Data , Database & DBMS

Lesson Objective
● Understand the concept of data and its distinction from information.
● Some common uses of database systems.
● Characteristics of file-based systems.
● Problems with file-based approach.
● Grasp the principles of relational databases.
● DBMS and application
● Comprehend the importance of effective database design.
 Definitions
Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and events or
Referred to facts concerning objects and events that could be recorded and stored on
computer media
❑ Structured: numbers, text, dates
❑ Unstructured: images, video, documents
Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the person using the data
Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user data

Structured data is data that fits neatly into data tables and includes discrete data types such as numbers, short text, and dates.
Unstructured data doesn't fit neatly into a data table because its size or nature: for example, audio and video files and large text document

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Examples of Database Applications

Airline Reservation Systems:

● Airlines use databases to manage flight schedules, seat availability, and passenger
information. Reservation systems store and retrieve data to facilitate booking,
check-ins, and ensure accurate flight management.
Banking Systems:
● Banks utilize databases to manage customer accounts, transactions, and financial
records. Online banking systems rely on databases to provide real-time access to
account information and ensure secure financial transactions.
Hospital Information Systems:
● Healthcare institutions employ databases to store and manage patient records,
medical histories, and treatment plans. These systems facilitate efficient patient
care, appointment scheduling, and collaboration among healthcare professionals.
Examples of Database Applications

Supply Chain Management:

● Companies involved in supply chain management use databases to track inventory
levels, manage orders, and coordinate logistics. Databases enable the seamless
flow of information across the supply chain for improved efficiency.
Education Management Systems:
● Educational institutions use databases to manage student information, course
schedules, and grades. These systems help automate administrative processes,
track academic progress, and facilitate communication between students and
educators.
Human Resources Management Systems (HRMS):
● Organizations use HRMS databases to store employee information, manage
payroll, and track performance evaluations. These systems streamline HR
processes, ensuring accurate record-keeping and efficient personnel management.
Definition of Database
Def 1: Database is an organized collection of logically related data

Def 2: A database is a shared collection of logically related data that is stored to meet the
requirements of different users of an organization

Def 3: A database is a self-describing collection of integrated records

Def 4: A database models a particular real world system in the computer in the form of
data
Data in Context

Context helps users understand data

Graphical displays turn data into useful information that managers
can use for decision making and interpretation
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data, including data
types, field sizes, allowable values, and data context
Concept of Shared Organizational Database

Management Marketing

Product
Planning Control Sales
Development

Corporate
Database

Accounting Manufacturing

Accounts Accounts
Scheduling Production
Receivable Payable
History
Computer initially used for computational/ engineering purposes

Commercial applications introduced File Processing System

File Processing System

A collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users

such as production of reports

Each program defines and manages its own data

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File Processing System
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Applications Applications Applications

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Data Data Data
Files Files Files
File Processing System

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Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number
Name Name Name
Father Name Address Father Name
Books Issued Class Phone
Fine Semester Address
Grade Class
Disadvantages File Processing System
Program-Data Dependence
❑ File structure is defined in the program code.
❑ All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
Duplication of Data (Data Redundancy)
❑ Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
◻ Same data is held by different programs.
◻ Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for
the same item.
Limited Data Sharing
❑ No centralized control of data
❑ Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access
each other’s files.
Solution ? Database Approach

● Central repository of shared data

● Data is managed by a controlling agent
● Stored in a standardized, convenient form

This requires a
Database and Database Management System (DBMS)
 Advantages of Database Approach
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Applications Applications Applications

Database
Management
System
- Data Independence
- Data Sharing
- Controlled Redundancy - Better Data Integrity
University
Students
Database
DBMS
A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide
controlled access to users of a database

(Database) application program: A computer program that interacts

with database by issuing an appropriate request (SQL statement) to
the DBMS
Application of DBMS

○ Banking: all transactions

○ Airlines: reservations, schedules
○ Universities: registration, grades
○ Sales: customers, products, purchases
○ Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
○ Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions

● Databases touch all aspects of our lives

Why do we use DBMS ?

• To avoid data redundancy and inconsistency

✔ Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
• To avoid difficulty in accessing data
✔ Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
• To deal with integrity problems
✔ Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become part of program
code
✔ Easy to add new constraints or change existing ones
 Why do we use DBMS ?
1. Atomicity of updates
• Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried
out
• E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not
happen at all
2. Concurrent access by multiple users
• Concurrent accessed needed for performance
• Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
o E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time
3. Security problems
Relational Model
Attribute
Example of tabular data in the relational model s
customer- customer- customer- account-
customer-id name street city number

192-83-7465 Johnson
Alma Palo Alto A-101
019-28-3746 Smith
North Rye A-215
192-83-7465 Johnson
Alma Palo Alto A-201
321-12-3123 Jones
Main Harrison A-217
019-28-3746 Smith
North Rye A-201
Logically related Database
 Database Users
Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the system

• Application programmers – interact with system through DML calls

CRUD operations to create, read, update and delete data. Using INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, and
DELETE

• Sophisticated users – form requests in a database query language

• Specialized users – write specialized database applications that do not fit into the
traditional data processing framework

• Naïve users – invoke one of the permanent application programs that have been written
previously

✔ E.g. people accessing database over the web, bank tellers, clerical staff
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Database Administrator

• Coordinates all the activities of the database system

• Has a good understanding of the enterprise’s information resources and needs.

• Database administrator’s responsibilities include:

✔ Schema definition
✔ Storage structure and access method definition
✔ Schema and physical organization modification
✔ Granting user authority to access the database
✔ Specifying integrity constraints
✔ Acting as liaison with users
✔ Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements
 Transaction Management

● A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single logical function in a

database application

● Transaction-management component ensures that the database remains in a

consistent (correct) state despite system failures (e.g., power failures and operating
system crashes) and transaction failures.

● Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among the concurrent

transactions, to ensure the consistency of the database.

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 Overall System
Structure

DDL stands for Data Definition Language and refers to SQL commands used to create, modify, and delete database structures such as tables,
indexes, and views.
DML stands for Data Manipulation Language and refers to SQL commands used to insert, update, and delete data within a database.
Homework

VIDEO 1

VIDEO 2