Solution

MATHS

Class 12 - Mathematics
1. (i) Let A be the quantity of radium present at time t and A0 be the initial quantity of radium.
Therefore,we have,
dA
∝ A
dt
dA

dt
= - 2A
dA

A
= - 2dt
dA
∫ = −λtdt
A

log A = −λt + c.....(1)

Now, A = A0 when t = 0
log A0 = 0 + c
c = log A0
Put value of c in equation
log A = −λt + log A 0

log(
A

A0
) = −λt .....(2)
Given that, In 25 years, bacteria decomposes 1.1 %, so
A = (100 - 1.1)% = 98.996 %= 0.989 A0, t = 25
Therefore,(2) gives,
0.989A0
log(
A0
) = - 25λ
log(0.989) = −25λ
1
λ = − log(0.989)
25

Now, equation ( 2) becomes,

A 1
log( ) = { log(0.989)} t
A0 25

Now A = 1

2
A0

A 1
log( ) = log(0.989)t
2A 25

− log 2×25

log(0.989)
=t
0.6931×25
−
0.01106
=t
t = 1567 years.
Required time = 1567 years
(ii) Let A be the quantity of radius at any time t, therefore,we have,
dA
∝ A
dt

dA
= −λA
dt
dA
= −λt
A
dA
∫ = −λ ∫ dt
A

log A = −λt + c ....(1)

Let A0 be the initial amount of radium percentage,then,we have,
log A0 = −λ(0) +c
c = log(A 0)

Using, equation (1),

log A = −λt + log A 0

log(
A

A0
) = −λt ...(2)
Given, its half-life is 1590 years, therefore,we have,
1
A0
2
log( ) = −λ(1590)
A0

1
log( ) = −λ(1590)
2

1/4
 -log 2 = −λ(1590)
log 2 = λ(1590)
log 2
= λ
1590

Therefore, equation ( 1) becomes,

A log 2
log( ) = − t
A0 1590

Now, put t=1,we have,

A log 2
log( ) = −
A0 1590

log 2
A −
= e 1590
A0

A
= 0.9996
A0

1 −
A

A0
= 1 - 0.9996
A0 −A
= 0.0004
A0

percentage to be disappear is one year

A0 −A
= × 100
A0

= 0.0004 × 100
=0.04%
2. (i) Let r be the radius and S be the surface area of the balloon at any time t. Therefore,we have,
S = 4π r2
dS dr
⇒
dt
= 8πr
dt
...(i)
It is given that dS

dt
= Cos t = k (say). Putting dS

dt
= k in (i), we get
k = 8πr dr

dt

⇒ 8π r dt = k dt [By separating the variables]

Integrating both sides, we have,
4π r2 = kt + C ...(ii)
We are given that at t = 0, r = 3. Putting t = 0 and r = 3 in (ii), we have,
36π = k(0) + C ...(iii)
Putting t = 2 and r = 5 in (ii), we have,
100π = 2k + C ...(iv)
Solving (iii) and (iv), we get, C = 36π and k = 32π
Substituting the values of C and k in (ii), we get,
4π r2 = 32π t + 36π ⇒ r2 = 8t + 9 ⇒ r = √8t + 9
−−−−−

(ii) Let moisture content at a given time be A and the initial amount of moisture be A0
Therefore,we have,
dA
∝ A
dt
dA
= −λA
dt
dA
= −λdt
dt
dA
∫ = −λ ∫ dt
A

log A = λ t + c
when t = 0, A = A0
logA0 = 0 + c
logA0 = c
So,
logA = −λt + logA0
A
log( ) = −λt
A0

If t = 1, A = 1

2
A0

A
log( ) = −λ
2A

log 2 = λ
So,

2/4
 A
log( ) = − log 2t
A0

Now, let is t, time it moisture lost 95% So,

5
A= A0
100
1
A= A0
20
log 20
t1 =
log 2

So,
log 2
Required time = log
hours.
3. Let there be N radioactive nuclei in a sample at any time t and let N0 be the initial number of radioactive nuclei. Then, the rate of
decay of the radioactive substance is given by dN

dt
.We have,
dN
∝ N
dt

⇒
dN

dt
= −λN where λ > 0 is a constant
dN
⇒ = −λdt
N

⇒ ∫
1

N
dN = −λ ∫ dt [On integrating]
⇒ log N = −λt + C ....(i)
At t = 0, we have N = N0. Putting t = 0 and N = N0 in (i), we have,
log N0 = 0 + C ⇒ C = log N0
Putting C = log N0 in (i), we have,
log N = −λt + log N0
⇒ log
N

N0
= −λt ...(ii)
It is given that 10% of the original number of radioactive nuclei have undergone disintegration in a period of 100 years. Therefore,
number of radioactive nuclei available at t = 100 is given by
10 9N0
N = N0 − × N0 =
100 10
9N0
Putting N = 10
and t = 100 in (ii),we have,
9 1 9
log = −100λ ⇒ λ = − log
10 100 10

Put the value of λ in (ii), we have,

log
N

N0
= (
100
1
log
10
9
)t ....(iii)
We have to find the value of N at t =1000 years. Putting t = 1000 years in (iii) we have,
N 9
log = 10 log( )
N0 10

10
N 9
⇒ log = log ( )
N0 10

10
N 9
⇒ = ( )
N0 10

10 10
N 9 9
⇒ × 100 = ( ) × 100 =
N0 10 8
10

Therefore,we have,
10

Percentage of radioactive nuclei that remain after 1000 years = N

N0
× 100 =
9

8
.
10
10
9
Thus, 8
% of radioactive nuclei will remain after 1000 years.
10

Let us assume that N0 grams of radioactive substance was produced and at any time t, N grams of substance is present. Therefore,
the rate of decay of the radioactive substance is given by dN

dt
.
We are given that dN

dt
∝ N

⇒
dN

dt
= −λN where,λ > 0 is a constant
dN
⇒ = −λdt
N
1
⇒ ∫ dN = −λ ∫ dt
N

⇒ log N = −λt + C.....(i)

At t = 0, we have N = N0. Put t = 0 and N = N0 in (i), we get
log N0 = 0 + C ⇒ C = log N0
Put C = log N0 in (i), we get
log N = -λ t + log N0

3/4
 ⇒ log
Nθ
N
= −λt ....(ii)
It is given that after 1 years 100 grams of radioactive substance was present, i.e. at t =1. Putting t = 1 and N = 100 in (ii), we get
log(
100

N0
) = −λ .....(iii)
After 2 years, 75 grams of radioactive substances was present i.e. at t = 2, N = 75 grams. Putting N =75 grams and t = 2 in (ii), we
get
log(
75

N0
) = −2λ ...(iv)
Eliminating λ from (iii) and (iv), we have,
75 100
log( ) = 2 log( )
N0 N0

2 2 2

log(
75

N0
) = log (
100

N0
) ⇒
75

N0
=( 100

N0
) ⇒ N0 =
100

75
⇒ N0 =
400

3
grams .
Therefore, 400

3
grams of radioactive substance was produced.

i. We have, (1 - x2)
dy
4. dx
- xy = 1
dy
⇒
dx
−
x

2
⋅ y = 1

2
1−x 1−x
x 1 −2x
− ∫ dx ∫ dx

∴ I.F. =e 1−x
2
= e
2
1−x
2

1
1
log(1− x )
2
2 −−−−−
=e 2 = e
log (1− x ) 2
= √1 − x 2

+ y = e-x
dy
ii. We have, dx

It is a linear differential equation with I.F. = e ∫ dx

= ex
Now, solution is y⋅ ex = ∫ e
x
⋅ e
−x
dx + c
⇒ yex =∫ dx + c ⇒ yex = x + c ⇒ y = xe-x + ce-x
∵ y(0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0 ∴ y = xe-x
dy
iii. We have, dx
+ y tan x = sec x
It is a linear differential equation with
I.F. = e ∫ tan xdx
= elog|sec x| = sec x
Now, solution is y secx = ∫ sec
2
x dx + c
⇒ y secx = tanx + c

OR
dy
We have, dx
- 3y = sin 2x
It is a linear differential equation with
I.F. = e ∫ −3dx
= e-3x
5. i. We have, dT

dt
= −λ(T - S)
dT 1
⇒ = −λdt ⇒ ∫ dT = −λ ∫ dt
T −S T −S

⇒ log(T - S) = −λt + c
ii. Since, at t = 0, T = 80 oF
∴ log(80 - S) = 0 + c ⇒ c = log(80 - S)
iii. Given, at any time t the thermometer reading be ToF and the outside temperature is SoF. Then, by Newton's law of cooling, we
have
∝ (T - S) ⇒ = −λ(T - S)
dT dT

dt dt

OR
Since, after 5 minutes, thermometer reads 60oF
∴ Value of T(5) = 60oF
Also after 10 minutes, thermometer reads 50oF
So value of T(10) = 50oF

4/4