Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied
Sciences (PIEAS)
Name: Fatima Shahid
Group: 04
Lab-V: Circuit & Devices
Reg No: 07-3-1-018-2022
Date: 17 December, 2024
Session: BS Physics 2022-2026
Experiment 1:
Introduction to Electrical Laboratory, DC Sources and
Metering
Summary:
This experiment taught us the use of a DC power supply and a digital multimeter (DMM) for
measuring voltage. It teaches how to set a precise voltage using the power supply’s controls
and measure it accurately with the DMM at different ranges.
Figure 1: Breadboard
Figure 2: Analog/Digital Lab Trainer
Figure 3: Digital Multi Meter
Uses in Physics:
It helps in troubleshooting household electronics, setting up or repairing circuits, and
ensuring batteries or power supplies deliver the correct voltage.
Experiment 2:
Resistor Colour Code
Summary:
This experiment involved determining resistor values using the colour code and then
measuring their actual resistance with a digital multimeter and then finding the deviation
between the colour code and measured values. It emphasizes the importance of accurate
measurements and how resistors may differ slightly from their labelled values in practical
applications.
Uses in Physics:
Resistors limit or regulate the flow of electric current in a circuit and are used in voltage
divider circuits etc.. This experiment is useful in physics for understanding resistor
tolerances, which is essential in designing accurate circuits.
Experiment 3:
Verification of Ohm’s Law
Summary:
The circuit was built with a resistor, and the DMM was set to measure current, placed in-line
between the source and the resistor. We measured the current at different voltage settings and
calculated the theoretical current using Ohm’s law. The deviation between the measured and
theoretical current was calculated. At last, the data was used to create a plot of current versus
voltage, comparing the theoretical and measured values.
Figure 4
Uses in Physics:
Ohm's Law is used to design resistors, capacitors, and other components to ensure they
handle the required voltage and current. It also helps in determining electrical power
dissipation in resistive elements
Experiment 4:
Characteristics of Diodes
Summary:
In this experiment, we studied diode characteristics by constructing a circuit with two
resistors. We measured the voltage across the resistors with the diodes first reverse biased,
then forward biased, over a range of both positive and negative voltages. This allowed us to
observe the diode’s behaviour in different biasing conditions.
Figure 5
Uses in Physics:
Diodes convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and they are used to modify
electrical signals by limiting their voltage range.
Experiment 5:
Series resistive circuit
Summary:
In this experiment, we built a series circuit with three resistors and measured the resistance
and voltage using a DMM. We also calculated these values and the values of current and
power theoretically and compared them to the measured results to verify the circuit's
behaviour. This experiment helped us understand the relationship between resistance, voltage,
current, and power in a series circuit.
Figure 6: Series Circuit
Uses in Physics:
Series circuits are used in fuses, as they protect circuits by breaking the connection when the
current exceeds a safe level.
Experiment 6:
Parallel resistive circuit
Summary:
In this experiment, we constructed a parallel resistive circuit with three resistors, measuring
resistance, voltage, power, and current using a DMM. We also calculated these values
theoretically and compared the measured results to verify the circuit's behaviour.
Figure 7: Parallel Circuit
Uses in Physics:
Most home electrical systems are parallel, allowing devices to operate independently without
affecting others.
Experiment 7:
AC Waveform Generation
Summary:
In this experiment, we studied three types of AC waveforms (triangular, sine, and square
waves) using an oscilloscope. We adjusted the waves to fit within the display frame and
measured their amplitude and frequency by counting the horizontal and vertical grid boxes.
This helped us understand the characteristics of different waveforms in terms of their
amplitude and frequency.
Figure 8: Sine Wave on Oscilloscope
Uses in Physics:
AC waveforms are essential for studying signal processing, alternating current circuits, and
waveform analysis. They help in understanding how different waveforms affect electrical
components and systems.
Experiment 8:
BJT as a Switch
Summary:
In this experiment, we used a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) as a switch in a circuit with an
LED and two resistors. The transistor controlled the current flow through the LED, turning it
on or off depending on the transistor's state. By adjusting the base current, we demonstrated
how a BJT can function as a switch in electronic circuits.
Figure 9: BJT as a Switch
Uses in Physics:
BJTs are widely used in amplifiers, in modulating signals for transmission in communication
systems, in regulating and controlling power and as electronic switches.
