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Chapter 3

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16 views47 pages

Chapter 3

Uploaded by

ripplec16
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The cin Object

• Standard input object


• Like cout, cin requires iostream file
• Used to read input from keyboard
• Information retrieved from cin with >>
• Input is stored in one or more variables
The cin Object in Program 3-1
The cin Object
• cin converts data to the type that matches the
variable:

int height; // height of the room


// prompt for the height
cout << "How tall is the room? ";
//read the height
cin >> height;
Displaying a Prompt
• A prompt is a message that instructs the user to enter data.
• You should always use cout to display a prompt before each
cin statement.

cout << "How tall is the room? ";


cin >> height;
The cin Object
• Can be used to input more than one value:
cin >> height >> width;

• Multiple values from keyboard must be separated by spaces

• Order is important: first value entered goes to first variable,


etc.
The cin Object Gathers Multiple Values in
Program 3-2
The cin Object Reads Different Data Types in
Program 3-3
Mathematical Expressions
• Complex expressions can be created using multiple
mathematical operators
• An expression can be a literal, a variable, or a mathematical
combination of constants and variables
• Can be used in assignment, cout, other statements:
circumference = 2 * PI * radius;

cout << "border is: " << 2*(l+w);


Order of Operations
In an expression with more than one operator, evaluate in this order:
- (unary negation), in order, left to right
* / %, in order, left to right
+ -, in order, left to right
In the expression 2 + 2 * 2 – 2

evaluate evaluate evaluate


second first third
Order of Operations
Associativity of Operators
• - (unary negation) associates left to right
• *, /, %, +, - associate left to right
• parentheses ( ) can be used to override the order of operations:
2 + 2 * 2 – 2 = 4

(2 + 2) * 2 – 2 = 6

2 + 2 * (2 – 2) = 2

(2 + 2) * (2 – 2) = 0
Grouping with Parentheses
Evaluate Expressions
(a) (4 +17) % 2 – 1
= 21 % 2 – 1
= 1–1
= 0
(b) (6 – 3) * (2+7) / 3
=3*9/3
= 27 / 3
= 9
(c) (4 – 3) + ( 7 / 2)
=1+ 3
= 1+3
= 4
Algebraic Expressions
• Multiplication requires an operator:
Area=lw is written as Area = l * w;
• There is no exponentiation operator:
Area=s2 is written as Area = pow(s, 2);
• Parentheses may be needed to maintain order of operations:
y 2 − y1 is written as
m= m = (y2-y1) /(x2-x1);
x 2 − x1
Algebraic Expressions
When You Mix Apples with Oranges: Type Conversion

• Operations are performed between operands of the


same type.
• If not of the same type, C++ will convert one to be the
type of the other
• This can impact the results of calculations.
Hierarchy of Types
Highest: long double
double
float
unsigned long
long
unsigned int
Lowest:
int
Ranked by largest number they can hold
Type Coercion
• Type Coercion: automatic conversion of an operand to
another data type
• Promotion: convert to a higher type
• Demotion: convert to a lower type
Coercion Rules
1) char, short, unsigned short automatically
promoted to int
2) When operating on values of different data types, the
lower one is promoted to the type of the higher one.
3) When using the = operator, the type of expression on right
will be converted to type of variable on left
Overflow and Underflow
• Occurs when assigning a value that is too large (overflow) or
too small (underflow) to be held in a variable
• Variable contains value that is ‘wrapped around’ set of
possible values
• Different systems may display a warning/error message, stop
the program, or continue execution using the incorrect value
Type Casting
• Used for manual data type conversion
• Useful for floating point division using ints:
double m;
m = static_cast<double>(y2-y1)/(x2-x1);

• Useful to see int value of a char variable:


char ch = 'C';
cout << ch << " is "
<< static_cast<int>(ch);
Type Casting in Program 3-9
C-Style and Prestandard Type Cast Expressions
• C-Style cast: data type name in ()
cout << ch << " is " << (int)ch;
• Prestandard C++ cast: value in ()
cout << ch << " is " << int(ch);
• Both are still supported in C++, although static_cast is
preferred
Combined Assignment
• Consider the following statement:

sum = sum + 1;

This adds 1 to the variable sum.


Other Similar Statements
Combined Assignment
• The combined assignment operators provide a
shorthand for these types of statements.
• The statement
sum = sum + 1;
is equivalent to:
sum += 1;
Combined Assignment Operators
Formatting Output
• Can control how output displays for numeric, string
data:
• size
• position
• number of digits
• Requires iomanip header file
Stream Manipulators
• Used to control how an output field is displayed

• Some affect just the next value displayed:


setw(x)
- print in a field at least x spaces wide.
Use more spaces if field is not wide enough
The setw Stream Manipulator in Program 3-13

Continued…
The setw Stream Manipulator in Program 3-13
Stream Manipulators
• Some affect values until changed again:
• fixed : use decimal notation for floating-point values
• setprecision(x) : when used with fixed, print
floating-point value using x digits after the decimal.
Without fixed, print floating-point value using x
significant digits
• Showpoint : always print decimal for floating-point
values
cout<< fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2);
More Stream Manipulators in Program 3-17

Continued…
More Stream Manipulators in Program 3-17
Stream Manipulators
Working with Characters and string Objects

• Using cin with the >> operator to input strings can


cause problems:
• It passes over and ignores any leading whitespace
characters (spaces, tabs, or line breaks)
• To work around this problem, a C++ function named
getline can be used.
Using getline in Program 3-19
Working with Characters and string Objects
• To read a single character:
• Use cin

char ch;
cout << "Strike any key to continue";
cin >> ch;
Problem: will skip over blanks, tabs, <CR>

Use cin.get()

cin.get(ch);

Will read the next character entered, even whitespace


Using cin.get() in Program 3-21
Working with Characters and string Objects

• Mixing cin >> and cin.get() in the same program can


cause input errors that are hard to detect
• To skip over unneeded characters that are still in the
keyboard buffer, use cin.ignore()
cin.ignore(); //skip next char
cin.ignore(10,'\n'); // skip the next 10 char.
// or until a ‘\n’
string Member Functions and Operators
• To find the length of a string:
string state = "Texas";
int size = state.length();

• To concatenate (join) multiple strings:


greeting2 = greeting1 + name1;
greeting1 = greeting1 + name2;

Or using the += combined assignment


operator:
greeting1 += name2;
More Mathematical Library Functions
• Require cmath header file
• Take double as input, return a double
• Commonly used functions:

sin Sine
cos Cosine
tan Tangent
sqrt Square root
log Natural (e) log
abs Absolute value (takes and returns an int)
More Mathematical Library Functions
• These require cstdlib header file
• rand(): returns a random number (int) between 0 and
the largest int the compute holds. Yields same sequence of
numbers each time program is run.
• srand(x): initializes random number generator with
unsigned int x
More Mathematical Library Functions
• Require cmath header file
• Take double as input, return a double
• Commonly used functions:
sin Sine
cos Cosine
tan Tangent
sqrt Square root
log Natural (e) log
abs Absolute value (takes and returns an int)
More Mathematical Library Functions
• These require cstdlib header file
• rand(): returns a random number (int) between 0 and
the largest int the computer holds. Yields same sequence of
numbers each time program is run.
• srand(x): initializes random number generator with
unsigned int x
Hand Tracing a Program
• Hand trace a program
- act as if you are the computer, executing a program:
• step through and ‘execute’ each statement, one-by-one
• record the contents of variables after statement
execution, using a hand trace chart (table)
• Useful to locate logic or mathematical errors
Program 3-27 with Hand Trace Chart

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