PAPER 1

Chapter 3
Introduction to C++
Functions
 FUNCTION
• Sub program
– A self contained block of statements that performs a
particular task.
• Reusability
• Easy to read, write, debug.
• Maintenance & modification is easier.
• Reduces length of the program.

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#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
cout << “task 1” << endl ;
cout << “task 2” << endl ;
cout << “task 3” << endl ;
}

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#include <iostream.h> void t1()
void main() {
{ cout << “task 1” << endl ;
t1(); }
void t2()
t2();
{
t3();
cout << “task 2” << endl ;
}
}
void t3()
{
cout << “task 3” << endl ;
}

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 FUNCTION
• Standard Library Function
– Predefined function
– Example :
• pow(x,y) and sqrt(x) in math.h
• getch() and clrscr() in conio.h
• User Defined Function

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#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h> Enter a number : 3
#include <math.h>
void main()
1 1 1
{ 2 8 1.41
clrscr(); 3 27 1.73
int n;
cout<<“Enter a number:“ ;
cin >> n;
for (int i = 1 ; i <= n ; i++)
{
cout<< i << “\t” << pow(i,3) << “\t”
<< sqrt(i)<< endl;
}
getch();
}

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 General form of Function
Function
return_type function_name(argument list)
header
{
. . .
// Function body Function
Body
. . .
}

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 FUNCTION
• Function Definition : FH + FB
• Function Declaration : FH + ;
• Function Call

• FH – Function Header, FB – Function Body

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#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void add()
{
int a,b,c;
cout <<“Enter two numbers :“ ;
cin >> a >> b;
Function Definition =
Function header + Function body
c = a + b;
cout <<“Sum = “ << c ;

}
void main()
{
clrscr();
add(); Function Call
getch();
}
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#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void add(); Function Declaration
void main()
{
clrscr();
add(); Function Call
getch();
}
void add()
{
int a,b,c;
cout <<“Enter two numbers :“ ;
cin >> a >> b; Function Definition =
c = a + b; Function header + Function body
cout <<“Sum = “ << c ;
}

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#include <iostream.h> #include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h> #include <conio.h>
void add(int,int); void add(int,int);
void main() void main()
{ {
clrscr(); clrscr();
add(10,20); int a,b;
getch(); cout <<“Enter two numbers :“ ;
} cin >> a >> b;
void add(int a, int b) add(a,b);
{ getch();
int c; }
c = a + b; void add(int a, int b)
cout <<“Sum = “ << c ; {
} int c;
c = a + b;
cout <<“Sum = “ << c ;
}
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int add(int,int);
void main()
{
clrscr();
int x,y,z;
cout <<“Enter two numbers :“ ;
cin >> x >> y; z x y
z = add(x,y); 30 10 20 Local to main
cout <<“Sum :“ << Z ;
getch();
}
int add(int a, int b)
{
int c;
c = a + b; 30 10 20 Local to add
return c;
} c a b

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int add();
void main()
{
clrscr();
z
int z;
z = add(); 30 Local to main
cout <<“Sum :“ << Z ;
getch();
}
int add()
{
int a,b,c;
cout <<“Enter two numbers :“ ;
cin >> a >> b;
c = a + b; Local to add
30 10 20
return c;
} c a b

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 FUNCTION
• Function
– Returning a value
• With argument [ int add(int,int) ]
• Without argument [ int add() ]
– Not Returning a value(void function)
• With argument [ void add(int,int) ]
• Without argument [ void add() ]

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 The return statement
• Function terminates execution and returns to the caller.
• Can return only one value
– return (expression);
• It can be empty for void functions
– return ;

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 Write a Function in C++ …
1. To find area of circle. [ float area(float) ]
2. to find greatest of three numbers. [ int max(int,int,int)]
3. to find greatest of four numbers. [ int max(int,int,int,int)]
4. to find square and cube of a number.
[ int sqr(int) and int cube(int)]
5. to find factorial of a number. [ int fact(int) ]
6. to print Fibonacci sequence. [ void fib(int) ]
7. to find g.c.d. of two integers. [ int gcd(int,int) ]

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 Write a function in C++ …
8. to read set of numbers and find sum of all numbers.
[ int sum_of_set(int) ]
9. to find sum of the digits of a number. [ int sum_of_digit(int) ]
(e.g. : 125 = 1 + 2+ 5 = 8 )
10. to find reverse the digits of a number. [ int reverse(int) ]
(e.g. : 125 => 521 )
11. to check whether a number is palindrome or not. (e.g. : 121)
12. to check whether a number is prime or not.
[ int IsPrime(int) ]
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 Storage Class
• Local variable (internal)
• Global variable (external)
• Static variable
• Register variable

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 Storage Class
int a,b,c;
void add()
{
c = a + b;
}
void main()
{ Scope of a,b,c is global…
clrscr();
cout <<“Enter two numbers :“ ;
cin >> a >> b;
add();
cout <<“Sum = “ << c ;
getch();
}

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 Storage Class (Local and Global)
int a=5;
void f()
{
int b = 10;
cout << a << b << endl;
cout << c ; // error – not in a scope
}
void main()
{
int c = 15;
f();
cout << a ; // global
cout << b ; // error – not in a scope
cout << c ; // local
}

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 Storage Class (Local and Global)
int a=5;
a = 10
void main()
{
int a = 10;
cout << “a = ” << a ;
}

int a = 5; local a = 10
void main() global a = 5
{
int a = 10;
cout << “local a = ” << a ; // local
cout << “global a = ” << :: a ; // global
}

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 Storage Class (static)
void f()
{ Output :
int a = 0; 1
a++; 1
cout << a << endl; 1
}
void main()
{
f();
f();
f();
}

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 Storage Class (static)
void f()
{ Output :
static int a = 0; 1
a++; 2
cout << a << endl; 3
}
void main()
{
f();
f();
f();
}

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 Storage Class

Scope life Default value

Local Within the block Within the block Garbage
Global Entire program Entire program 0
Static Within the block Once created, 0
entire program

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