Experiment 1-5 (Nilesh)

NAME Nilesh Nimawat
ENROLLMENT NO. 2022/CTAE/239

SUBJECT CODE CS 352
SUBJECT NAME COMPUTER NETWORK
CLASS B. TECH. III YEAR - COMPUTER
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
SESSION 2024-25
INDEX
Sr. No. TITLE DATE SIGNATURE REMARK

Sr. No. TITLE DATE SIGNATURE REMARK
E
Experiment 1
Aim: -To Install and configure Network Devices HUB, Switch and
Routers PCs are interfaced using connectivity devices.
1. Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. A repeater is an electronic

device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher
power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover
longer distances. Repeater have two ports, so cannot be use to connect for
more than two devices.
2. Hub: An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or
concentrator is a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fibre optic
Ethernet devices together and making them act as a single network segment.
Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The device is a form
of multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection,
forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision.
3. Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking

device that connects network segments. The term commonly refers to a
network bridge that processes and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of
the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer
(layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer
switches.
4. Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the

data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge
formally means a device that behaves according to the IEEE 802.1D standard.
A bridge and switch are very much alike; a switch being a bridge withnumerous
ports. Switch or Layer 2 switch is often used interchangeably with
bridge. Bridges can analyse incoming data packets to determine if the bridge is
able to send the given packet to another segment of the network.
5. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more

computer networks, and electively interchanges packets of data between them.
Each data packet contains address information that a router can use to
determine if the source and destination are on the same network, or if the data
packet must be transferred from one network to another. Where multiple
routers are used in a large collection of interconnected networks, the routers
exchange information about target system addresses, so that each router can
build up a table showing the preferred paths between any two systems on the
interconnected networks.
6. Gate Way: In a communications network, a network node equipped for

interfacing with another network that uses different protocols.
• A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance
matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as
necessary to provide system interoperability. It also requires the establishment
of mutually acceptable administrative procedures between both networks.
•A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with
different network protocol technologies by performing the required protocol
conversions.
7. Brouter: Brouter is a networking device which is used both as bridge and
as a router, it is combination of network bridge and a router.
• A brouter operates at both the datalink layer and the network layer,
allowing it to forward packets based on MAC address (like a bridge) and IP
addresses (like a router).
• It can filter traffic and direct packets based on their destination IP
addresses while also managing traffic within the same network segment.
8. NIC: NIC can refer to network interface card and it is a hardware

component that connect a computer to a network , allowing it to send and
receive data with other devices.
• NICs can be wired (Ethernet cards) or wireless (Wi-Fi cards) , supporting
various standard such as Ethernet ,Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth.
• It converts data between the format used by the computer and the
format used by the network, facilitating communication between devices.
Procedure:
Result:
Thus, install and configure Network Devices PCs are interfaced using connectivity
devices – Hub, router and switch have been done successfully.
Experiment 2
Aim: - To study different types of Network cables and practically

implement the cross-wired cable and straight through cable using
crimping tool.
To do the following
• Cable Crimping
• Standard Cabling
• Cross Cabling
• IO connector crimping
• Testing the crimped cable using a cable tester
Apparatus/Tools/Equipment/Components:
1. RJ-45 connector,
2. IO Connector,
3. Crimping Tool,
4. Twisted pair Cable,
5. Cable Tester.
Standard Cabling: Cross Cabling:

1. 10BaseT and 100BaseT are A cross cable is used to connect 2
most common mode of LAN. computers directly (with ONLY the
You can use UTP category-5 UTP cable). It is also used then you
cable for both modes. connect 2 hubs with a normal port on
2. A straight cable is used to both hubs.
connect a computer to a
hub.
Standard cabling Cross Cabling
Procedure:
Cable Crimping steps:
1. Remove the outmost vinyl shield for 12mm at one end of the cable (we
call this side A-side).
2. Arrange the metal wires in parallel
3. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the metal wire
arrangement.
4. Set the RJ45 connector (with the cable) on the pliers, and squeeze it
tightly.
5. Make the other side of the cable (we call this side B-side) in the same
way.
6. After you made it, you don't need to take care of the direction of the
cable.
IO connector crimping: Run the full length of Ethernet cable in place, from
endpoint to endpoint, making sure to leave excess.
1. At one end, cut the wire to length leaving enough length to work, but not
too much excess.
2. Strip off about 2 inches of the Ethernet cable sheath.
3. Align each of the coloured wires according to the layout of the jack.
4. Use the punch down tool to insert each wire into the jack.
5. Repeat the above steps for the second RJ45 jack.
Testing the crimped cable using a cable tester:

Step 1: Skin off the cable jacket 3.0 cm long cable stripper up to cable
Step 2: Untwist each pair and straighten each wire 190 0 1.5 cm long.
Step 3: Cut all the wires
Step 4: Insert the wires into the RJ45 connector right white orange left brown
the pins facing up
Step 5: Place the connector into a crimping tool, and squeeze hard so that the
handle reaches its full swing.
Step 6: Use a cable tester to test for proper continuity
Result:
Cable Crimping, Standard Cabling and Cross Cabling, IO connector crimping and
testing the crimped cable using a cable tester are done successfully
Experiment 3
Aim: - To study IP addresses of Networks.
Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted
over a network. It is one of the core protocols in the Internet Protocol Suite,
and its primary function is to address and route packets of data from one
node to another across networks.
Key Concepts of IP:
1. IP Addressing.
2. Routing.
3. Packetization.
Versions of IP:
1. Internet Protocol Version 4.
2. Internet Protocol Version 6.
IP Address Classes and Subnetting (for IPv4):

Classes of IP Addresses:
Each class defines the range of IP addresses and how many devices (hosts)can
be connected in a network.
Class A:
• IP Range: 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
• Default Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0 (/8)
• Number of Networks: 128
• Number of Hosts per Network: 16,777,214
• Purpose: Used for large networks, typically by ISPs or very large
organizations. The first octet represents the network portion, and the
remaining three octets are for hosts.
Class B:
• IP Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
• Number of Networks: 16,384
• Number of Hosts per Network: 65,534
• Purpose: Commonly used by medium-sized networks, such as
universities or mid-sized businesses. The first two octets represent the
network portion, and the last two are for hosts.
Class C:
• IP Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
• Number of Networks: 2,097,152
• Number of Hosts per Network: 254
• Purpose: Suitable for small networks like offices or small companies. The
first three octets are for the network, and the last octet is for hosts.
Class D:
• IP Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
• Default Subnet Mask: N/A (not used for regular subnetting)
• Number of Networks: N/A
• Number of Hosts per Network: N/A
• Purpose: Used for multicast traffic (one-to-many communication),
typically for applications like streaming video or audio.
Class E:
• IP Range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
• Default Subnet Mask: N/A
• Number of Networks: N/A
• Number of Hosts per Network: N/A
• Purpose: Reserved for experimental purposes and cannot be used on
public networks.
Configuring an IP Address:
1. Manual IP Configuration:
o On Windows or Linux, you can manually assign an IP address

through the network settings, specifying the IP address, subnet
mask, gateway, and DNS servers.
2. Dynamic IP (DHCP):
o Most routers and networks use DHCP to automatically assign IP

addresses to devices.
Subnetting:
Subnetting is the process of dividing a larger network (IP address range) into
smaller, more manageable subnetworks (subnets). This allows for better
organization, improved security, and more efficient use of IP addresses.
Why Subnetting is Used:
1. Efficient IP Address Allocation: Subnetting helps to avoid wasting IP

addresses. For example, instead of assigning a whole Class C network
(which supports 254 hosts) to a small office with only 50 devices,
subnetting allows you to allocate only the exact number of IP addresses
needed.
2. Network Management: By dividing a large network into smaller subnets,

each subnet can be managed independently. This improves performance
and reduces congestion since broadcast traffic is limited to smaller subnet
Experiment 4
Aim: - To learn basic Networking Commands.
1. ipconfig
• Displays your current network configuration. Example: - ipconfig.
2. ping
• Tests the connectivity to another networked device. Example: -ping
google.com
3. nslookup
• Queries DNS to find the IP address of a domain. Example: -nslookup
google.com
4. netstat
• Shows active connections and listening ports. Example: -netstat -an.
5. hostname
• The hostname displays or sets the name of a current host system.
6. route
• Displays or modifies the IP routing table. Example to view the routing
table: -route print.
7. tracert
• Traces the route packets take to destination, showing each hop along
the way.
8. arp
• Displays and modifies the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) cathe,

which maps IP address to MAC addresses.

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NAME Nilesh Nimawat

ENROLLMENT NO. 2022/CTAE/239

Sr. No. TITLE DATE SIGNATURE REMARK

1. Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. A repeater is an electronic

3. Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking

4. Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the

5. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more

6. Gate Way: In a communications network, a network node equipped for

8. NIC: NIC can refer to network interface card and it is a hardware

Aim: - To study different types of Network cables and practically

Standard Cabling: Cross Cabling:

Testing the crimped cable using a cable tester:

Aim: - To study IP addresses of Networks.

IP Address Classes and Subnetting (for IPv4):

o On Windows or Linux, you can manually assign an IP address

o Most routers and networks use DHCP to automatically assign IP

Why Subnetting is Used:

1. Efficient IP Address Allocation: Subnetting helps to avoid wasting IP

2. Network Management: By dividing a large network into smaller subnets,

Aim: - To learn basic Networking Commands.

• Displays and modifies the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) cathe,

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