RESEARCH PAPER

FROM HAREM TO COURT:

THE POWER AND INFLUENCE OF
WOMEN IN MUGHAL INDIA

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO

MAHWISH JABEEN DR. AZAD CHAUDHARY

ROLL NO-201
B.A(HONS) HISTORY
3RD YEAR
ABSTRACT
The Mughal Empire, which spanned from the early 16th century to the mid-
19th century, was a period of significant cultural, political, and social
developments in India. While the empire is often studied through the lens of its
male rulers, the role of women, both in the royal family and in society at large,
is equally important in understanding the complexity of Mughal India. This
paper explores the various roles and contributions of women during the
Mughal era, analyzing their social, political, and cultural significance. The
research delves into the lives of prominent Mughal women, their relationships
with the rulers, and their influence on art, culture, and governance. It also
examines the broader societal norms and expectations that shaped the
experiences of women during this period.

The role of women in the Mughal Empire has often been marginalized, with
their lives commonly reduced to passive existence within the zenana, or
women’s quarters. However, Daughters of the Sun by Ira Mukhoty presents a
strikingly different perspective, one in which these women are active
participants in the empire’s governance, diplomacy, and cultural life. This
paper, drawing from Mukhoty’s work, examines the lives of prominent figures
such as Khanzada Begum, Nur Jahan, and Jahanara Begum to demonstrate the
nuanced roles of Mughal women as political advisors, patrons of the arts, and
cultural influencers. Through their contributions, Mughal women not only
supported the empire’s stability but also left an indelible impact on its legacy,
underscoring that their influence was integral to the splendor and resilience of
Mughal India.

INTRODUCTION
The Mughal Empire, which reigned over the Indian subcontinent for over three
centuries, is often remembered for its opulence, architectural wonders, and
influential rulers. Historical narratives, however, have typically focused on the
empire’s male emperors, leaving the contributions of its women relatively
unexplored. Contrary to traditional depictions of Mughal women as passive
figures confined to the zenana, or women’s quarters, recent scholarship has
shown that many of these women were powerful, resourceful, and influential
players within the empire. In Daughters of the Sun, Ira Mukhoty presents the
lives of several prominent Mughal women, revealing that the zenana was not a
mere enclosure of subservience but a dynamic institution where women
wielded considerable power. This paper draws on Mukhoty’s work to examine
the contributions of Mughal women, highlighting figures like Khanzada Begum,
Nur Jahan, and Jahanara Begum, whose roles encompassed political advising,
cultural patronage, and even direct governance. Their achievements reflect a
legacy of female agency that contributed to the empire’s stability and cultural
richness, challenging stereotypes and expanding our understanding of power in
Mughal India.
The older matriarchs include mothers and aunts like Hisar Daulat Begum,
Khanzada Begum, Dildar Begum, Gul Badan Begum, Maham Begum, and Bega
Begum, experienced the most important all throughout the beginning of the
Mughal empire. When Akbar, aged just thirteen years old, succeeded as king,
several "milk mothers" or foster mothers, particularly Jiji Anaga and Maham
Anaga, gained importance. Later, when the emperors solidified control in their
spreading of the kingdom, their wives gained prominence. So, in addition to
the well-known Noor Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal, there was Harkha Bai and
Salma Sultan Begum. Finally, as the empire began to effectively emerge,
unmarried daughters like Jahanara Begum and Roshanara Begum emerged at
the forefront. Zeb-un-Nisa, Begum-un Nisa the brilliant daughters of
Aurangzeb, are the last greatest of women in the Mughal empire. Babur and
Humayun, the first Mughals, held great regard for the clan's matriarchs—their
mothers and grandmothers— whose guidance frequently brought feuding
brothers together. Not only they had impacted the emperors politically but
they had a great influence over the harem which was under women’s control
where they had made their own set of rules there, and the power they enjoyed
was immense. Not only just this some women were great writers as well who
had written extensively about a reign for instance if we take an example and
look at Humayun Nama was written by Gulbadan Begum who wrote in detail
about the reign of Humayun the administration, about the harem, but also the
information of Babur as well was there. We cannot just only look at the royal
Mughal women’s impacts but there were common women who were of
importance and they played important roles in art, poetry, and writing as well
we cannot forget the role, they played in medicine like helping give birth, etc.
They were also present in the courts for the purpose of dance and music for
entertainment purposes which was there and they were respected as well by
everyone. There is also information about how the women of both religions
Hindu and Muslims were treated by the society. What were their roles in the
religious rituals and the bhakti and Sufi movements as well? What was the
situation of the education they were getting they were allowed to get it but
with some restrictions on them as they had for the pilgrimage, they could not
go on to a pilgrimage alone. They had abortifacients for the women who
wanted to terminate their pregnancies. But it was taboo to discuss it openly.
Overall, the women had a great impact on the Mughal empire and the role
they played was important in establishing and running the empire. The
research was incomplete without taking help from secondary sources like
articles, books, research papers, etc. which are already there on the topic I
could take important information from those.

PROMINENT WOMEN OF MUGHAL EMPIRE

Empress Nur Jahan (1577–1645): Nur Jahan, the wife of Emperor Jahangir,
stands out as one of the most powerful and influential women in Mughal
history. She not only held significant political power but also played a key role
in the court’s artistic and cultural patronage. Nur Jahan's influence extended to
her role as a strategist and adviser to Jahangir, often making decisions on his
behalf during his periods of illness or absence.

Mumtaz Mahal (1593–1631): Mumtaz Mahal, the wife of Shah Jahan, is best
known for being the inspiration behind the Taj Mahal, one of the most iconic
symbols of Mughal architecture. While her primary role was that of a wife and
mother, her legacy is deeply intertwined with the cultural and architectural
developments of the empire.

Jahanara Begum (1614–1681): The daughter of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz

Mahal, Jahanara Begum was a powerful figure in her own right. A skilled
administrator, she managed her father’s affairs during his imprisonment by
Aurangzeb. Jahanara’s contributions to art, poetry, and architecture helped
shape Mughal cultural life.
Zeb-un-Nissa (1638–1702): Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb, Zeb-un-Nissa was
an accomplished poet and intellectual. Her poetry, written in Persian, is highly
regarded, and her literary contributions continue to be celebrated in the
literary canon. She was also involved in political intrigues, often opposing the
conservative policies of her father.

WOMEN STATUS IN MUGHAL INDIA

I. Social Structure and Women’s Position in Mughal Society

The Mughal Empire was characterized by a layered social hierarchy influenced
by caste, religion, and profession. At the top were the ruling elite and nobility,
who held significant political and economic power. Beneath them were
merchants and peasants, who played key roles in the empire’s economic
system. Aristocratic women, typically well-educated, enjoyed substantial
cultural and social influence, but their lives were constrained by strict societal
norms that limited their freedom. In contrast, women from lower castes faced
greater limitations in terms of education and were often confined to domestic
roles. The Mughal hierarchy also revolved around notions of purity and
pollution, where women were seen as symbols of purity but at times treated as
objects of entertainment within the elite. In general, women’s status in Mughal
society was shaped by an intricate interplay of caste, gender, and social norms,
with some enjoying power and influence while others faced restricted roles in
society.

II. Differences in Status Between Hindu and Muslim Women

The status of women in the Mughal Empire varied significantly based on their
religion, with Muslim women generally enjoying a higher social standing than
their Hindu counterparts. This disparity was largely due to the greater legal
protections granted to Muslim women under Islamic law, which included rights
to inherit property, greater agency in marriage and divorce, and more
opportunities for education and public engagement. Some Muslim women
even held political and economic power. On the other hand, Hindu women
were often subjected to restrictive practices such as sati (self-immolation), child
marriage, and social exclusion of widows, all of which curtailed their autonomy
and opportunities. Despite these differences, both Hindu and Muslim women
in the Mughal Empire faced significant social and political constraints, though
Muslim women generally benefited from more legal protections and
opportunities for personal development.

III. Women's Rights to Property and Inheritance

Access to property and inheritance in the Mughal Empire was primarily shaped
by the patriarchal structure of society, where men controlled most economic
and political power. Under Islamic law, women had legal rights to inherit
property from their fathers, husbands, and male relatives. This meant that
widows and daughters could inherit land, homes, and other assets. Aristocratic
women were in a better position to inherit property and maintain financial
independence, with some even amassing significant wealth and power within
the imperial court. Despite legal provisions that allowed women some access
to property, cultural and social practices frequently undermined these rights,
often restricting women’s economic autonomy.

IV. The Practices of Child Marriage and Widow Remarriage

Child marriage was a common practice in Mughal India, particularly among the
elite, where girls were married off at a very young age—sometimes as young as
six or seven—to much older men. This practice was motivated by social,
economic, and political factors, such as consolidating alliances between
families and securing dowry payments. The consequences for young brides
were severe, as many were forced into domestic and sexual violence, and the
risks of early childbirth often led to poor health outcomes or death. In contrast,
widow remarriage was rare and socially discouraged, as widows were often
viewed as burdens on their families and communities. In some cases, widows
were even expected to commit sati to preserve family honor. While widow
remarriage occurred more frequently among lower-class and peasant women,
it remained uncommon within the aristocracy. Mughal emperors like Akbar
attempted to curb child marriage and promote widow remarriage to empower
women and challenge patriarchal norms. However, their efforts had limited
impact on broader societal practices. The prevalence of child marriage and the
rarity of widow remarriage highlight the deeply patriarchal and hierarchical
nature of Mughal society, which had lasting implications for gender roles and
relations.

WOMEN IN MUGHAL EMPIRE AS SCHOLARS

During the Mughal Empire, women were now not only respected inside the
home sphere but additionally within the area of literature and scholarship.
Many women made tremendous contributions to literature, poetry, and other
fields, despite social regulations on women's schooling and participation in
public life. Here are a few notable female students and writers at some point in
the Mughal Empire.
Meh Laqa Bai Chanda (1768-1824): She was a courtesan and a poet who wrote
under the pen name Mah Laqa Chanda. Her poetry became noticeably
appeared and was praised with the aid of scholars and poets of her time. She
wrote in Urdu, Persian, and Hindi. Her works consist of the Divan-e-Mah Laqa,
a collection of her Urdu poetry, and the Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, a set of her Persian
poetry. Her paintings challenged the traditional gender roles of women as she
turned into a female of great getting to know in a male-ruled society.
Zeb-un-Nisa (1638-1702): She was the eldest daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb
and a famous poet. She became a patron of the humanities and backed many
artists and poets during her lifetime. Her works consist of the Diwan-e-Zeb un-
Nisa, a set of her Urdu poetry, and the Risala-i-Rag Darbari, a treatise on music.
Her work reflected her hobby in Sufi mysticism, and her writing became praised
for its splendor and depth of emotion.
Gulbadan Begum (1523-1603): Gulbadan Begum who was the daughter of
Babur and the author of Humayun-Nama, a biography of her brother Humayun.
Her work presents a valuable perception of the early Mughal period, which
includes information about courtroom politics, the circle of relative’s life, and
everyday rituals. She became a prolific lady author at that point due to the fact
the manner she wrote was amazing with fantastic info and depth in her
writings.
Nur Jahan (1577-1645): Nur Jahan was the spouse of Mughal Emperor
Jahangir and performed a lively role in politics and management. She became
additionally an achieved poet and patron of the humanities, and she
commissioned numerous essential buildings, consisting of the tomb of her
father. She became additionally a talented poet and calligrapher.
Inayat Khan Begum (1574-1605): She was the daughter of Emperor Akbar and
turned into tremendously knowledgeable in Persian, Arabic, and Urdu
literature. She turned into a professional poet and musician and became also
acknowledged for her philanthropy.
Maham Anga (16th Century): She was a wet nurse of Emperor Akbar and the
mom of his regent, Adham Khan. She changed into additionally a patron of
literature and poetry and became known for her capability to recite poetry in
Persian and Urdu. She also liked to recite verses/stanzas as well.
Jahanara Begum (1614-1681): She was the daughter of Emperor Shah Jahan
and the writer of a biography of her father. She became also acknowledged for
her patronage of literature, music, and different arts. She based numerous
mosques and hospitals throughout her lifetime. She wrote the biography of
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, the founding father of the Chishti order in India it
was titled Mu’nis al-Arwah.
These women not simplest contributed to the literary and cultural history of
the Mughal Empire but additionally challenged gender norms and stereotypes
of their time with the aid of pursuing education and highbrow interests. Their
works continue to encourage and have an impact on generations of students
and poets.

WOMEN IN COURT & POLITICS

Role of Women in the Imperial Harem & Their Relationship
with the Emperor
The imperial harem in the Mughal Empire was a complex institution,
encompassing the emperor's wives, concubines, female relatives, eunuchs, and
servants. While often seen as a symbol of imperial wealth and power, the
harem also allowed women to exercise influence and agency. The empress,
known as the Padshah Begum, held significant power, overseeing the harem
and advising the emperor on matters of state. Other women in the harem,
including wives and concubines, played key roles in court politics and were
often selected for their intelligence, beauty, and social status. The emperor's
family members, such as his mother and sisters, were highly educated and held
significant influence within the court, managing family affairs and representing
the emperor. Women in the harem were also involved in cultural and charitable
activities, patronizing the arts and supporting public works.

Examples Of Women Who Held Political Power

Nur jahan: Nur Jahan was the spouse of Jahangir. She became mentioned for
her splendor, intelligence, and political acumen. She carried out an essential
function in politics, frequently acting as Jahangir's consultant and making
essential alternatives for the empire. She now not only gave tips but
additionally has become additionally a professional diplomat and led numerous
army campaigns. Nur Jahan's power and impact had been so brilliant that a few
historians argue that she became the real strength behind the throne during
Jahangir's reign.
Jahanara Begum: She was the daughter of Emperor Shah Jahan and was given
popularity for her intelligence, piety, and political effect. She had a critical
position in the management of the empire, serving as the lead representative
to her father for duration of his later years. She moreover commissioned
numerous important buildings, which includes the Jama Masjid in Delhi.
Gulbadan Begum: The daughter of Emperor Babur and she was the writer of
the memoir "Humayun Nama." Gulbadan Begum became extensively
knowledgeable and had a keen interest in politics and literature. She also
served as a relied-on consultant to her brother Emperor Humayun and wrote
about the political occasions of her time, presenting precious insight into the
workings of the Mughal courtroom.
Jodha Bai/Harkha Bai: She was also referred to as Mariam-Uz-Zamani a spouse
of Emperor Akbar and also the mother of his son and next emperor, Jahangir.
She became an outstanding figure inside the Mughal courtroom and wielded
substantial political strength throughout her time. As a Hindu Rajput princess,
she introduced a feel of diplomacy and cultural variety to the Mughal
courtroom. She additionally performed an extensive function in negotiating
alliances with different Rajput kingdoms, strengthening the Mughal Empire's
political strength. Her impact on Akbar became obvious, and he frequently
consulted her on crucial topics of the kingdom. Jodha Bai's political strength
and cultural contributions were a testament to the influential position that
women ought to play in Mughal society.
Zeb-un-Nisa: Maham Anga: A Mughal princess who became acknowledged for
her intellect, creativity, and poetry. She was the daughter of Emperor
Aurangzeb and performed an active function in the courtroom, serving as her
father's relied-on consultant. She became deeply interested in Sufism and
played a role in shaping her father's regulations toward the Sufi orders within
the empire. Zeb-un-Nisa's political power became evident in her impact on her
father and her involvement in the affairs of the courtroom. Her contributions to
the Mughal lifestyle and politics had been a testament to the considerable
position that women may want to play in shaping the future of empires
Maham Anga: Maham Anga's impact became so remarkable that she could
make her very own son, Adham Khan, appointed as the commander in-leader
of the Mughal army. Maham Anga's courting with Akbar additionally
deteriorated over the years, and she became in the end brushed off from her
role of power. however, her political function at some point in the early years of
the Mughal Empire became tremendous and paved the way for different
women to maintain positions of impact within the courtroom. The period in
which she had an influence on the rule is known as Petticoat Government.

THE ZENANA: COMPLEX AND MISUNDERSTOOD

INSTITUTION
The zenana, often misinterpreted as a secluded domain of idle women, was a
far more complex institution than many Western narratives have suggested.
For the Mughals, the zenana was a center of power, intellect, and diplomacy, a
space that evolved from a nomadic household in Babur’s time to an organized
and sophisticated structure under his descendants. Mukhoty describes the
zenana as a unique environment, particularly under Akbar, who expanded its
composition to include not only Timurid women but also Rajput and Persian
consorts, each bringing diverse traditions and customs that enriched the
Mughal court. This diversity of backgrounds meant that the zenana was a
microcosm of the empire itself, where women managed estates, supported
artistic projects, and influenced political decisions from behind the scenes.

One notable figure in the zenana’s early history was Khanzada Begum, Babur’s
elder sister, who exemplified the political importance of women within this
domain. Khanzada Begum played a pivotal role in securing alliances and
stabilizing Babur’s rule during his early years. When Babur faced the formidable
Uzbek warlord Shaybani Khan, Khanzada married Shaybani to ensure Babur’s
safety, sacrificing her personal freedom for the survival of her family. Her
diplomatic influence and dedication to her family’s cause set a precedent for
women in the Mughal zenana, establishing the notion that their influence
extended far beyond the confines of their quarters. Mukhoty’s portrayal of
Khanzada Begum demonstrates that the zenana was a place where women
were not only family members but strategic players in the broader political
landscape of the Mughal Empire.

FOUNDATIONAL FIGURES BUILDING EMPIRES

LEGACY: THE ROLE OF WOMENHOOD

The early Mughal empresses and matriarchs played critical roles in laying the
foundations of the empire, acting as political advisors, diplomats, and cultural
figures. Khanzada Begum’s commitment to her brother’s cause during times of
hardship exemplifies the importance of familial loyalty and political strategy
within the zenana. Her self-sacrifice and wisdom helped consolidate Babur’s
rule, allowing him to build a stable base that would support future generations
of the Mughal dynasty. As a skilled diplomat and a trusted advisor, Khanzada
influenced decisions that would shape the empire’s future, making her a model
for later Mughal women who would also navigate the complexities of court
politics.
Similarly, Hamida Banu, wife of Humayun and mother of Akbar, provided
stability during the empire’s formative years. Hamida accompanied Humayun
during his exile, enduring hardships and supporting his quest to regain the
throne. Her resilience and support during these trying times allowed her to
guide the young Akbar as he rose to power. Once Akbar became emperor,
Hamida Banu continued to play an influential role at court, offering wisdom
and stability. Her role as matriarch set a precedent for Mughal mothers and
grandmothers, who were often pivotal in nurturing and advising future
emperors. The legacy of Khanzada Begum and Hamida Banu underscores the
importance of the zenana as a political and familial stronghold, where women’s
influence was both respected and essential to the empire’s survival and
expansion.

INFLUENTIAL WIVES AND QUEENS: NUR JAHAN

AND MUMTAZ MAHAL

Among the most prominent women in Mughal history are Nur Jahan and
Mumtaz Mahal, both of whom exemplify the zenana’s role as a source of
political power and cultural patronage. Nur Jahan, the wife of Emperor
Jahangir, is perhaps the most powerful example of a Mughal queen who
assumed a near co-regency, exercising authority unprecedented for a woman in
the empire. Known for her administrative skill and political acumen, Nur Jahan
took on significant responsibilities, issuing decrees in her own name and
engaging in trade activities that strengthened the empire’s economy. Her
influence extended to foreign relations and domestic policy, where she made
decisions that directly impacted the empire’s stability. Nur Jahan’s strategic
alliances, including her familial marriages that reinforced her power base,
made her a formidable figure at court. Her title of Padshah Begum
underscored her status, and she used her power to promote Persian art,
fashion, and architecture, leaving a cultural legacy that outlasted her reign.

While Mumtaz Mahal is often remembered solely as the inspiration for the Taj
Mahal, she too played a significant role in the empire. As the wife of Shah
Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal was his trusted confidante and advisor, influencing his
decisions and supporting his artistic ambitions. Her untimely death prompted
Shah Jahan to commission the Taj Mahal, a monument symbolizing both his
grief and the architectural grandeur of the Mughal Empire. However, Mumtaz
Mahal’s contributions were not limited to her role as a beloved consort; she
also encouraged cultural projects and upheld the refinement of the Mughal
court. Mukhoty’s portrayal of Nur Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal challenges
traditional narratives, presenting them as active participants in the empire’s
political and cultural life. Through their roles as Padshah Begums, they
demonstrated that Mughal queens could wield significant power, defying the
passive roles often attributed to women in historical narratives.

UNMARRIED DAUGHTERS AS CULTURAL AND

SPIRITUAL LEADERS
The unmarried daughters of Mughal emperors held unique positions of
independence and influence, often engaging in intellectual and spiritual
pursuits that enriched the empire’s cultural heritage. Jahanara Begum,
daughter of Shah Jahan, is a prime example of an unmarried Mughal woman
who attained considerable political and spiritual authority. As a devout Sufi,
Jahanara’s religious devotion and scholarly pursuits earned her respect and
influence at court. Her close relationship with her father allowed her to
participate in court politics, where she acted as an advisor and mediator.
Jahanara’s contributions extended to the cultural sphere, as she commissioned
architectural projects, including mosques and gardens, that reflected her
personal dedication and refined aesthetic. Her patronage of Sufi literature and
spiritual figures further solidified her role as a cultural leader, bridging the gap
between religious devotion and political influence.

Zeb-un-Nisa, Aurangzeb’s daughter, was another influential figure celebrated

for her poetry and intellect. As a skilled poet writing under the pen name
Makhfi, Zeb-un-Nisa explored themes of mysticism, personal independence,
and social critique. Her work added a rare female voice to the Mughal literary
tradition, providing insights into the philosophical and spiritual reflections of a
Mughal princess. Zeb-un-Nisa’s decision to remain unmarried was a deliberate
choice that allowed her to dedicate herself fully to her intellectual pursuits,
carving out a space for female autonomy in a male-dominated environment.
Both Jahanara and Zeb-un-Nisa exemplify the ways in which Mughal women
engaged with cultural and spiritual life, contributing to the empire’s intellectual
and religious heritage.

ROLE OF WOMEN IN ART AND ARCHITECTURE

Mughal women, particularly those from the royal and aristocratic families,
played a significant role in the arts and architecture of the Mughal Empire.
Though societal norms often limited their direct involvement in artistic and
architectural creation, many became key patrons, influencers, and active
participants in cultural life, leaving an indelible mark on Mughal history.

1. Empress Nur Jahan: A Patron of Art and Culture

One of the most influential women in Mughal art and culture was Empress Nur
Jahan, the wife of Emperor Jahangir. Known for her intelligence, political
acumen, and cultural sophistication, she became a patron of the arts. Nur
Jahan commissioned and supported the creation of miniature paintings, which
flourished during her time. The artworks often depicted court scenes, portraits,
and nature, reflecting the refined taste of the empress. She also patronized
poetry and literature, contributing to the flourishing of Mughal courtly culture.
Though her direct involvement in architecture was not as prominent, she
played a crucial role in maintaining the Mughal aesthetic that influenced the
construction of many of the empire’s buildings.

2. Mumtaz Mahal: The Inspiration for the Taj Mahal

Mumtaz Mahal, the beloved wife of Emperor Shah Jahan, is most famous for
being the inspiration behind the construction of the Taj Mahal, one of the most
iconic architectural structures in the world. While she did not commission the
Taj Mahal during her lifetime, her death led to the creation of this breathtaking
mausoleum. Mumtaz Mahal's association with this monumental project
symbolizes the profound influence royal women had on Mughal architecture.
The Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan in her memory, reflects the Mughal
architectural grandeur, with its symmetrical gardens, intricate carvings, and use
of white marble. Her legacy is forever tied to one of the greatest architectural
achievements in history.

3. Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani: Patronage and Cultural

Contributions
Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, the wife of Emperor Akbar and mother of
Emperor Jahangir, was another important figure in the cultural landscape of
the Mughal Empire. She was known for her patronage of art and literature. Her
influence extended beyond the royal harem, as she actively supported the
creation of miniature paintings and the development of Mughal courtly
traditions. Though not directly involved in architecture, her role in the
promotion of art and education contributed to the flourishing of Mughal
cultural identity. Her taste in art, poetry, and architecture helped shape the
aesthetic preferences of the court.

4. Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum: Political Influence and

Cultural Patronage
Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, the first wife of Emperor Akbar, held
considerable political influence and played a key role in shaping the cultural life
of the Mughal court. Though her direct contributions to architecture are not
well-documented, Ruqaiya Sultan Begum was known for her patronage of the
arts, especially in promoting the development of miniature painting during
Akbar's reign. She was also involved in the upbringing of the royal princes and
played a key role in the educational development of the next generation of
Mughal rulers, ensuring the continued cultural prosperity of the empire.

5. Empress Jahanara Begum: Artistic and Architectural

Contributions
Jahanara Begum, the daughter of Emperor Shah Jahan and sister of Dara
Shikoh, was an accomplished and influential woman in the Mughal Empire.
Known for her artistic inclinations, Jahanara was a poet, calligrapher, and
patron of the arts. She contributed to the creation of miniature paintings and
was instrumental in the development of Mughal architecture. Jahanara played
an influential role in the development of the Shah Jahanabad (the new city of
Delhi) and the Jama Masjid, one of the most significant mosques in the Mughal
Empire. Her efforts in preserving the architectural legacy of the Mughal court
ensured her place in history.

LEGACY AND LASTING IMPACT OF MUGHAL

WOMEN
The legacy of Mughal women, as depicted in Mukhoty’s work, challenges
conventional views of power in the Mughal Empire. These women, from
Khanzada Begum to Jahanara Begum, demonstrate that influence extended far
beyond the confines of the zenana. By managing estates, forming strategic
alliances, and fostering cultural projects, they contributed to the empire’s
prosperity and stability. The zenana, far from being a mere domestic space, was
a sophisticated institution that allowed women to exercise power indirectly,
shaping the empire’s destiny in various ways. Mukhoty’s portrayal of these
women underscores that they were not passive figures but vital participants in
the empire’s growth and success.

The cultural contributions of these women were also significant. Many were
patrons of public works, funding the construction of schools, hospitals, and
gardens, which reflected their commitment to societal welfare. For instance,
Jahanara Begum’s patronage of Sufi institutions and her architectural projects
served not only as personal expressions of piety but also as public resources
that enriched the empire’s spiritual and cultural life. The artistic patronage of
Nur Jahan, who promoted Persian art and fashion, further exemplifies how
these women used their influence to shape the empire’s cultural identity.
Mughal women also played a crucial role in succession politics, supporting
heirs who would continue their legacy and strengthen the dynasty. Unlike many
contemporary empires, the Mughals did not practice primogeniture, which
meant that any son could claim the throne if he was ambitious and talented
enough. This often led to conflicts over succession, and women in the zenana
were active participants in these struggles. By supporting particular princes,
they helped shape the future of the empire, demonstrating that their roles
were not limited to domestic duties but extended to the very core of political
power.

CONCLUSION
The women of the Mughal Empire, as presented in Daughters of the Sun, reveal
a history of resilience, agency, and power that redefines our understanding of
the zenana. Figures like Khanzada Begum, Nur Jahan, and Jahanara Begum
were not merely passive consorts but were active participants in governance,
diplomacy, and cultural patronage. Through their roles as advisors, patrons,
and diplomats, these women contributed to the empire’s success and
longevity, leaving a legacy that is only beginning to be fully appreciated.
Mukhoty’s research highlights the complexity of these women’s lives,
demonstrating that the zenana was not a place of confinement but a dynamic
institution that allowed women to influence the empire’s political and cultural
direction.

By reframing the role of Mughal women, Mukhoty offers a perspective that

celebrates their resilience, intellect, and political acumen. These women were
integral architects of an empire whose grandeur was as much a testament to
their contributions as it was to the emperors they supported. Their lives
exemplify a unique form of female agency within a historical context often
dominated by male narratives, showing that the legacy of the Mughal Empire
was a product of both kings and queens. In challenging traditional views of the
zenana, Daughters of the Sun provides a more nuanced and complete picture
of Mughal India, one that acknowledges the indispensable role of its women in
shaping its history and culture.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Koch, Ebba. Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology: Collected Essays. Oxford
University Press, 2007.

2.Lal, K.K. The Mughal Empire. Routledge, 2013.

3.Ghosh, Amitav. The Glass Palace. John Murray, 2000.

4.Smith, Vincent A. The Oxford History of India. Oxford University Press, 1919.

5.Richards, John F. The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press, 1993.

6. Ira mukhoty, Daughter of the sun, 2018.

7.Ellison banks Findly, Nur Jahan: empress of Mughal India,1993.