Module 3:

TCP/IP Protocol
 Agenda

• What Is TCP/IP?
• IP Addressing
• TCP

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-2
 What Is TCP/IP?

• A suite of protocols
• Rules that dictate how packets
of information are sent across
multiple networks
• Addressing
• Error checking
• Developed by DARPA are well-suited for
communication across both LAN’s and WAN’s

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-3
 What Is TCP/IP?

• The protocol suite includes layer 3 and 4

specifications as well as specifications for
higher-layer applications such e-mail and file
transfer.
• The TCP/IP protocol stack closely follows OSI
reference model. All standard Layer 1 and 2 are
supported (called the NETWORK interface layer
in TCP/IP)

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-4
 TCP/IP stack

OSI TCP/IP

7 Application
5
6 Presentation Application
5 Session
4
4 Transport Transport (TCP)
3
3 Network Internet (IP)
2
2 Data Link Data Link
1
1 Physical Physical

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-5
 TCP/IP Overview

The Internet protocols are a suite of communication protocols of which

the two best known are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
the Internet Protocol (IP).

The Internet protocols are the world's most popular open-system

(nonproprietary) protocol suite. They can be used to communicate
across any set of interconnected networks and are equally well-suited
for LAN and WAN communications.

The Internet protocol suite includes not only lower-layer protocols

(like TCP and IP), but also specifies such common applications as
electronic mail, terminal emulation, and file transfer.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-6
 IP

• Internet Protocol (IP)

– Determines where packets are routed
based on their destination addresses
– Breaks packets into smaller packets
and reassembles them

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-7
 Internet Protocol Overview

The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network layer (Layer 3) protocol that

contains addressing information and some control information that
allows packets to be routed.

IP is the primary network layer protocol in the Internet protocol suite,

and along with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), represents the
heart of the Internet protocols.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-8
 IPv4 Addressing

• 32-bit addresses
• Commonly expressed in dotted
decimal format (e.g., 192.168.10.12)
• Each “dotted decimal” is commonly
called an octet (8 bits)

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-9
 Dotted Decimal Notation

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-10
 Network And Host Addresses

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-11
 IP Addressing Scheme Overview

Each bit in the octet has a binary weight (128, 64, 32, 16, 8,
4, 2, 1). The minimum value for an octet is 0 (contains all
0s), and the maximum value for an octet is 255 (contains
all 1s).

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-12
 IP Address Format

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-13
 IP Addressing—Three Classes

• Class A: NET.HOST.HOST.HOST
• Class B: NET.NET.HOST.HOST
• Class C: NET.NET.NET.HOST

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-14
 Reserved IP Addresses

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 Reserved IP Addresses

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-16
 IP Addressing Scheme Overview

Certain Addresses in the IP address have seen reserved for special

purposes, and are not normally allowed as host addresses. The rules for
this reserved addresses are as follows:

• The network address portion of an IP address can not be set “all

binary ones or binary zeros”
• The subnet portion of an IP address can not be set “all binary ones or
binary zeros”
• The host address portion of an IP address can not be set “all binary
ones or binary zeros”
• The network 127.x.x.x cannot be used as a network address
(Loopback)

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-17
 IP Addressing

How to identify the class of an IP

address?

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-18
 Address Class

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-19
 IP Network Address Classes
Class # Networks # Hosts Example

A 126 16,777,214 01111111 00000000 00000000 00000000

B 16,384 65,534 10111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

C 2,097,152 254 11011111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Class A 35.0.0.0 Host Address Space

Class B 128.5.0.0
Class C 192.33.33.0 Network Address Space

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-20
 IP Address Range

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-21
 IP Addressing—Class A

• 10.222.135.17
• Network # 10
• Host # 222.135.17
• Range of class A network IDs: 1–126
• Number of available hosts: 16,777,214

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-22
 IP Addressing—Class B

• 128.128.141.245
• Network # 128.128
• Host # 141.245
• Range of class B network IDs:
128.0–191.255
• Number of available hosts: 65,534

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-23
 IP Addressing—Class C

• 192.150.12.1
• Network # 192.150.12
• Host # 1
• Range of class C network IDs:
192.0.0–223.255.255
• Number of available hosts: 254

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-24
 Public and Private IP Addresses

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-25
 Public and Private IP Addresses

Clase A: 10.0.0.0 a 10.255.255.255 (8 bits red, 24 bits hosts).

Clase B: 172.16.0.0 a 172.31.255.255 (12 bits red, 20 bits hosts). 16 redes
clase B contiguas, uso en universidades y grandes compañías.
Clase C: 192.168.0.0 a 192.168.255.255 (16 bits red, 16 bits hosts). 254 redes
clase C contiguas, uso de compañías medias y pequeñas además de
pequeños proveedores de internet (ISP).
Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-26
 Subnetworks

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-27
 Subnet Address Scheme

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-28
 IP Subnet Addressing

IP networks can be divided into smaller networks called subnetworks

(or subnets).

Subnetting provides the network administrator with several benefits. It

provides extra flexibility, makes more efficient use of network address
utilization, and contains broadcast traffic because a broadcast will not
cross a router.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-29
 Subnet Masking

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-30
 IP Subnet Mask

A subnet address is created by "borrowing" bits from the host field and
designating them as the subnet field. The number of borrowed bits is
variable and specified by the subnet mask.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-31
 Subnet Examples

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-32
 Modifying a Default Subnet Mask

The number of bits to be borrowed for subnet addressing depends on

both of these requirements:

•Number of subnetworks required,

•Number of host s required on each subnetwork
Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-33
 Logical AND
This AND operation done by combining the binary
version of the IP address with the subnet mask.

=
1 AND 1 1
1 AND 0 0
0 AND 1 0
0 AND 0 0

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-34
 Using a Subnet Mask

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-35
 IP Subnet Mask

Given:

Address = 131.108.2.160

Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0

Subnet = 131.108.2.0

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-36
 Class C Subnetting-Example

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 Determining How Many Bits to
Borrow

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 Determining the Subnet and
Host addresses

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-39
 Determining the Subnet and
Host addresses

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-40
 Actual Subnets

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 IP Subnetting

• Subnets allow routing

by ranges

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-42
 Addressing with Subnets

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0

• Network 172.16.0.0
Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-43
 Subnet Addressing
172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1

172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150

New Routing Table

172.16 . 2 . 160 Network Interface
Network Host 172.16.2.0 E0
172.16.3.0 E1

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-44
 Subnet Addressing
172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1

172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150

New Routing Table

172.16 . 2 . 160 Network Interface
Network Subnet Host 172.16.2.0 E0
172.16.3.0 E1

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-45
 Broadcast Addresses

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.1.0

172.16.3.255 172.16.2.0
(Directed Broadcast)

255.255.255.255 X
(Local Network Broadcast)
172.16.255.255
(All Subnets Broadcast)

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-46
 How Subnet Masks Are Used to
Determine the Network Number

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-47
IP Addressing
Exercises
 Determining the Subnet & Host
Address

• IP Host Address: 192.168.5.121

• 5 bits for subnetting.
• Default Mask & Subnet Mask ?
• How many Subnets ?
• How many Hosts ?

• Every Subnets?
• Hosts for every Subnet:
– First Host address
– Last Host address
– Broadcast address

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-49
 Addressing with CIDR

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 VLSM

• We always see that this is the theme of the summarization of

contiguous networks. This is to implement CIDR (Classless
Interdomain-Routing) to group many directions in a single
network that contains them all.
• This brings many benefits including:
– More small routing tables.
– This makes searching the table will be faster.
– Back more readable information.
– Hidden specific information about the networks summarized.
– Included small networks can fall without affecting the publication of
summary.
– dynamic routing protocols can avoid consuming bandwidth
the update

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-51
 VLSM

Example:

• 10.56.248.0/24
• 10.56.249.0/25
• 10.56.249.128/26
• 10.56.249.192/26
• 10.56.250.0/23

• Can summarize as : 10.56.248.0/22.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-52
 VLSM

Example:

• Step 1: Write Address in binary format:

• 10.56.248.0/24: 00001010.00111000.11111000.00000000
10.56.249.0/25: 00001010.00111000.11111001.00000000
10.56.249.128/26: 00001010.00111000.11111001.10000000
10.56.249.192/26: 00001010.00111000.11111001.11000000
10.56.250.0/23: 00001010.00111000.11111010.00000000

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-53
 VLSM

Example:

• Step 2: See how many bits left and right agree on all networks at
once:

• 00001010.00111000.11111000.00000000
00001010.00111000.11111001.00000000
00001010.00111000.11111001.10000000
00001010.00111000.11111001.11000000
00001010.00111000.11111010.00000000

• 22 bits match perfectly from left to right, so we see that the

result will be a / 22.
Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-54
 VLSM

Example:

• Step 3: Put to zero all the bits that do not match and write a
unique number:

00001010.00111000.11111000.00000000

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-55
 VLSM

Example:

• Step 4: We pass the number to decimal:

• 00001010 = 10
00111000 = 56
11111000 = 248
00000000 = 0
= 10.56.248.0 :

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-56
 VLSM

Example:

• Step 5: Concatenate the result with the code from step 2

10.56.248.0/22

• Mask: 255.255.252.0

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-57
 Network Layer
Network layer of the TCP/IP suite protocol.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-58
 Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP)

The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a network

layer Internet protocol that provides message packets to report
errors and other information relevant to IP packet processing
back to the source.

ICMP Messages

• Destination Unreachable
• Echo Request and Reply
• Redirect
• Time Exceeded
• Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-59
 ICMP
ICMP is an Internet Protocol used in response to errors in TCP/IP
messages

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-60
 ICMP Ping

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-61
 Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP)
Two machines on a given physical network can communicate only if
they know each other's physical (or Media Access Control [MAC])
addresses.
Through broadcasting, the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) allows
a host to dynamically discover the MAC-layer address corresponding
to a particular IP network layer address.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-62
 ARP Table

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-63
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

ARP maps IP address to the hardware address or to the Media Access

Control Address (MAC)

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-64
 Reverse ARP (RARP)

The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP), which is

the logical inverse of ARP, is used to map MAC-layer
addresses to IP addresses. RARP might be used by diskless
workstations that do not know their IP addresses when they
boot.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-65
 Reverse ARP (RARP)

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-66
 DHCP

The DHCP is an Internet Protocol for automating

configuration of computers that use TCP/IP. This Protocol can
be used to automatically assign IP address, to deliver TCP/IP
stack configuration parameters such as the subnet mask and
default router, and to provide other configuration information
such as the address for printer, time , and new servers.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-67
 Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable

transmission of data in an Internet Protocol (IP) environment.
TCP corresponds to the transport layer (Layer 4) of the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model.

TCP Provides:

• Stream data transfer

• Reliability
• Flow Control
• Full duplex operation
• Multiplexing

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 TCP Characteristics

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 TCP Connection Establishment:
Three-way Handshake

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 TCP Connection Establishment

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 Controlling Traffic: TCP Sliding
Window

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 TCP Sliding Window

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-74
 Puertos TCP

• Diversos programas TCP/IP pueden ejecutarse

simultáneamente en Internet (por ejemplo,
pueden abrirse diferentes navegadores de
manera simultánea o navegar por páginas
HTML mientras se descarga un archivo de un
FTP). Cada uno de estos programas funciona
con un protocolo.
• A veces el equipo debe poder distinguir las
diferentes fuentes de datos.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-75
 Puertos TCP

• Por lo tanto, para facilitar este proceso, a cada una de

estas aplicaciones puede serle asignada una dirección
única en equipo, codificada en 16 bits: un puerto (por
consiguiente, la combinación de dirección IP + puerto es
una dirección única en el mundo denominada socket).
– La IP identifica de manera única a un equipo en la red.
– El Puerto especifica la aplicación a la que se dirigen
los datos.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-76
 TCP/IP Transport Layer

21 FTP—File Transfer Protocol

23 Telnet
25 SMTP—Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
37 Time
69 TFTP—Trivial File Transfer Protocol
79 Finger
103 X400
161 SNMP—Simple Network Management Protocol
Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP
162 SNMPTRAP
UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-77
 TCP/IP Transport Layer
TCP and UDP can support multiple conversations between different
networked devices.

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 TCP/IP Applications
• Application layer
– File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
– Remote Login (Telnet)
– E-mail (SMTP)
• Transport layer
– Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
– User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Network layer
– Internet Protocol (IP)
• Data link & physical layer
– LAN Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, etc.
– WAN Serial lines, Frame Relay, X.25, etc.
Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-79
 Application Layer Overview

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-80
 Internet Protocol
Application Layer

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) -- FTP moves files between

devices.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) –

SNMP is used for reporting anomalous network conditions
and setting network threshold values.

Telnet -- Telnet is a terminal emulation protocol.

X Windows -- X Windows is a distributed windowing and

graphics system used for communication
between X terminals and UNIX workstations.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-81
 Internet Protocol
Application Layer

Network File System (NFS) and Remote Procedure Call (RPC) --

These protocols combine to allow transparent access to
remote network resources.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) -- SMTP provides electronic

mail services.

Domain Name System (DNS) -- DNS is used for translating the

names of network nodes into network addresses.

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-82
 UDP User Datagram Protocol

• Unreliable
• Fast
• Assumes application will retransmit on error
• Often used in diskless workstations

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-83
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless transport

layer protocol (Layer 4) belonging to the Internet protocol family.
UDP is basically an interface between IP and upper-layer
processes. UDP protocol ports allow multiple applications
running on a single device to be distinguished from one another.

Features: Fast, Unreliable

UDP is the transport protocol for several well-known
application layer protocols including the following:

• Network File System (NFS)

• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
• Domain Name System (DNS)
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
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 UDP Characteristics

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-85
 IPv6 Addressing

• 128-bit addresses
– 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses

• Example: 5F1B:DF00:CE3E:E200:0020:0800:5AFC:2B36
• Example: 0:0:0:0:0:0:192.1.1.17

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-86
 IPv4 and IPv6

Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE YUCATAN Ing. Henry M. Ventura Sabido 3-87
 Summary

• TCP/IP is a suite of protocols

• TCP/IP defines communications between
computers on the Internet
• IP determines where packets are routed
based on their destination address
• TCP ensures packets arrive correctly
at their destination address
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