á morte
Deslumbrar-me de luz o coração!
RUINAS
Se é sempre outono o rir das primavéras,
Castelos, um a um, deixa-os cair...
Que a vida é um constante derruir
De palácios do Reino das Quiméras!
CREPÚSCULO
Teus olhos, borboletas de oiro, ardentes
Borboletas de sol, de azas maguadas,
Poisam nos meus, suaves e cançadas,
Como em dois lirios rôxos e dolentes...
ODIO?
Á Aurora Aboim
Odio por ele? Não... Se o amei tanto,
Se tanto bem lhe quiz no meu passado,
Se o encontrei depois de o ter sonhado,
Se á vida assim roubei todo o encanto...
RENUNCIA
A minha mocidade outrora eu puz
No tranquilo convento da Tristeza;
Lá passa dias, noites, sempre presa,
Olhos fechados, magras mãos em cruz...
A VIDA
É vão o amôr, o odio, ou o desdem;
Inutil o desejo e o sentimento...
Lançar um grande amôr aos pés d'alguem
O mesmo é que lançar flôres ao vento!
HORAS RUBRAS
Horas profundas, lentas e caladas
Feitas de beijos sensuais e ardentes,
De noites de volupia, noites quentes
Onde ha risos de virgens desmaiadas...
SUAVIDADE
Poisa a tua cabeça dolorida
Tão cheia de quiméras, de ideal,
Sobre o regaço brando e maternal
Da tua doce Irmã compadecida.
PRINCEZA DESALENTO
Minh'alma é a Princesa Desalento,
Como um Poeta lhe chamou, um dia.
É maguada e pálida e sombria,
Como soluços trágicos do vento!
SOMBRA