UNIT 1: Course Introduction - Need, Basic Guidelines, Content and Process for Value

Education
1. Purpose and motivation for the course, recapitulation from Universal Human Values-I
2. Self-Exploration–what is it? - Its content and process; Personality Traits- Self Excellence,
„Natural Acceptance‟ and Experiential Validation- as the process for self-exploration,
Adaptability, Belief and Understanding- Self discipline
3. Continuous Happiness and Prosperity- A look at basic Human Aspirations
4. Right understanding, Relationship and Physical Facility- the basic requirements for fulfilment
of aspirations of every human being with their correct priority
5. Understanding Happiness and Prosperity correctly- A critical appraisal of the current scenario
6. Method to fulfil the above human aspirations: understanding and living in harmony at various
levels.
7. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Personality test

Include practice sessions to discuss natural acceptance in human being as the innate acceptance
for living with responsibility (living in relationship, harmony and co-existence) rather than as
arbitrariness in choice based on liking-disliking.

Meaning of Value Education:

Value Education is the education which enables to understand what is valuable for
human happiness. It is all about enabling a transformation in the human beings to help
them move from Animal Consciousness to Human Consciousness.

The purpose of education is to facilitate the development of clarity on the aspiration and
adequate competence to actualize it.

For this, it is essential to understand what a happy, fulfilling and successful life is – what is
really valuable for human being; what is our purpose as a human being? Understanding
human aspiration, or what is really valuable for human being, is the value domain. The
subject which enables us to understand this domain is called ‘Value Education’ (VE). It
enables us to understand our aspirations and visualize our goals for a fulfilling life and
indicates the direction for their fulfillment. In relation to these issues, it also helps to remove
our confusions and contradictions. In that sense, VE addresses the issues related to ‘what to
do?’

It is also necessary to learn the skills to actualize our aspirations. This is the skill domain.
The subject which enables us to learn the skills is called ‘Skill Development’ (SD). It
enables us to learn the science, technology, management and other skills for fulfilling our
aspiration. In that sense, SD addresses the issues related to ‘how to do?’
Values and skills go hand in hand. Both values and skills are required. There is an essential
complementarily between the two. The priority is values, then skills; i.e. first understanding
‘what to do’ and then developing the skills for ‘how to do’. And of course, checking if this
results into a fulfilling life!

Guidelines for Value Education

For any input to qualify for Value Education, the following guidelines for the content of the
course are important:

Universal: It has to be universally applicable to all human beings for all time and all places.
This implies that values should not change according to sect, creed, nationality, gender, etc.

Rational: It has to appeal to reasoning; and not be based on dogmas or blind beliefs. It has
to be open to address the related questions. It cannot be a set of sermons or do’s and don’ts.

Natural and Verifiable: It has to be 'naturally acceptable' to the human being and there
needs to be every provision in nature for its fulfillment. It needs to be experientially
verifiable, and not based on dogmas, beliefs or assumptions. It is not merely an intellectual
exercise or information transfer.

All Encompassing: It needs to cover all dimensions (thought, behaviour, work and
understanding) and levels (individual, family, society and nature/existence) of human life.

Leading to Harmony: It ultimately needs to promote harmony within the individual,

among human beings and with the entire nature.

Content of Value Education

The value of an entity is its participation in the larger order of which it is a part. The context
is always the larger order. Value has to do with the participation of a unit in the larger order.
E.g. a piece of chalk is a unit. The classroom is the larger order for this unit. The value of
chalk is that it can be used to write on the blackboard for the desired functioning of the
classroom.

The value or role of a human being is its participation in the larger order. E.g. my role in
living with the other human being is to ensure the feeling of respect in the relationship.
Interestingly, I feel happy in fulfilling my role; and it is fulfilling for the other as well!

This value is worth understanding, worth thinking about, worth living. The value of human
being is to ensure mutual fulfillment in the larger order1, i.e. in the entire nature/existence,
but starting from within themselves, then extending in their family and in the society.

Hence, to understand human values, we need to study the human reality along with all that is
there in the entire nature/existence which constitutes the larger order. We need to explore
and understand things as they are; so that we are able to recognise and fulfil our
participation with them.

That means the content or scope of study has to be all encompassing, i.e.
● It has to cover all dimensions of human being – thought, behaviour, work and
realisation.
● It has to cover all levels of human living – individual, family, society, nature and
existence.
Accordingly, the content of Value Education has to be to understand human being, human
aspirations, happiness; understand the goal of human life comprehensively; understand the
other entities in nature, the innate inter-connectedness, the harmony in the nature/existence
and finally the role of human being in this nature/existence.
Education is developing the right understanding (holistic perspective).Sanskar is the
commitment, preparation and practice of living with right understanding. The preparation
includes learning appropriate skills and technology.

The prime need of value education is to understand human aspirations, to discover what is
truly valuable (human value) in life. Value of any entity is its participation in the larger order
of which it is a part. The value of human being is its participation towards mutual fulfillment
(harmony) starting from within themselves, then extending in their family, in the society and
in nature. The content of value education has to be universal, rational, natural, verifiable and
leading to harmony. The process of value education has to be a process of self-exploration,
rather than being prescriptive.

The basic aspiration of a human being is continuity of happiness and prosperity. To fulfill
this, three things are required in order of priority: right understanding, relationship and
physical facility, and one cannot be substituted for the other.
Human consciousness is living with continuous happiness and prosperity by ensuring right
understanding, fulfillment in relationship and physical facility in the correct priority. Holistic
development is the transformation from animal consciousness to human consciousness.
Education- sanskar has the most significant role to play in this
transformation.
Self-exploration as the Process for Value Education
Human Values can be understood by an appropriate process of self-discovery, because they
are potentially there in each and every human being. There is already a natural acceptance
for values in a human being. It is only that we have to discover them or become aware of
them. Thus, the process for Value Education has to be that of self-exploration, and not of
giving sermons or telling dos & don'ts. Whatever is found as truth or reality may be stated as
a proposal and every student is to be encouraged to verify it on his/her own right.

Meaning of Self Exploration

It is a process of seeing the reality on our own right, by our own investigation, observation
and analysis. Through this process, we are trying to understand the reality that exists and our
participation with it; this participation is what we are calling values.
It is the process of finding out what is valuable to me by investigating within myself.

Exploration=observing Outside Self-Exploration=Observing Inside

Purpose of Self-Exploration:

It is a process of dialogue between what you are and what you really want to be.
It is a process of self evolution through self-investigation.
It is a process of knowing oneself and through that, knowing the entire existence.
It is a process of recognizing ones relationship with every unit in existence and
fulfilling it.
It is a process of knowing human conduct, human character and living
accordingly.
It is a process of being in harmony with oneself and in harmony with entire existence.
This process of self exploration helps us to identify y our swatva and
through that acquiring swatantrata and swarajya.
Swatva: Innateness of self - the natural acceptance of harmony
Swatantrata: Being self organized - being in harmony with oneself
Swarajya: Self-expression self- extension - living in harmony with others
Swatva Swatantrata Swarajya The swatva is already there, intact in each one of us.
By being in dialogue with it, we attain swantantrata enabling us to work for
swarajya

Content of Self-Exploration:
It involves finding answers for the following–
● My Desire (Aspiration)
● My Program (Process to fulfill my aspirations)

The first step is to verify the given proposal on your own right, by referring it to your
‘natural acceptance’. If the proposal is naturally acceptable to you, it is right for you. If it is
not naturally acceptable to you, it is not right for you.

Further, self-exploration is a process of dialogue. To begin with,it is initiated as a dialogue

between us and you. This course systematically presents a series of proposals for your
exploration. As you explore, you try to verify the proposals and start asking these questions
to yourself. Then,it turns in to a dialogue within your own Self.
This process of self exploration helps us to identify our swatva and through that
acquiring swantantrata and swarajya. Swatva means innateness of self - the natural
acceptance of harmony. Swatantrata means being self- organized - being in harmony with
oneself Swarajya means self-expression, self- extension - living in harmony with others

Swatva

Swatantrata

Swarajya

The swatva is already there, intact in each one of us. By being in dialogue with it,
we attain swantantrata enabling us to work for swarajya. Living in contradiction, means
we are not self-organized and living with pre-conditionings where we have assu med
certain things, have accu mulated desires without having first evaluated them, then it
means we are partantra. On the other hand, when we identify our innateness, what we
really want to be and establish a dialogue with it, it enables us to start living with this
harmony, it starts expressing itself through our harmonious behaviour and work, and it
 naturally extends to our participation with the surroundings. This is working towards
swarajya

The Process of Self-exploration

The following points are to be kept in mind regarding the process of Self-Exploration:
● Whatever is stated is a proposal
● Don’t start by assuming it to be true or false
● Verify it on your own right
● Don’t just accept or reject it on the basis of scriptures, instruments or on the
basis of others.
● The following two steps are involved in the process of Self-Exploration:

- Firstly, verify the proposal on the basis of your natural

acceptance

- Secondly, live according to the proposal to validate it experientially.

Natural acceptance is a mechanism of self exploration. Self exploration is a method to

explore ourselves. Natural acceptance is process to understand ourself first. Natural
acceptance implies unconditional and total acceptance of the self, people and environment.
It also refers to the absence of any exception from others. In other words, Natural acceptance
is way to accept the good things naturally.
Natural acceptance implies unconditional and total acceptance of the self, people and
environment. It also refers to the absence of any exception from others. Once we fully and
truly commit ourself on the basis of natural acceptance, we feel a holistic sense of inner
harmony, tranquility and fulfillment. Actually natural acceptance is way to accept the good
things naturally. Learn everything that is good from others but bring it in, and in our own
way absorb it; do not become others. We can easily verify proposals in the basis of
characteristics of natural acceptance mentioned below:
a. Natural acceptance does not change with time. It remains invariant with time. For
example our natural acceptance for trust and respect does not change with age.
b. It does not depend on the place. Whatever we have accepted, in our life, at any time of our
age, does not change, even if we move from one place to another one.
c. It does not depend on our beliefs or past conditionings. No matter how deep our belief or
past Conditioning, as long as we ask ourselves the question sincerely, as long as we refer
deep within ourselves, the answer will always be the same.

d This natural acceptance is 'constantly there', something we can refer to. Natural acceptance
is always there. Whatever we do, this natural acceptance is within us, it is telling us what is
right.

e. Natural acceptance is the same for all of us: it is part and parcel of every human being, it
is part of humanness. Though each one of us, may have different likes and dislikes and
means to live and to react etc. but if we go deep in our mind the purpose of our work,
behavior, efforts etc. are based on common goals like need to be happy, need to be
respected, need to get prosperity. So our basic acceptance remains the same.
 Role of Natural Acceptance for developing Harmony at all Levels of our Living

Experiential validation is a process that infuses direct experience with the learning
environment and content. It may be regarded as a philosophy and methodology in which the
direct experience and focused reflection of the individual helps to increase knowledge,
develop skill and clarify values. Most of what we know about our self is not only through
our own opinion of our self but also because of others view. When , what we already believe
to be true of us is validated by some situations, phenomena or outcomes. We may term it as
experiential validation.

Personality traits

Openness- Represents how willing a person is to try new things (Curiosity,Creativity)

Conscientiousness -Refers to an individual's desire to be careful and diligent (Organisation,
dependability, self-discipline)
Extroversion -Measures how energetic, outgoing and confident a person is (sociability,
assertiveness, energy level)
Agreeableness-Refers to how an individual interacts with others (kindness, cooperation,
trustworthiness)
Neuroticism-Represents how much someone is inclined to experience negative emotions
(emotional stability, anxiety level, moodiness)
Self Excellence
Self-excellence refers to the pursuit of achieving one's full potential, continually improving, and
striving for excellence in all aspects of life. It involves:

1. Self-awareness: Understanding your strengths, weaknesses, values, and passions.

2. Goal-setting: Establishing clear, challenging, and achievable goals.
3. Personal growth: Embracing lifelong learning, self-reflection, and self-improvement.
4. Resilience: Developing coping skills, adaptability, and perseverance.
5. Accountability: Taking ownership of your actions, decisions, and outcomes.
6. Continuous learning: Embracing new experiences, knowledge, and skills.
7. Self-care: Prioritizing physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
8. Mindfulness: Cultivating presence, focus, and awareness.
9. Purpose: Discovering and aligning with your values, passions, and long-term vision.
10. Integrity: Living authentically, ethically, and true to your values.

Self-excellence is a journey, not a destination. It requires dedication, discipline, and a willingness

to continuously challenge yourself to become the best version of yourself.

Adaptability

Adaptability is the ability to adjust to new, changing, or uncertain situations, environments, or

requirements. It involves being flexible, resilient, and able to pivot when necessary. Adaptability
includes:

1. Flexibility: Willingness to adjust plans, approaches, or behaviors.

2. Resilience: Ability to bounce back from setbacks, failures, or difficulties.

3. Agility: Quickness in responding to changes, challenges, or opportunities.

4. Open-mindedness: Willingness to consider new ideas, perspectives, or approaches.

5. Continuous learning: Embracing new knowledge, skills, and experiences.

6. Emotional intelligence: Self-awareness, empathy, and social skills to navigate changing

social dynamics.

7. Proactivity: Anticipating and preparing for potential changes or challenges.

8. Creativity: Finding innovative solutions to new or complex problems.

In today's fast-paced, ever-changing world, adaptability is a crucial skill for personal and
professional success.
Belief and understanding

Belief and understanding are two interconnected yet distinct concepts:

Belief:

- A conviction or acceptance that something is true or exists

- Often based on faith, trust, or confidence

- Can be influenced by personal experiences, culture, or upbringing

- May not necessarily require empirical evidence or proof

Understanding:

- The ability to comprehend or interpret something

- Involves cognitive processing, analysis, and interpretation

- Requires knowledge, context, and critical thinking

- Can lead to deeper insights, connections, and applications

The relationship between belief and understanding:

- Beliefs can influence what we try to understand or how we interpret information

- Understanding can reinforce or challenge existing beliefs

- Beliefs can be based on limited understanding, leading to misconceptions or biases

- Deeper understanding can lead to more informed and nuanced beliefs

To foster a strong connection between belief and understanding:

- Encourage critical thinking and inquiry

- Seek diverse perspectives and knowledge

- Embrace curiosity and lifelong learning

- Practice empathy and open-mindedness

- Reflect on your beliefs and their underlying assumptions

By cultivating both belief and understanding, you can develop a more informed, nuanced, and
thoughtful approach to life.
Self Discipline

Self-discipline is the ability to regulate your thoughts, feelings, and actions to achieve your goals
and aspirations. It involves:

1. Self-awareness: Understanding your strengths, weaknesses, values, and motivations.

2. Goal-setting: Establishing clear, specific, and achievable objectives.

3. Prioritization: Focusing on what's truly important and managing distractions.

4. Time management: Allocating time and energy efficiently.

5. Self-control: Regulating emotions, impulses, and behaviors.

6. Perseverance: Overcoming obstacles, setbacks, and failures.

7. Accountability: Taking responsibility for your actions and outcomes.

8. Continuous learning: Embracing new knowledge, skills, and self-improvement.

Continuous Happiness and Prosperity–the Basic Human Aspirations

Happiness may be defined as being in harmony /synergy in the state/ situation that I live in.
"A state or situation in which I live, if there is harmony in it then I like to be in that state /
situation. The state of liking is happiness."Happiness is a state of mind or feeling
characterized by contentment, love, satisfaction pleasure or joy. Happiness may be described
as consisting of positive emotions and positive activities. There may be three kinds of
happiness: pleasure, engagement, and meaning. In other words, freedom from want and
distress, consciousness of the good order of things, assurance of one's place in the universe
or society, inner peace and so forth. Happiness is the state of mind, where we feel good in
most of the walk of life.

i.e. Happiness=Harmony.
Some exploration will show that when we are in a state of harmony within, we feel happy
because that state is naturally acceptable to us. When we are in a situation with the outside
world in which there is harmony, we feel happy as the feeling of being in that situation is
naturally acceptable to us. This state or situation of being in line with natural acceptance is
happiness. Similarly,
“The state or situation, in which I live, if there is disharmony/contradiction in it, it is not
Naturally Acceptable to me to be in that state/situation”.
“To be forced to be in a state/ situation which is not Naturally Acceptable is Unhappiness”.
i.e. “To be forced to be in a state of Disharmony/ Contradiction is Unhappiness”.
i.e. Unhappiness=Disharmony.

Meaning of Prosperity
“Prosperity is the feeling of having more than required physical facility”

The feeling of having or making available more than required physical facilities is
prosperity. Almost all of us feel that wealth alone means prosperity and try to explain this
phenomenon on this nonexistent or half fact. We are trying to achieve happiness and
prosperity by maximizing accumulation and consumption of physical facilities. It is
becoming anti-ecological and anti-people, and threatening the human survival itself. For
prosperity, two things are required-
1. Identification of the required quantity of physical facilities
2. Ensuring availability I production of more than required physical facilities.
We can be prosperous only if there is a limit to the need for physical facilities. If there is no
limit what so ever be the availability the feeling of prosperity cannot be assured. Secondly,
just assessing the need is not enough. We need to be able to produce or make available more
than the perceived need..
There are two basic requirements:
 Right assessment of the need for physical facility, along with its required quantity.
Ensuring the availability/production of more than required physical facility.

Therefore to achieve our basic aspirations we need to work for right understanding as the
base on which we can work for relationship and then physical facilities. Today we are not
working according to this that why we can see that there are two kind of people in the world:
Those that do not have physical facilities/ wealth and feel unhappy and deprived. i.e.
SVDD: Suvidha Viheen Dukhi Daridra - Materially Deficient, Unhappy and Deprived.
Those that have physical facilities/ wealth and feel unhappy and deprived. i.e.
SSDD: Suvidha Sampann Dukhi Daridra - Materially Affluent. Unhappy and Deprived.
But these are states we don't want to be in. We want to move from this to third category i.e.
Having physical facilities and feeling happy and prosperous i.e.
SSSS: Suvidha Sampann Sukhi Sarnriddha - Materially Adequate. Happy and Prosperous.

Presently, as we look around, we find most of the people in the above two categories called
SVDD and SSDD, while the natural acceptance of all human beings is to be in the category
of SSSS.

Right Understanding, Relationship and Physical Facility – the basic requirements for
fulfillment of aspirations of every human being with their correct priority
For fulfillment of human being– physical facility, relationship and right understanding– all
three are necessary.

The holistic development of an individual is a comprehensive approach that encompasses

the right understanding, relationship, and physical facilities. Education plays a pivotal role in
fostering these aspects to ensure the overall growth and well-being of a person.

Right Understanding:

- It involves gaining clarity about oneself, relationships, and the larger world.

- Right understanding helps in making informed and conscious decisions that lead to a
harmonious life.

Importance/Need for Right Understanding:

Right Understanding helps to create harmony at all four levels of human living. Right
Understanding enables us to:
● Resolve the issues in human relationships
● Be prosperous
● Enrich Nature
● Work out our requirements for physical facilities
● Correctly distinguish between wealth and prosperity
● Understand the harmony in Nature

Right Understanding forms the basis on which we can work for relationships and also
acquire Physical Facilities.
Relationship:

- Relationships are crucial for a fulfilling life. They involve mutual respect, trust, and
care.

- Building healthy relationships requires understanding others' needs and perspectives.

- Education should teach interpersonal skills, empathy, and the importance of

collaboration and community.

Physical Facility:
 - Physical facilities are the material resources needed for survival and comfort.

- These include food, shelter, clothing, health, and other amenities.

Physical facilities are necessary and complete for animals, while they are necessary but not
complete for humans. It is easy to verify.

For Animals: Animals need physical things to survive mainly to take care of their body. For
example; cow

For Animals: will look for food when it is hungry . Once it gets the grass or fodder. It eats
it, sits around to chew at leisure. Hence, we can say that as long as animals have physical
things, they are largely fine. They don't desire other things like knowledge or a peaceful
animal society or getting a good Job.

For Humans: While physical facilities are necessary for human beings, they are not
complete by themselves to fulfill our needs. Our needs are more than just physical facilities.
We all have other needs, other plans, 10 perhaps we think of going to a movie or reading a
book, or go to college, or watch some TV, or spend time with family and friends. This list is
endless. Thus it is easy to see that while physical facilities are necessary for us human
beings, they are not complete by themselves to fulfill our needs.

Giving all priorities to physical facilities only, or to live solely on the basis of physical
facilities, maybe termed as 'Animal Consciousness'.

Living with all three: Right understanding, Relationship and Physical facilities is called
'Human Consciousness'.

- Education should provide knowledge and skills to manage resources efficiently and
sustainably.

Holistic Development:

- Holistic development integrates all three aspects to create a balanced and harmonious life.

- It aims at the overall well-being of an individual, including physical, mental, emotional,

and social dimensions.
- Education should be designed to nurture all these dimensions, promoting a balanced
development that prepares individuals to lead fulfilling and responsible lives.

Role of Education:

- Education is the key to achieving holistic development.

- It should go beyond academic learning to include life skills, values, and ethics.

- A holistic education system fosters creativity, critical thinking, emotional intelligence, and
social responsibility.

- It prepares individuals to contribute positively to society and lead meaningful lives.

In essence, the holistic development facilitated by education focuses on creating

well-rounded individuals who understand themselves, maintain healthy relationships, and
manage physical facilities wisely.

From the diagram we can say that:

• For animal, physical facility is necessary as well as complete - whereas for human beings it
is necessary but not complete.

• Working only for physical facilities is living with Animal Consciousness.

• Working for right understanding as the first priority followed by relationship and physical
facilities implies living with Human Consciousness.

• There is a need for transformation from Animal Consciousness to Human Consciousness.

It can be accomplished only by working for right understanding as the first priority.
 • This transformation from Animal Consciousness to Human Consciousness forms the basis

for human values and values based living.

• The content of education is the understanding of harmony at all the four levels of our
existence - from myself to the entire existence.

•Right living or sanskar refers to the ability to live in harmony at all the four levels of living.
This dimension of society works to ensure 'right understanding' and 'right feelings' in
individual. Or all encompassing solution called samadhan in every individual and ensures
that our succeeding generation have both the content and the environment available to work
towards achieving their goal of continuous happiness and prosperity.

Happiness and Prosperity – Current Scenario

We are trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by maximizing accumulation and
consumption of physical facilities. It is becoming anti-ecological and anti-people, and
threatening the human survival itself.
Some of the consequences of such trend are summarized below:
• At the level of individual - rising problems of depression , psychological disorders,
suicides, stress, insecurity, etc.
• At the level of family - breaking of joint families, mistrust, and conflict between older and
you younger generations, insecurity in relationships, divorce, dowry tortures, etc.
• At the level of society - growing incidence of terrorism and naxalism, rising
communalism, spreading casteism, racial and ethnic struggle, wars between nations, etc.
• At the level of nature - global warming, water, air, soil, noise etc. pollution, resource
depletion of minerals and mineral oils, etc.
All the problems are a direct outcome of an incorrect understanding, our wrong notion about
happiness and prosperity and their continuity - this is an issue for serious exploration
Solution to Our Present State–The Need for Right Understanding:

The three basic requirements to ensure happiness and prosperity for human beings are:
i. Right Understanding
ii. Relationships
iii. Physical Facilities

(Living only with Physical Facilities is Animal Consciousness and living with all these three
is Human Consciousness)

In the modern times, we are mostly not paying attention to (i)and

(ii)and are focusing largely on (iii)most of the time. As human beings, all the three are
needed for us.

Method to Fulfill the Basic Human Aspirations-Understanding and living in harmony

at various levels
Priority Order:

Hence for a continuous happy living, we need to work for all the three in the given order:

i. Right Understanding
ii. Relationships
iii. Physical Facilities
 Right Understanding + Relationship=Mutual Fulfillment
(gives a feeling of satisfaction and happiness)

Right Understanding +Physical Facilities=Mutual Prosperity

(leads to enrichment of our lives as well as enrichment of Nature)

Living in Harmony at all levels of living with the help of Right Understanding:

1. At the level of Myself: Self-Exploration with the help of Natural Acceptance and
Experiential Validation helps to develop a sense of Right Understanding. This right
understanding helps me to understand myself clearly, and helps me to develop a feeling
of Satisfaction, Prosperity and Happiness(Harmony)in Myself.

2. At the level of Family: Right understanding helps me to understand others

feelings and expectations in a better way. This ensures harmony in family.

3. At the level of Society: Our family is a part of a large group of people called the
Society. As we understand our relationships with others in our family, we also start
understanding others in the society and can maintain fulfilling relations with everyone.

4. At the level of Nature/ Existence: We live in a large eco-system called Nature.

Existence refers to all the things that exist in Nature. Once we learn to maintain harmony
with the society, we also develop a feeling of concern towards the plants, trees, animals
etc.in nature. Hence right understanding leads to mutual fulfillment with Nature.

MYERS BRIGGS TEST INDICATOR

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)—also referred to as the “Myers-Briggs personality

test” or simply the “Myers-Briggs test”—is a self-reported questionnaire. The test helps people
assess their personality using four specific dichotomies, or scales: introversion-extraversion,
sensing-intuition, thinking-feeling and judging-perceiving.

The MBTI was first developed in the 1940s by Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother Katharine
Cook Briggs, and it’s based on psychologist Carl Jung’s theory of psychological types. The
purpose of the test is to “make the theory of psychological types described by C.G. Jung
understandable and useful in people’s lives,” according to the Myers & Briggs Foundation. In
other words, the MTBI is intended to give clarity and understanding of a person’s personality
type in a practical way.

Myers and Briggs first tested friends and family to collect data, workshop the questions and
determine how to weigh each answer. In 1951, more than 5,000 medical students across 45
medical schools used the MBTI to help determine which areas of medicine in which they would
specialize. Since then, the questionnaire has been used to help people both in and outside the
workplace learn more about their personality and the personalities of the people around them.

There are 16 personality types in the MBTI, all of which include a letter for each side of the four
scales the person aligns with most. Letters always follow the same order, and scales are
abbreviated using the following letters:

● Introversion-extraversion is represented by I or E
● Sensing-intuition is represented by S or N
● Thinking-feeling is represented by T or F
● Judging-perceiving is represented by J or P
Each of the scales operates as a spectrum. Although a personality may not fall perfectly into one
type, the four-letter type code represents the side of each of the four scales a person most closely
fits.

For example, a person who leans toward introversion, intuition, thinking and judging would be
considered personality type INTJ. Naturally, there are 15 other personality permutations across
these four spectrums.

No personality type is superior to the others. Each one simply gives a clearer indication of a
person’s likes, dislikes, strengths and weaknesses.

The Four Myers-Briggs Preference Pairs

To determine a person’s four-letter personality code, the MBTI asks questions to help determine
which sides of the four scales they most closely fit.

Extraversion-Introversion

This scale helps a person understand where they put their attention and how they get their energy.
“Extraversion refers to the tendency to be outgoing and action-oriented while enjoying social
interactions and feeling more energized as a result. Introversion lies on the opposite end of the
scale and reflects the tendency to be more thought-oriented and withdrawn,”. However,
introversion doesn’t always mean the same thing as being shy. Introversion can also indicate
someone who enjoys “living in their head,” reflecting on ideas, thoughts or memories. These
types may enjoy company in small groups rather than large crowds and are often comfortable
being alone.

Other common traits of extraverts include:

● Feeling comfortable in groups

● Being popular or having a large friend group
● Not thinking something over before taking action
Common traits of introverts include:

● Avoiding action by overthinking and/or contemplating

● Feeling removed from the outside world
Sensing-Intuition

This scale examines how people take in information from the world around them. “People who
prefer sensing tend to be more reality-based and depend on their own senses and what they can
learn from hands-on experience,”. “Intuition [type] is more likely to depend on their impressions
of the world around them and is more likely to rely on inner feelings to make conclusions.”

Common traits of sensing personalities include:

● Remembering accurate snapshots of events

● Being a fact-based problem solver
● A preference for a realistic “bottom line” approach
● Valuing experience more than words and/or symbols
● Overlooking potential possibilities due to overanalyzing facts
Common traits of intuition personalities include:

● “Reading between the lines”

● An interest in new, different experiences
● Bouncing between possible scenarios
● Valuing impressions, metaphors and symbols more than lived experience
● A difficulty bringing possibilities to reality
Thinking-Feeling
With this scale, the idea is to understand whether a person focuses more on information as it
relates to their five senses or on patterns and interpretations. “People scoring highly on thinking
tend to be more logic-based and dependent on facts and objective information,” Vitelli adds.
“Feeling individuals are more likely to depend on emotions to conclude people and events.”

Thinking personalities commonly display as:

● Enjoying fields where logic is key

● Noticing errors or inconsistencies
● Searching for logical solutions to problems
● A desire to be fair and make decisions based on logic
● Believing in direct truth-telling
● Not always accounting for people’s emotions or experiences
● Being task oriented and appearing indifferent or uncaring
Feeling personalities typically present as:

● Enjoying fields involving people or communications

● Wanting harmony and becoming nervous around conflict
● Having concern for others
● Being compassionate and making emotion-based decisions
● Valuing people’s emotions and believing in delivering news with tact
● Not always communicating difficult truths directly
● Appearing indirect, idealistic, or emotional
Judging-Perceiving

This scale assesses whether a person prefers more structure in their life or if they’re open to a
more flexible lifestyle. “People high on judging are more rigid and inflexible and prefer more
structured environments,” says Vitelli. “On the other hand, people high on perceiving tend to be
more flexible, open-minded and spontaneous.”

Common displays of judging personalities may include:

● Enjoying when things are decided

● Being task oriented
● Enjoying to-do lists
 ● Having a “work before play” attitude
● Planning ahead to avoid rushing or procrastination
● Being highly goal oriented, but sometimes missing information due to narrow focus
Perceiving personalities can appear as:

● Being open-minded
● Being casual or not one to make plans
● Mixing work with play
● Being productive in bursts of energy
● Receiving added stimulation from pressure or deadlines
● Having difficulty making decisions
Depending on how an individual aligns with the personality preference pairs, they may be
classified into one of 16 different personality types. Consider the following traits of each
personality type, according to the Myers & Briggs Foundation.

1. ISTJ: Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, Judging

● Tend to be more quiet and serious
● Realistic, responsible and practical
● Earns success by being dependable and thorough
● Enjoys order and organization
2. ISFJ: Introversion, Sensing, Feeling, Judging
● Quiet and conscientious
● Committed to meeting obligations
● Friendly, loyal and considerate of others’ feelings
● Values order and harmony in their home and work environments
3. INFJ: Introversion, Intuition, Feeling, Judging
● Concerned with serving the common good
● Insightful and eager to learn others’ motivations
● Tends to seek meaning and connection in relationships and ideas
● Committed to their values
4. INTJ: Introversion, Intuition, Thinking, Judging
● Original thinkers who are motivated to achieve their goals
● Identifies patterns in events to determine an explanatory perspective
● Skeptical and independent
● Maintains high standards for themselves and others
5. ISTP: Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving
● Quiet, sensitive and kind
● Committed to their values and people who are important to them
● Enjoys being alone and working at their own pace
● Conflict-averse
6. ISFP: Introversion, Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving
● Tolerant, flexible and logical
● Quick to find workable solutions for problems
● Interested in cause and effect
● Values efficiency
7. INFP: Introversion, Intuition, Feeling, Perceiving
● Idealistic, curious and adaptable
● Loyal to their values and people who are important to them
● Eager to understand others and help them reach their full potential
● Seeks to live a life that aligns with their values
8. INTP: Introversion, Intuition, Thinking, Perceiving
● Theoretical, analytical and skeptical
● Interested in developing logical explanations for things that interest them
● Values ideas over social interaction
● Problem solvers
9. ESTP: Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving
● Spontaneous, lives in the moment
● Prefer action when problem-solving over theoretical explanations
● Enjoys aesthetics and material comfort
● Learns by doing
10. ESFP: Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving
● Enjoys working with others
● Spontaneous and easily adapts to new people and environments
● Realistic, outgoing and accepting
● Learns best while trying a new skill with other people
11. ENFP: Extraversion, Intuition, Feeling, Perceiving
● Warm, enthusiastic and imaginative
● Desires affirmation from others
● Eager to offer appreciation and support
● Spontaneous, flexible, able to improvise
12. ENTP: Extraversion, Intuition, Thinking, Perceiving
● Smart, outspoken and stimulating
● Resourceful when solving problems
● Good at reading other people
● Finds routine boring, often finds new ways of doing things
13. ESTJ: Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, Judging
● Practical, decisive and organized
● Values achieving results in the most efficient way possible
● Quick and forceful in implementing plans and decisions
● Maintains clear and logical standards for themselves and others
14. ESFJ: Extraversion, Sensing, Feeling, Judging
● Cooperative, conscientious and kind
● Values harmony in their environment
● Desires appreciation for their contributions
● Enjoys working with others to complete tasks efficiently and accurately
15. ENFJ: Extraversion, Intuition, Feeling, Judging
● Empathetic, responsible and loyal
● Attuned to others’ emotions, needs and motivations
● Often acts as a catalyst for individual and community growth
● Responsive to praise and criticism
16. ENTJ: Extraversion, Intuition, Thinking, Judging
● Enjoys long-term planning and goal-setting
● Often well-informed, well-read and eager to share their knowledge with others
● Skilled problem-solvers
● Readily assumes leadership, forceful in sharing their ideas
UNIT 2: Understanding Harmony in the Human Being - Harmony in Myself!
1. Understanding human being as a co-existence of the sentient „I‟ and the material
„Body‟
2. Understanding the needs of Self („I‟) and „Body‟ - happiness and physical facility
3. Understanding the Body as an instrument of „I‟ (I being the doer, seer and enjoyer)-
Habits and Hobbies, SWOT Analysis (Activity)
4. Understanding the characteristics and activities of „I‟ and harmony in „I‟ – Dalai
Lamas‟ Tibetan Personality Test – Dr. Menninger‟s Psychometric Test.
5. Understanding the harmony of I with the Body: Sanyam and Health; correct appraisal of
Physical needs, meaning of Prosperity in detail
6. Programs to ensure Sanyam and Health.
7. Epidemiology- Definition of health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Personal hygiene
and handling stress, WHO Guidelines

Include practice sessions to discuss the role others have played in making material goods
available to me. Identifying from one‟s own life. Differentiate between prosperity and
accumulation. Discuss program for ensuring health vs dealing with disease.

Understanding Human being as as a co-existence of the sentient “I” and the

material “Body”

The human being is the co-existence of ‘I’ and the body, and there is exchange
of information between the two, I.e., ‘I’ and Body, exist together and are
related.
Co-existence means a state or condition of existing together. Human
being is more than just a body. He is a co-existence of both the self(I/Jivana)
and the body. Our body acts according to the suggestions given by our
‘Jivana’.

Human Being

Physical body Alivenesss

(Jivana)
All the human feelings of happiness, sorrow, pain excitement etc., are
all experienced by ‘I’ and not the ‘Body’
Having physical facilities ensures the fulfillment of the needs of the body, but
it does not fulfill the needs of ‘I’.
 Therefore, understanding a human being as the coexistence of the self
and the body involves recognising the dual nature of human existence.

Human being = Self+Body

Self is :
Consciousness: the self is often equated with consciousness, awareness or the
mind. It’s the non-physical aspect of a person that thinks, feels and experience
life.
Identity and Personality: the self is where a person’s identity, beliefs, values
and emotions reside. It is what gives individuals their unique sense of self
hood.
Decision making and reflection: the self is involved in decision making,
reflecting on experiences and guiding one’s actions according to personal
values and morals.
Body is :
Physical Existence: the body is the physical, tangible aspect of a human
being. It includes all biological process, sensory experiences and physical
health.
Interaction with the external world: the body is how self interacts with the
external environment.
Dependency: the body requires care and maintenance (food, sleep, exercise
and is subject to physical limitations, aging and health issues

Coexistence of Self and the Body:- It involves

Inter connectedness: the self and the body are interconnected. The self and
the body are interconnected. The state of the body can influence the self (eg.
Physical illness affecting mood or consciousness) and self can influence the
body (eg. Stress affecting physical health)
Holistic approach: understanding a human being as a coexistence of self and
body encourages a holistic approach to well being, where both mental and
physical health are important.
Balance: Achieving balance between the self and the body is often seen as
essential for overall well-being. This balance involves nurturing both the
physical body (through health and fitness) and the self (through mental and
emotional care)
Therefore, Coexistence of Self and Body means both physical and
nonphysical aspects of human being (the body and the self or consciousness)
 exist together and interact with each other within a person.

Understanding the needs of Self (“I”) and “Body” - happiness and physical
facility

We are human beings; and we need to first understand ourselves. So, what is a
human being? The proposal is that human being is co-existence of the Self
and the Body. Self is what we term as ‘I’ and Body is what we see with our
eyes. There is a flow of information from 'I' to the body and from body to the
'I'. We can make this distinction between the self and the body in three ways in
terms of the Time, Quantity, Fulfillment, Activity and Response

To understand the two realities, we can start by looking at the needs, activities
and response of the Self and the Body.

Needs of the self and the body can distinguished :

In terms of Needs: The need of the Self is happiness (e.g. feeling of respect
leading to happiness) while the need of the Body is physical facility (e.g.
food).
In terms of Time: All the needs related to the Self are continuous in time
while all the needs related to the Body are required for a limited time.

In terms of quantity and quality: The need for food is quantitative in nature.
We can identify the quantity of the food needed to nurture our body. Same is
the case with the need of clothes, shelter, etc. On the other hand, the feeling of
respect, trust, etc. is not quantitative. We don’t say, ‘today I got half kg of
respect’ or ‘two metres of trust’. These feelings are qualitative in nature.

In terms of fulfillment: Now, let us see how these two different types of
needs are fulfilled. The need for food is fulfilled by something physical. But
when it comes to the need for respect, it is fulfilled by the feeling of respect.
All the needs related to the Body are fulfilled by some physio-chemical
things. All the needs related to the Self are in terms of feeling, and they are
fulfilled by right understanding and right feeling.
Happiness is the need of the consciousness and it is fulfilled by right
understanding and right feeling, which are activities of the consciousness
itself. The Body is a material unit, its needs are material in nature and they are
fulfilled by physio-chemical things.

In terms of Activities
The Self has the activity of desire, thought and expectation which are
continuous. On the other hand, any activity of the Body, like eating, walking,
etc. is temporary in time.

In terms of responses
The response of the Body is based on recognizing and fulfilling whereas the
response of the Self is based on knowing, assuming, recognizing and
fulfilling. The recognition and fulfillment of the Body is definite, while that of
Self is determined by the activity of assuming. As assumption changes, the
recognition and fulfillment by the Self also changes. The conduct of the
human being basically depends upon the response of the Self, as all decisions
are made by the Self. Only with the assumptions set right,i.e. assuming based
on knowing (which is definite), can recognising and fulfilling be set right; and
only then, the conduct can become definite.

All the problems of a human being are due to assumptions without knowing,
and the solution lies in ensuring the activity of knowing. And this is possible
only through education-sanskar.
 The Self as the Consciousness Entity, the Body as the Material Entity. The
Self and the Body are two different types of reality. The Self is the domain of
consciousness, which is characterised by the activity of knowing, assuming,
recognising and fulfilling. The Body is the domain of material and it only has
the activity of recognising and fulfilling.

Understanding the Body as an instrument of „I‟ (I being the doer, seer and enjoyer)

There is a relation between the self and body that body act as an instrument of self.
Whatever self thinks body performs it physically. Body does not decide itself . We can
verify this by the following discussion

I am the seer: When we are reading a book or listening, w hen someone is

explaining something to us, when we are watching a scenery or when we are
thinking - we are engaged in the activities of 'seeing' or understanding. Now
when we see some nice scenery we say 'I am seeing' that means our self T see
via the eyes, the eyes don't see, they are just instruments, that unable me to see
something outside. Different images are formed in the eyes every time, but it
is I who is able to relate it to the meaning of that image every time. Similarly,
I can see inside 'in me' also - without the eyes.
For example I can see that I am getting angry. In this case I understand or
know or am aware that I am getting angry. When I see outside the body works
as an instrument. I am the doer: once I have seen/ understood something, I am
the one who decides what to do or not to do.
I am the doer. For example, when I see the scenery I am the one who decide
to take a picture of the scenery. I use my hands to pick camera and click a
picture. The hands in the body are thus used as an instrument. In this way I
work with my hands and legs.
I am the enjoyer: I saw the scenery and I took the picture. I am the seer and
doer so far. When I see the picture I like it. I am the one that enjoys it. Thus
there is a continuity of being the seer, doer and enjoyer. Similarly when I eat, I
am the one that gets the taste - from the tongue.

Understanding the characteristics and activities of ‘I’ and Harmony in ‘I’

Now we will explore into the activities of the Self and see how harmony can
be ensured among all the activities of the Self, resulting into a state of
continuous happiness.

Activities of the Self

The activities of the Self can be seen in terms of desire, thought and
expectation.

Desire is the name given to the activity of imaging. You are making an image
in the Self. Desire is in the form of an image which you have created within.
Thought is the power for the activity of analysing based on comparing
various possibilities to fulfill your desire.
Expectation is the power for the activity of selecting based on tasting.

Following is an example to understand these activities:

● We may have a desire to have respect by being the owner of a big

house. This desire exists in the form of imaging i.e. we have an image in us of
fulfillment of our need of respect via a house.

● Based on this desire our thoughts start working out on the details
(design) of the house like rooms, balcony etc. This splitting up of the image of
wanting respect from the house= into various parts is called analyzing.

● After working out the details of the house, we go about choosing the
size, colour etc. of the rooms. The power associated with these choices is
Expectation and Selecting. Tasting is the activity which leads us to the
fulfillment of these expectations.
● Selecting and Tasting keeps going on in us continuously, through out
the day, all the time although many times we may not be aware of it.
Selecting and Tasting are complimentary i.e. Selection changes whenever our
Taste changes.

e.g.: When your taste changes from one company mobile to another mobile,
your selection of the shop / showroom also changes according to your new
taste.

Activities of the Self are Continuous

These powers of desire, thought and expectation are inexhaustible, and the
activities are continuous. The activities of imaging, analyzing-comparing and
selecting-tasting are always going on, whether we are aware of them or not.

These Activities Together Constitute Imagination

These activities are together called imagination. We may not immediately be
able to observe our desire, thought and expectation distinctly, but it may be
easier to see that something is going on within. One imagination or the other
is going on in us all the time.

Happiness and unhappiness depend on the state of imagination. If your

imagination is in harmony with your natural acceptance, you are in a state of
happiness. When it is in contradiction with your natural acceptance, you are in
 a state of unhappiness.
Imagination is expressed to the world outside, in terms of behaviour with
human being and work with the rest of nature.

We have also referred to imagination as “what I am” and the natural

acceptance as “what I really want to be”.

State of Imagination

Imagination: It is the sum total of our Desires + Thoughts + Expectations

Once you start looking at your imagination, you will be able to find out the
state of your imagination. Your imagination could be well organised, in
harmony or it could be a random mixture of harmony and contradiction.

Possible Sources of Imagination

There are three possible sources of motivation for imagination: 1.
Preconditioning, 2. Sensation and 3. Natural Acceptance

A dominant source of imagination is preconditioning. Preconditioning means

the beliefs, notions, norms, ideas, views, dictums, goals, etc. prevailing in the
family, in the society which we have assumed without knowing. They may
influence our imagination.
Another major source of our desire, our imagination is the sensation.
Sensation is the information we get from the Body through the five sense
organs – of sound, touch, sight, taste and smell.

The third source of imagination is our natural acceptance. It can also be

referred to as the inner voice or conscience. Self-verification on the basis of
our natural acceptance can be the third possible source. It may or may not be
the predominant source of motivation currently, but it can be the real source
for deciding our desire, our imagination.

Consequences of Imagination from the three Sources

Following are the two scenarios seen today:

Scenario1: Desires set on the basis of pre-conditioning:

Pre-conditioning means to assume something about anything on the basis of a

prevailing notion without self-verification.

Fore.g.: While seeing advertisements, we pay attention to it and start thinking

about it and associate some greatness with it and slowly the thought becomes
our desire. It is a pre-conditioned desire and we don’t know what we are going
to get out of the fulfillment of this desire. Sometimes we are not even aware of
the existence of such a desire in us.
Scenario2: Expectations set on the basis of sensation:
Sensation is a feeling resulting from something that comes into contact with
the body.
Fore.g.: We may develop a desire for a bike based on the way it looked
(sensation) or the taste associated with it.

Effects of the Problem–

● Wavering Aspirations:
When our desires are set by pre-conditionings, our goals keep shifting quite
often, depending on what we read, see, hear from media or friends or society.

● Lack of Confidence:
Since our desires are wavering ,we don’t have a clarity of what we ultimately
want. This affects ourself-confidence as we feel confident only as long as our
opinion/taste is appreciated.

● Unhappiness / Conflicts or Contradictions in 8I9 as a result of

Pre-conditioned Desire:
Desires thoughts and expectations set by pre-conditionings or sensations make
us undecided and create conflicting tendencies within ourselves. These
conflicts lead to stress and unhappiness in us.

These conflicts exist at multiple levels–

● Desires are in conflict

● Thoughts are in conflict
● Expectations are in conflict

● Lack of Qualitative improvement in us: when we live based on the

pre-conditionings, we focus largely on the needs of the body and ignore the
needs of the I. As a result, in spite of accumulating a lot, we dont have a
feeling of improvement or betterment. The development is merely
Quantitative and not Qualitative.

● State of Resignation: Inspite of accumulating large amounts of

wealth, we are unable to understand ourselves properly and have
contradictions within. When we are unable to find solutions for these
contradictions, we end up in a state of Resignation.
Living with pre-conditionings: This often leads to a lack of clarity and
self-confidence and develops a feeling of stress, unhappiness and confusion in
us.

Short lived nature of Pleasure from Sensations: Sensations are the ways of
our body’s detection of various things in our environment with the help of the
five major sensory organs. Whenever there is a sensation from the Body to I,
there is a tasting in I. These sensations and tasting are temporary in nature
while the needs of the I are continuous. Hence, any sensation we have from
the Body can’t be a source of our lasting happiness.

Solution to the Problem: The solution is to start verifying our desires,

thoughts and expectations on the basis of our Natural Acceptance. As we
access our natural acceptance, it becomes possible for us to have the right
understanding of the harmony at all the levels of living.

Dalailama’s Tibetan Personality Test

Tibetan personality test reveals your incredible subconscious which can easily
abandon any logic and can think symbolically. Basically, your subconscious is
the gate which tends to connect you with an intangible world. You may have
undergone several personality tests to analyze your knowledge, skills, abilities
and personality traits for both your personal life as well as for an employment
setting. Basically, a personality test allows you to think in a somewhat logical
manner, however, the Tibetan personality test is one that can go deep into your
abstract thinking.
Though the origin of this particular test is not well established yet it is a
considered to be designed by a Dalai Lama. Instead of having roots in modern
psychology, it has seeds in the lasting wisdom of the East. The Tibetan test
can reveal all aspects of your personality in three simple questions that require
no deep thinking or logic. Moreover, you do not have to focus on different
exercises and simply answer the questions with the help of your intuition.

Characteristics of Tibetan personality test

The Tibetan test is a three-questioned personality test that aims in determining
certain characteristics and priorities of an individual in their lives. These
characteristics include:
It explains your priorities in life
The Dalai Lama designed test focuses on determining the priorities you have
in your life. These priorities include family, self-worth, love, career, and
money. This is analyzed by arranging names of five animals according to
your preference and priorities in your life. This aspect reveals what is your
topmost priority and what you feel is worth doing.
It explains your attitude towards life
The second characteristics of this test are to assess your attitude towards life.
How you see your life and what are your priorities regarding those around you
in your life are the basis of this question. Three animals, sea, and coffee are
the elements and symbolize how you see yourself and other people in your
life.
It explains your attitude towards people
How you behave towards different people in your life and how you see their
role is the basic foundation of the third and the last question of the Tibetan
personality test. This question includes colors that will be arranged according
to the choice of the person undertaking the test. Each color is assigned a
relationship along with how they have or will impact your life.

Tibetan Personality Test and Its Prediction Value

The Tibetan test reveals your priorities and preferences in life. It is a
psychometric instrument that has been used by several people to make
predictions; however, what you have preferred and how it has impacted your
life can also be assessed. This test is considered closer to a fortune cookie or
horoscopes that tend to make broad and general predictions.
The best thing about this test is that it is really a fun. You take hardly five
minutes to complete it. You have to answer the questions which are not only
simple but require replying without inserting any kind of logical reasoning.
Moreover, through taking this test, you can get an insight into your authentic
inner-self which you might not have known before.
The Tibetan personality test is an interesting way to reveal elements of your
personality along with spending some fun time. This test is designed to reveal
the way you see your life at the subconscious level as well as your attitude
towards different people in your life. There are some sources which claim that
this quick personality test has an accuracy rate of 97 percent which makes it
quite difficult to judge the subjective nature of the Dalai Lama test. So, if you
have raised your eyebrows at this point, you have got a good reason to do so.
The test is small, simple, fun and does not require answering questions
logically. It involves abstract thinking which allows you to understand the way
you wish to make your life and what you actually are.
 Questions :
1. Put the following 5 animals in the order of your preference:
Cow, Tiger, Sheep, Horse, Pig

Cow-CAREER, Tiger-PRIDE, Sheep-LOVE, Horse-FAMILY, Pig-MONEY

2. Write one word that describes each one of the following: Dog, Cat, Rat,
Coffee, Sea.

Your description of dog implies your own personality

Your description of cat implies the personality of your partner.
Your description of rat implies the personality of your enemies.
Your description of coffee is how you interpret sex.
Your description of the sea implies your own life.

3. Think of someone, who also knows you and is important to you, which you
can relate them to the following colors - Yellow, Orange, Red, White,
Green.

Yellow: Someone you will never forget

Orange: Someone you consider your true friend
Red: Someone that you really love
White: Your twin soul
Green: Someone that you will remember for the rest of your life

MENNINGER’S PSYCHOMETRIC TEST

The test was developed by the Menninger Foundation,a renowned psychiatric and
behavioral health organization, established in 1925 by Charles Frederick
Menninger and his sons Karl and William. The foundation has been influential
in psychiatric research and treatment. Unlike some single-focus tests, the
Menninger Psychometric Test aims to provide a holistic view of an individual's
psychological functioning. This test is designed to evaluate various aspects of
an individual's psychological functioning and personality.
Purpose:
- To assess an individual's cognitive abilities, emotional state, and personality traits
- To aid in diagnosis and treatment planning for mental health issues
The assessment typically takes several hours and may be spread over multiple
sessions like:
 1. Intellectual functioning
2. Memory and attention
3. Problem-solving skills
4. Emotional regulation
5. Interpersonal relationships
6. Stress management
7. Self-perception…
to ensure accuracy and reduce fatigue. And the results are often combined
with other psychological tests and clinical interviews for a more comprehensive
evaluation.
The results are used to
1. Identify potential mental health concerns
2. Understand an individual's strengths and weaknesses
3. Guide therapeutic interventions
4. Assist in career counseling or personal development
Key components:
1. Cognitive assessment
2. Personality evaluation
3. Emotional functioning analysis
4. Behavioral tendencies examination

Methodology of conducting the tests

1. Questionnaires
2. Interviews
3. Performance-based tasks

Results are used to:

- Identify potential mental health concerns
- Understand an individual's strengths and weaknesses
- Guide therapeutic interventions
- Assist in career counseling or personal development

It's important to note that this test should be administered and interpreted by
qualified mental health professionals.
Understanding the harmony of I with the Body : Sanyam and Health;
Correct Appraisal of Physical needs, Meaning of Prosperity in detail

Our Body– A Self-Organized Unit:

The human body is a self-organized unit with a highly sophisticated
mechanism. It is made up of several organs such as the heart, lungs etc. and
various glands, all of which work in a close co-ordination.

The body is made up of cells and each cell of the body has a role to play in the
overall working of the body. Each cell is Self-organized and participates in the
Self-organization of the body as a whole.

All the activities in the body keep the body fit for the use of I.
Harmony of the I with the Body:

The harmony of I with the body is:

i. In the form of Sanyama (Self-Regulation) on part of I

ii. In the form of Svasthya (Health) on part of the Body
Sanyama (Self-Regulation):

It is the feeling of responsibility in the Self (I) for nurturing, protection and
right Utilization of the Body.

Once I realize that the Body is my instrument and that the body needs
nutrition, protection from the environment and proper utilization to work as an
efficient tool for the right purpose, I naturally develop a feeling of
responsibility towards my Body. This feeling of responsibility developed in
the self (I) is Sanyama.

When I live with Sanyama, there is harmony among the different parts of the
Body and the Body becomes my useful instrument.

Svasthya (Health):

It is the condition of the body where every part of the body is properly
performing its expected function. This leads to harmony within the body, and
the body become perfectly fit for use by the I.

There is a strong coupling between I and the Body =. Disharmony in any one
of them adversely affects the other. For example:
1. If I am in disharmony (anger/stress/despair etc.),it starts affecting the Body
adversely leading to psychosomatic diseases like allergies, diabetes,
Hyper tension etc.

2.Similarly, if there is any strong disturbance in the Body in the form of severe
pain, illness etc., it distracts I from its normal functions.

Hence Sanyama is vital for Svasthya. If there is Sanyama, a good health can
been sured. If there is no Sanyama, a good health can be lost.

Feeling of self-regulation = the feeling of responsibility in the self towards the

Body – for nurturing, protection and right utilization of the Body.

Our state today (due to lack of Sanyama):

● Lack of responsibility towards body

Reasons: busy lifestyles, eating at odd hours, eating junk food, reduced
physical work or labour, craving for pleasant body sensations like tasty food,
drinks etc.

Result: falling sick repeatedly

● Tendency form edication to suppres sailment

Reasons:

Our sickness is a signal of some disorder in our body. But instead of attending
to it, we try to suppress it through medication and then forget about it.
Hospitals and sophisticated equipments are providing diagnosis and cure and
are not concentrating on prevention of diseases. Instead of using simple,
common medication, we are ending up consuming a lot of harmful substances
in the name of medicines which are intoxicating our body.

● Polluted air, water ,food….

Reasons: Air pollution is being caused by industries, vehicles etc. Water is

being polluted by industrial effluents, sewage etc. Various industrial effluents,
chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc. are polluting the soil and by consuming the
yield of crops grown in such soil, all kinds of toxic contents are entering our
body through our food.
Right Utilisation of the Body
Right utilization of the Body would mean that it is used in the process of
fulfilling human aspiration, which is basically the need of the Self. If one is
using the Body in the process of fulfilling the needs of the Self, it is right
utilization of the Body. It would include work with rest of nature to produce
physical facility required for the Body.

Revisiting Prosperity in the Light of the Harmony between the Self and
the Body(Correct Appraisal of our Physical Needs):
The need for the physical facility is essentially related to fulfillment of this
feeling of responsibility towards the Body, i.e. we need physical facility for
nurturing the Body (food…), for protecting the Body (clothes, shelter…) and
for rightly utilizing the Body (instruments…) and that’s it. And if we can see
this clearly, we can also see that the physical facility required to ensure each
one of them is required in limited quantity. Hence, prosperity is very much
possible.

As an exercise, one can list all the physical facilities required for these three
purposes, and see whether they are limited. Next, one can assess the available
facilities, and see if they are more than required. If not, then how much more
will be required can be worked out. This will clearly give a vision for ensuring
prosperity.

● My Participation (Value) regarding Self and my Body

● My participation (value) with my Body is:
● Ensuring a feeling of self-regulation in the Self
● Ensuring the nurturing, protection and right utilisation of the Body
● Ensuring the production / availability of more than required physical
facility for the above
● By ensuring these three, the Body continues to be in harmony, it remains
healthy. And one also has the feeling of prosperity.

Programmes to ensure Sanyam and Health

Feeling of self-regulation is the feeling of responsibility in the Self for

nurturing, protection and right utilization of the Body. We can now detail it
further:

Nurturing the Body (Posana / Poshan):

Nurturing means providing the necessary inputs to the Body. The right inputs
nurture the Body, without disturbing its harmony.

The programme for nurturing and maintaining health of the Body includes the
following:

1a.Intake 1b.Routine
2a.PhysicalLabour 2b.Exercise
3a.Balancinginternaland 3b.Balancing breathing of body external organs
of body
4a.Medicine 4b.Treatment

1a. The first part is the intake, all that the Body takes in. It includes the air it
breathes, the water it drinks, the sunlight it absorbs, the food given to it and so
on.

1b.A regular routine is required in order to keep the Body healthy, like
ensuring a proper programme for sleeping, waking up, cleaning the Body,
eating, doing physical work, etc.

2a. The Body needs adequate movement to maintain health. Labour is the
work on the rest of nature. Few hours of labour a day provides sufficient body
movements to keep the Body in good health. It also ensures production of
physical facility.

A lifestyle which includes appropriate intake, routine and labour, would be

generally sufficient to keep the Body in good health. However, if we are
unable to do that, or in spite of this effort, there is some
disharmony in the Body, there are some more aspects of the programme for
self-regulation and health, below.

2b.If one is not able to labor, s(he) can do exercises for proper up keep of the
Body.

3a. There is a need for keeping the internal as well as the external organs in
harmony by appropriate means like postures, movements etc.

3b. Breathing is a significant activity for the Body. Balancing the breathing of
body is necessary, through appropriate breathing exercises.

For the most part, health of the Body can be maintained by these three (1a, 1b,
2a, 2b, 3a and 3b).Despite these, if there is some problem in the health of the
Body then we take medicine and ultimately, we also take treatment when all
this does not work.

4a. The Body is self-organised and naturally in harmony. It is able to recover

itself from many disturbances. But if due to some reasons it runs into
disharmony, medicine is helpful in taking care of lifestyle disorders,
non-communicable illnesses as well as communicable diseases.

4b.In the event the Body is not in a state to recover itself back to a state of
harmony, there is a need for treatment.

Protecting the Body (Sanrakshana):

Providing a conducive physical environment includes clothing, shelter etc. is
all a part of protection of the Body.
This involves the selection of proper clothes and shelter for protecting the
body from extreme climatic conditions and to provide the right amount of
exposure of the body to air, water, sunlight etc. to ensure proper functioning of
the body.
To ensure the health of the Body, we need to take care of the following:

Ahara – Vihara (Food – Upkeep)

The selection of food (Ahar) should be such that it gives required nutrients
and energy to the body. For proper upkeep of the body, the body should be
given rest from time to time. We must ensure proper time, posture and ways to
work and to rest. And provide hygienic working conditions to upkeep our
body.

Shrama – Vyayama (Physical labour – Exercise)

Requisite amounts of physical labour and exercise are essential to keep the
body fit and healthy.

Asana – Pranayama ( Yogasana – Pranayam)

Yogasanas are well designed exercises involving specific postures to keep the
body healthy and Pranayama involves exercises involving regulation of
breathing. Together they ensure the synergy between the Self and the Body.
Ausadhi – Chikitsa (Medicine – Treatment)
Whenever the body gets hurt or experiences any kind of disorder, we should
remember that the body has a tendency heal itself and come back to normal
state. We can attend to such problems by simple ways like going without food
for some time or having a restricted diet etc. if the body needs further
treatment, then the ailment should be properly interpreted and attended to. The
medicines used for treatment should not give rise to other complications in
future.

Epidemiology
 Epidemiology is the branch of medical science that investigates all the factors
that determine the presence or absence of diseases and disorders.
Epidemiological research helps us to understand how many people have a
disease or disorder, if those numbers are changing, and how the disorder
affects our society and our economy.

The epidemiology of human communication is a rewarding and challenging

field. Much of the data that epidemiologists collect comes from
self-report—from answers provided by people participating in a study. For
instance, an epidemiological study may collect data on the number of people
who answer, “Yes” when asked if someone in their household has trouble
hearing. Each person providing such an answer may interpret “trouble
hearing” differently. This means that the results of such a study may be quite
different from a study in which actual hearing (audiometric) tests are
administered to each person in a household.

Also, many epidemiological estimates try to determine how the number of

people affected by a disorder changes over time. The definition of a disorder
also tends to change over time, however, making estimates more difficult.
Even scientists working in the same field at the same time may not agree on
the best way to measure or define a particular disorder.

Key terms to know in this field are:

● Incidence: The number of new cases of a disease or disorder in a population

over a period of time.
● Prevalence: The number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a
given time.
● Cost of illness: Many reports use expenditures on medical care (i.e., actual
money spent) as the cost of illness. Ideally, the cost of illness would also take
into account factors that are more difficult to measure, such as work-related
costs, educational costs, the cost of support services required by the medical
condition, and the amount individuals would pay to avoid health risks.
(Adapted from the Environmental Protection Agency’s Cost of Illness
Handbook)
● Burden of disease: The total significance of disease for society, beyond the
immediate cost of treatment. It is measured in years of life lost to ill health, or
 the difference between total life expectancy and disability-adjusted life
expectancy (DALY). (Adapted from the World Health Organization.)
● DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year): A summary measure of the health of
a population. One DALY represents one lost year of healthy life and is used to
estimate the gap between the current health of a population and an ideal
situation in which everyone in that population would live into old age in full
health.

Meaning of health:
The meaning of health has evolved over time. In keeping with the biomedical
perspective, early definitions of health focused on the theme of the body's
ability to function; health was seen as a state of normal function that could be
disrupted from time to time by disease.
Definition of Health:
An example of such a definition of health is: "a state characterized by
anatomic, physiologic, and psychological integrity; ability to perform
personally valued family, work, and community roles; ability to deal with
physical, biological, psychological, and social stress".[2] Then, in 1948, in a
radical departure from previous definitions, the World Health Organization
(WHO) proposed a definition that aimed higher, linking health to well-being,
in terms of "physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the
absence of disease and infirmity".[3] Although this definition was welcomed
by some as being innovative, it was also criticized for being vague and
excessively broad and was not construed as measurable. For a long time, it
was set aside as an impractical ideal, with most discussions of health returning
to the practicality of the biomedical model.
Determinants of Health
In general, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance for
both his health status and quality of life. It is increasingly recognized that
health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and
application of health science, but also through the efforts and
intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society. According to
the World Health Organization, the main determinants of health include the
social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person's
individual characteristics and behaviours.
More specifically, key factors that have been found to influence whether
people are healthy or unhealthy include the following:
Education and literacy
Employment/working conditions
Income and social status
Physical environments
 Social environments
Social support networks
Biology and genetics
Culture
Gender
Health care services
Healthy child development
Personal health practices and coping skills

Social and Preventive Medicine

Social and preventive medicine is a branch of public health that combines the
principles of social science with preventive strategies to improve community
health and well-being. It focuses on addressing the broader social
determinants of health and implementing preventive measures to reduce the
incidence and impact of diseases. Here’s a deeper look into each component:

Social Medicine

Social medicine examines how social, economic, and environmental

factors impact health. It aims to understand and address disparities in health outcomes
related to these factors. Key areas include:

1. Social Determinants of Health: These are conditions in which people are

born, grow, live, work, and age, including factors like income, education,
housing, and access to healthcare. Understanding and addressing these
determinants is crucial for improving health equity.
2. Health Equity: Ensuring that everyone has a fair opportunity to attain their
highest level of health. This involves tackling social and economic inequalities
that contribute to health disparities among different groups.
3. Community Engagement: Working with communities to understand their
unique health challenges and involve them in creating and implementing health
interventions. This includes fostering partnerships with local organizations and
stakeholders.
4. Policy and Advocacy: Advocating for policies that address social determinants
of health, such as affordable housing, quality education, and accessible
healthcare. Effective advocacy can drive systemic changes that improve public
health.

Preventive Medicine
Preventive medicine focuses on preventing diseases and promoting health before
problems arise. It includes:

1. Primary Prevention: Actions taken to prevent the onset of disease, such as

vaccinations, health education, and lifestyle modifications (e.g., promoting
healthy eating and regular exercise).
2. Secondary Prevention: Efforts to detect and address diseases early, before
symptoms appear. This includes screenings (e.g., for cancer, hypertension,
diabetes) and early interventions to prevent progression.
3. Tertiary Prevention: Strategies to manage and reduce the impact of chronic
diseases or conditions that are already present. This involves rehabilitation and
supportive care to improve quality of life and prevent complications.
4. Health Promotion: Initiatives designed to enhance overall well-being, such as
public health campaigns, wellness programs, and community health initiatives.
These programs often focus on education and behavior change.

Integration of Social and Preventive Medicine

Combining social and preventive medicine involves:

● Addressing Health Disparities: Implementing preventive measures with a

focus on reducing inequalities and ensuring that vulnerable populations have
access to necessary resources and care.
● Holistic Approaches: Considering the social context in designing preventive
strategies. For example, community-based interventions that address both
health behaviors and social factors can be more effective than those targeting
health behaviors alone.
● Collaborative Efforts: Engaging with various sectors, including education,
housing, and employment, to create comprehensive strategies that address the
root causes of health issues.
● Evidence-Based Interventions: Using research and data to design and
implement preventive programs that are informed by both social and medical
insights.

By integrating social and preventive medicine, public health professionals can develop
more effective strategies to improve health outcomes and promote health equity on a
larger scale.

Personal hygiene:
Personal hygiene is essential for maintaining good health and well-being. It involves a
range of practices that help keep the body clean and free from germs, prevent illness,
and promote overall comfort and confidence. Here’s a comprehensive guide to
personal hygiene practices for humans:

1. Hand Hygiene

● Washing Hands: Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds,
especially before eating, after using the restroom, or after touching potentially
contaminated surfaces.
● Hand Sanitizers: Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer (with at least 60%
alcohol) if soap and water aren’t available. Apply enough to cover all surfaces
of your hands and rub together until dry.

2. Oral Hygiene

● Brushing: Brush your teeth twice a day using fluoride toothpaste. Use a
soft-bristled toothbrush and replace it every 3-4 months or sooner if the bristles
become frayed.
● Flossing: Floss daily to remove food particles and plaque from between your
teeth and under the gumline.
● Mouthwash: Use mouthwash to help reduce bacteria, freshen breath, and
maintain oral health. Choose a product with fluoride for added benefits.

3. Bathing and Showering

● Frequency: Bathe or shower regularly to remove sweat, dirt, and bacteria. The
frequency can vary based on personal preference, activity level, and skin type.
● Cleansers: Use mild, non-irritating soap or body wash. Choose products suited
for your skin type (e.g., sensitive skin, dry skin).

4. Hair Care

● Washing: Wash your hair regularly with shampoo suited to your hair type (e.g.,
oily, dry, or color-treated). The frequency depends on your hair type and
personal preference.
● Conditioning: Use conditioner to keep your hair moisturized and manageable,
especially if you have dry or damaged hair.
● Grooming: Brush or comb your hair regularly to prevent tangles and promote a
healthy scalp.

5. Nail Care
● Trimming: Keep nails trimmed and shaped to prevent breakage and reduce the
risk of infection.
● Cleaning: Clean under your nails regularly and avoid biting them. This helps
prevent the buildup of dirt and bacteria.

6. Foot Care

● Washing: Wash your feet daily and dry them thoroughly, especially between
the toes, to prevent fungal infections.
● Nail Care: Trim toenails straight across and keep them clean to avoid ingrown
toenails and other foot issues.
● Footwear: Wear clean, well-fitting shoes and socks. Change socks daily and
opt for breathable materials to prevent moisture buildup.

7. Clothing and Laundry

● Clean Clothes: Wear clean clothes and change them daily. Choose clothing
appropriate for the weather and your activities.
● Laundry: Wash clothes regularly, using appropriate detergents for your skin
sensitivity. Ensure that clothes are thoroughly rinsed to remove detergent
residues.

8. Skin Care

● Cleansing: Use a gentle cleanser to wash your face daily. Choose products
based on your skin type (e.g., oily, dry, sensitive).
● Moisturizing: Apply a moisturizer to keep your skin hydrated and protect it
from environmental damage.
● Sun Protection: Use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to protect your
skin from UV damage. Reapply as needed, especially if spending extended
periods outdoors.

9. Menstrual Hygiene

● Sanitary Products: Use menstrual products such as pads, tampons, or

menstrual cups that are comfortable and appropriate for your flow.
● Change Regularly: Change sanitary products frequently to maintain hygiene
and prevent discomfort or infection.

10. General Tips

 ● Hydration: Drink plenty of water to maintain hydration and support skin
health.
● Healthy Diet: Eat a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals that support
skin and overall health.
● Regular Check-ups: Visit healthcare providers for routine check-ups and
preventive care to address any potential health issues early.

11. Special Considerations

● Sensitive Skin: For those with sensitive skin or allergies, choose

hypoallergenic and fragrance-free products to avoid irritation.
● Chronic Conditions: Individuals with chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes,
eczema) may have specific hygiene needs and should follow tailored advice
from healthcare providers.

Incorporating these personal hygiene practices into your daily routine can help you
stay clean, comfortable, and healthy. Adjust your practices based on your individual
needs and lifestyle for optimal results.

Handling Stress:

Handling stress effectively is crucial for maintaining both mental and physical health.
Stress management involves adopting strategies that help you cope with and reduce the
impact of stressors in your life. Here’s a comprehensive guide to handling stress:

1. Identify Your Stressors

● Self-Awareness: Recognize what causes your stress. It could be work,

relationships, financial issues, or other factors.
● Journaling: Keep a stress journal to track stress triggers and your responses.
This can help you identify patterns and find effective solutions.

2. Practice Relaxation Techniques

● Deep Breathing: Use deep breathing exercises to calm your mind and body.
Try inhaling slowly through your nose, holding for a few seconds, and exhaling
through your mouth.
● Meditation: Engage in mindfulness or guided meditation to help you stay
present and reduce stress. Apps like Headspace or Calm can be helpful.
● Progressive Muscle Relaxation: Tense and then relax each muscle group to
alleviate physical tension and promote relaxation.
 3. Exercise Regularly

● Physical Activity: Exercise is a powerful stress reliever. Activities like

walking, jogging, yoga, or dancing can boost endorphin levels and improve
mood.
● Consistency: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per
week or 75 minutes of vigorous activity, along with muscle-strengthening
exercises.

4. Maintain a Healthy Diet

● Balanced Nutrition: Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean
proteins. Avoid excessive caffeine, sugar, and processed foods that can affect
your mood and energy.
● Hydration: Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated. Dehydration can exacerbate
stress and affect overall well-being.

5. Get Adequate Sleep

● Sleep Hygiene: Establish a regular sleep routine. Aim for 7-9 hours of quality
sleep each night and create a calming bedtime routine.
● Sleep Environment: Ensure your bedroom is conducive to sleep—dark, cool,
and quiet.

6. Manage Your Time Effectively

● Prioritization: Organize tasks by priority and break them into smaller,

manageable steps. Use tools like to-do lists or digital planners.
● Delegation: Don’t hesitate to delegate tasks when possible to lighten your
workload and reduce stress.

7. Build and Maintain Healthy Relationships

● Social Support: Connect with friends, family, or support groups. Sharing your
feelings with others can provide comfort and new perspectives.
● Healthy Boundaries: Set boundaries to avoid overcommitting and ensure you
have time for self-care and relaxation.

8. Engage in Leisure and Hobbies

● Pursue Interests: Make time for activities you enjoy and that help you unwind,
such as reading, gardening, or crafting.
 ● Creativity: Engage in creative outlets to express yourself and relieve stress.

9. Learn and Practice Positive Thinking

● Gratitude: Focus on positive aspects of your life and practice gratitude.

Keeping a gratitude journal can help shift your perspective and improve mood.
● Self-Compassion: Be kind to yourself and recognize that it’s okay to
experience stress. Practice self-compassion and avoid negative self-talk.

10. Seek Professional Help if Needed

● Therapy: Consider talking to a mental health professional, such as a therapist

or counselor, if stress becomes overwhelming or chronic.
● Support Services: Explore community resources or support services that offer
help for stress management and mental health.

11. Practice Stress-Reduction Techniques

● Time in Nature: Spend time outdoors in natural settings to help reduce stress
and improve mood.
● Mindfulness: Practice mindfulness techniques to increase self-awareness and
manage stress more effectively.

12. Limit Exposure to Stressors

● Avoid Overload: If possible, reduce exposure to known stressors. This may

involve managing your workload, limiting social media use, or avoiding
negative environments.

13. Develop Problem-Solving Skills

● Address Issues: Work on solving problems that contribute to stress. Focus on

finding practical solutions and take proactive steps to address challenges.

14. Create a Balanced Life

● Work-Life Balance: Strive for a balance between work and personal life.
Make time for relaxation, hobbies, and relationships outside of work.

By implementing these strategies, you can better manage stress and improve your
overall well-being. Remember, stress management is a personal process, and it’s
important to find what works best for you. Being patient with yourself and making
gradual changes can lead to lasting improvements in how
 The World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines

The World Health Organization (WHO) provides a comprehensive set of

guidelines and recommendations in the field of epidemiology to help countries
manage and respond to public health issues. These guidelines cover a wide
range of topics, from surveillance and data collection to outbreak response and
health system strengthening.

Here are some key areas often covered in WHO guidelines related to
epidemiology:

1. Disease Surveillance: WHO offers guidance on designing and implementing

effective surveillance systems for monitoring the incidence and prevalence of
diseases. This includes recommendations for data collection, analysis, and
reporting to ensure timely and accurate information.
2. Outbreak Response: The WHO provides protocols for responding to
outbreaks of infectious diseases, including steps for investigation, containment,
and communication. This often includes guidance on coordination with
international partners and managing resources.
3. Risk Assessment and Management: WHO guidelines help assess and manage
risks related to various health threats, including emerging and re-emerging
infectious diseases. This includes methodologies for evaluating risk factors and
implementing control measures.
4. Vaccination Strategies: WHO offers recommendations on vaccination
schedules, immunization programs, and strategies to increase vaccine coverage
and address vaccine-preventable diseases.
5. Health Systems Strengthening: WHO emphasizes the importance of
strengthening health systems to improve disease prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment. This includes improving infrastructure, training healthcare workers,
and ensuring access to necessary resources.
6. Data and Evidence-Based Practices: WHO guidelines promote the use of data
and evidence to inform public health policies and practices. This includes best
practices for collecting and analyzing epidemiological data and applying
findings to improve health outcomes.
7. Global Health Security: WHO provides guidance on enhancing global health
security through international cooperation, preparedness, and response
mechanisms to prevent and control health emergencies.
8. Ethical Considerations: WHO guidelines also address ethical considerations
in epidemiological research and public health interventions, ensuring that
practices are conducted with respect for human rights and dignity.
UNIT 3: Understanding Harmony in the Family and Society- Harmony in Human- Human
Relationship
1. Understanding values in human-human relationship; meaning of Justice (nine universal values
in relationships) and program for its fulfillment to ensure mutual happiness; Trust and Respect as
the foundational values of relationship
2. Understanding the meaning of Trust; Difference between intention and competence
3. Understanding the meaning of Respect, Difference between respect and differentiation; the
other salient values in relationship, Friends and Foes, Empathy, False Prestige.
4. Concept of an Ideal family- Marriage as an Institution
5. Understanding the harmony in the society (society being an extension of family): Resolution,
Prosperity, fearlessness (trust) and co-existence as comprehensive Human Goals
6. Visualizing a universal harmonious order in society- Undivided Society, Universal Human
Order- from family to world family.

Include practice sessions to reflect on relationships in family, hostel and institute as extended
family, real life examples, teacher-student relationship, goal of education etc. Gratitude as a
universal value in relationships. Discuss with scenarios. Elicit examples from students‟ lives

Understanding values in human-human relationship

Every human being is born in a family and is part of a family. The family is the basic unit or
building block of human organization. It provides a base for appreciating, accepting,
understanding and practicing to live in relationship and harmony (order).

Each of us is born into a family which includes a number of relationships. These relationships
are the reality of our life. We recognize and identify these individuals. We share our feelings,
tastes, interests and understanding with these people and have an affinity for them.

These feelings can be recognised, they are definite. There are nine feelings in relationship.These
are the feelings which we can understand, which we can ensure within ourselves, which we can
share with others and thus ensure mutual fulfillment in relationship. These are the feelings which
are naturally acceptable to us in the relationship with the other human being.

Feelings (values) in relationship:

1. Trust (foundation value)

2. Respect

3. Affection
 4. Care

5. Guidance

6. Reverence

7. Glory

8. Gratitude

9. Love (complete value)

Justice in Human-to-Human Relationship:

There are four elements: Recognition of values, fulfillment, evaluation and mutual happiness
ensured. When all the four are ensured, justice is ensured.
Justice is the recognition, fulfillment and evaluation of human-human relationship, leading to
mutual happiness.
● Recognition of relationship means recognizing the naturally acceptable feelings
in relationship rightly.
●  Fulfilment of relationship means
● o Ensuring the naturally acceptable feelings in oneself.
o Living with responsibility with the other with these feelings, forming the basis of
relationship. This makes the other comfortable and assured.
o Making effort for mutual development, i.e. development of one’s own competence and
being of help to the other in developing their competence.
●  Evaluation means verifying that I have the right feeling, I am able to express
it properly, the right feeling has reached to the other and the other is able to identify it as
the right feeling.
When the recognition, fulfilment and evaluation are right from my side, I feel happy.
When the other is able to evaluate the expression of my feeling rightly, then (s)he also
feels happy. Developing this competence may take time.

● Mutual fulfillment is the hallmark of justice. And justice is essential in

all relationships. Justice starts from family and slowly expands to the world family.
The child gets the understanding of justice in the family. With this understanding, he
 goes out in the society and interacts with people.
Therefore, If the understanding of justice is ensured in the family, there will be justice
in all the interactions we have in the world at large. If we do not u understand the
values in relationships, we are governed by our petty prejudices and conditionings.
We may treat people as high or low based on their body (particular caste, or sex or
race or tribe) on the basis of wealth one possesses or the belief systems that one
follows. All this is source of injustice and leads to fragmented society while our
natural acceptance is for an undivided society and universal human order. Having
explored the harmony in the human beings, we are able to explore the harmony in the
family. This enables us to u understand the harmony at the level of society and
nature/existence. And this is the way; the harmony in our living grows. We slowly get
the competence to live in harmony with all human beings.

Understanding Relationship

We will now explore into the four important aspects of relationship:

1. Relationship is – between one Self (I1) and another Self (I2)

2. There are feelings in relationship – in one Self (I1) for the other Self (I2)

3. These feelings can be recognised – they are definite

4. The fulfillment of these feelings and their right evaluation lead to mutual happiness

'Trust'–theFoundational Value in Relationship

Feeling of Trust

Trust is to be assured that the other intends to make me happy and prosperous.

In order to understand trust, examine these eight statements:

1a. Do I want to make myself happy? 1b. Am I able to make myself always
happy?
2a. Do I want to make the other happy? 2b. Am I able to make the other always
happy?

3a. Does the other want to make himself/ 3b. Is the other able to make himself/herself herself
happy? always happy?

4a. Does the other want to make me happy? 4b. Is the other able to make me always

happy?

Intention (Natural Acceptance) Competence

What is the answer? What is the answer?

The questions 1a to 4a relate to natural acceptance, the intention. Questions 1b to 4b relate to the
competence, the ability. By and large, as far as the statements about the intention, i.e. natural
acceptance, are concerned, there is a tick mark in 1a, 2a and 3a, and there is a question mark
in4a. When we look at the competence, at the ability, there is a question mark, right from the
beginning – there is a question mark on 1b, 2b, 3b; on 4b there is a big question mark.
Distinguishing between Intention and Competence

Now if you try to analyse your own responses, many things will get clarified. You’ll find that
while evaluating yourself, you evaluate on the basis of your intention (natural acceptance). You
think that you are a good person as your intentions are good. On the other hand, when you
evaluate the other, you evaluate him on the basis of his/her competence. You find that s(he) is not
able to make you happy all the time. Many times, or most of the time he ends up making you
unhappy. Therefore, you think that the other wants to make you unhappy. You have a doubt on
other’s intention. On the basis of lack of competence, we conclude about the lack of intention of
the other. When we doubt their intention, instead of accepting the other as a relative, we have a
feeling of opposition. This is the common mistake that we make in relationship today. Now that
we have clarity about intention and competence, explore this question:

If you have unconditional, continuous trust on intention, on the natural acceptance of the other
and if the other is lacking competence, what will you do?
a) Try to improve upon his competence

b) Get irritated

c) Get angry

d) Have a feeling of opposition

The answer is obviously (a). It is a response which indicates trust on intention. All other answers
are reactions based on doubt on intention.

Now with these indicators, find out how many people are there in your life on whom you have
trust on intention (natural acceptance) which is unconditional and continuous. Generally, we
don’t see intention and competence separately. Since competence is generally lacking, the feeling
of unconditional acceptance is almost completely missing; rather there is a feeling of opposition.
With that, we reinforce wrong assumptions like:

 Strangers can’t be trusted (?)

 Trust is developed over a long-time (?)

 Never trust anyone (?)

Thus, if we are able to see intention and competence distinctly, we will be able to place a tick
mark in 4a. We will be assured of the intention of the other human being. And with that, we will
make a programme of interaction with right evaluation of our competence and their competence
(so, this is not ‘blind’ trust).

With the feeling of trust, one is able to see it clearly that the intention is same for all, to be happy
and make other happy. The only difference lies in the level of competence.
'Respect'–as the Right Evaluation

Feeling of Respect

Respect is right evaluation.

When we are rightly evaluated, we feel respected. When we are not rightly evaluated, we feel
disrespected.

Disrespect can take place in three ways:

Over evaluation – evaluating for more than what it is

Under evaluation – evaluating for less than what it is

Otherwise evaluation – evaluating for other than what it is

If we look at our day-to-day behavior, we generally tend to do one of these three – over
evaluation, under evaluation or otherwise evaluation. If any of these three takes place, the other
person feels uncomfortable, disrespected.
Minimum Content of Respect – The Other is Similar to Me

When we evaluate the human being on the basis of Self, we are able to see that:

1. Our purpose is the same – As I have a natural acceptance to live with continuous happiness
and prosperity, it is same with the other. So, on the basis of our natural acceptance, we have the
same purpose.

2. Our programme is same – As my programme to achieve continuous happiness and prosperity

is to understand the harmony and live in harmony at all levels of my being (from human being to
the entire existence), it is same with the other. In that sense, our programme to fulfil our purpose
is also same.

3. Our potential is same – As I am endowed with natural acceptance and the activities of desire,
thought and expectation are going on continuously in me, it is the same with the other. So, our
potential is also same.

Thus, we can see that the other (Self) is similar to me. This is the minimum content of respect for
a human being.

Disrespect Arising out of Differentiation leading to Discrimination

In general, what we are doing in the name of respect today is differentiating and discriminating.

First set of differentiation is on the basis of body– on the basis of age, gender, race and physical
strength.

This is based on the gross misunderstanding that human being = Body. The truth is that human
being = co-existence of the Self and the Body.

The second set of differentiation is made on the basis of physical facility – on the basis of wealth
and post. The gross misunderstanding here is that physical facility = happiness. The truth is that
happiness is to be in a state of harmony.

The third basis of differentiation is on the basis of beliefs – on the basis of different isms
(thought systems like socialism, capitalism, etc.), different sects, and different sets of information
prevalent in the society. This is founded on the misunderstanding that if the pre-conditioning of
the other matches with mine, then the other is respectable, otherwise not. The truth is that
pre-conditioning and right understanding are two different things.

All this differentiation ultimately leads to discrimination, which is disrespect because it is not
naturally acceptable.

Complete Content of Respect – We are Complementary to Each Other

At the level of the Self, only the competence could be different. Competence means how much
of the potential of the Self has been realized. One Self may have realized more of its potential,
while another may have realized less of its potential.

This difference in competence is to be complementary to each other (not to discriminate and

exploit each other).
The complete content of respect is to be able to see that ‘the other is similar to me and we are
complementary’.

Defining one’s complementarity:

●  If the other has more understanding, is more responsible than me, I’m
committed to understand from the other
●  If I have more understanding than the other, I’m more responsible than the
other. I live with responsibility with the other, unconditionally, unperturbed by the
behaviour of the other. I am committed to facilitate the understanding in the other, once
the other is assured in relationship and not before that

The complete content of respect is

● The other is similar to me in terms of purpose, programme and potential and

● We are complementary to each other in terms of competence
Thus, respect is right evaluation (of intention and competence on the basis of Self). We are
similar at the level of purpose, programme and potential and we are complementary at the level
of competence.

Disrespect arises out of over-evaluation, under-evaluation or otherwise-evaluation; and also, out

of differentiation leading to discrimination on the basis of body, physical facility or beliefs.
Small incidents of disrespect can have long-lasting consequences – from not speaking to each
other, to opposition, break in relationship, divorce, fights and even war.
With the complete understanding of respect, we can see for every individual on the earth that we
all are the same in terms of intention, program and potential. The only difference may lie in the
level of competence. I may be having higher level of competence in relation to one, but may be
having lower level of competence in relation to another. With this evaluation, one can work out
the program to be complimentary to the other.

All the specific characteristics at the level of Body, physical facility, belief etc. can be used to
express that complementarity.

e.g. a person with greater physical strength do the heavy work

e.g. a person at a higher post can work for the development of more people and so on

Other Feelings, Justice in Human-to-Human Relationship Other feelings, and understand

our participation in the family.
3. Affection
Affection is the feeling of being related to the other. Affection is the feeling of acceptance for the
other as one’s relative. Lack of affection is seen in the form of opposition, jealousy, etc. The
feelings of trust and respect are essential to have the feeling of affection. When we have the
feelings of trust, we feel related to the other; otherwise we may feel opposed to the other.
4. Care
Care is the feeling of responsibility and commitment for nurturing and protection of the Body of
my relative. With the feeling of affection, one naturally takes the responsibility for development
of the relative –both at the level of Self as well as at the level of Body. Being responsible to the
Body of one’s relative is Care.
5. Guidance
Guidance is the feeling of responsibility and commitment for development of Self by ensuring the
right understanding and right feeling in the Self of my relative.
Being responsible to the Self of my relative is Guidance.
Generally, our focus is mostly on care because we have come to assume that human being is
Body. We are not even aware of the Self. Therefore, we are not aware that we have to take care of
the Self as well.
6. Reverence
Reverence is the feeling of acceptance for excellence. Excellence is to be in a state of continuous
happiness with the completeness of understanding of harmony and living in harmony at all levels.
Once we achieve excellence, it continues. Excellence is something definite, something absolute.
7. Glory
Glory is the feeling of acceptance for those who have made effort for excellence.
For all those people whom we call great people, when we accept the effort made for excellence
by them, to whatever extent they are able to achieve it, we naturally have a feeling of glory for
them.
8. Gratitude
Gratitude is the feeling of acceptance for those who have made the effort for my excellence. In
our life, there may be so many people who have been of help to us in the process of
understanding harmony and living in harmony. So, we have this feeling of gratitude for them.
Gratitude is a significant feeling in the development of relationship.
9. Love
Love is the feeling of being related to everyone, to all. It starts from affection, which we have
already explored. If this feeling expands to many and ultimately to all, it is the feeling of love. So,
we begin with the feeling of affection, and complete it with the feeling of love. That is why, Love
is called complete value.

The other sailent values in relationship, Friends and Foes, Empathy, False Prestige.

Friends
Individuals with whom one shares a close, supportive, and meaningful relationship, characterized
by mutual trust, understanding, and affection.

Key Characteristics:
1. Emotional Connection
2. Shared Interests
3. Mutual Support
4. Trust
5. Loyalty
6. Open Communication
7. Shared Experiences
8. Respect

Foes
Individuals or groups that oppose, conflict, or compete with one another, often due to differing
interests, values, or goals.

Types:
1. Adversaries (opponents in competition)
2. Enemies (hostile or antagonistic)
3. Rivals (competitors for same goal)
4. Critics (opposing viewpoints)
Empathy
The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person, perspective, or situation.

Key Elements:
1. Active Listening
2. Perspective-Taking
3. Emotional Intelligence
4. Compassion
5. Understanding
6. Non-Judgmental Attitude

False Prestige
An exaggerated or artificial sense of importance, status, or reputation, often driven by external
validation or social comparison.

Characteristics:
1. Superficiality
2. External Validation
3. Social Comparison
4. Inauthenticity
5. Overemphasis on Material Success
6. Lack of Self-Awareness
Concept of an Ideal Family
The concept of an ideal family varies across cultures, societies, and individuals. Here's a general
outline:

Characteristics of an Ideal Family:

1. Love and Affection: Unconditional love, care, and emotional support.
2. Mutual Respect: Valuing each other's thoughts, feelings, and boundaries.
3. Open Communication: Honest, clear, and respectful interaction.
4. Trust: Reliability, dependability, and faith in each other.
5. Cooperation: Collaborative decision-making and shared responsibilities.
6. Emotional Safety: A nurturing environment where members feel secure.
7. Supportive: Encouraging personal growth, development, and well-being.
8. Flexibility: Adapting to changing circumstances and needs.
9. Responsibility: Shared accountability for actions and decisions.
10. Tradition and Heritage: Preserving cultural values and legacy.
Marriage as an Institution

Marriage is one of the universal social institutions which admit men and women to family
life. It is a stable relationship in which a man and a woman are socially permitted to have
children implying the right to sexual relations. Marriage is closely connected with the institution
of family. In fact, family and marriage are complementary to each other.
Definition of Marriage
Gillin and Gillin have said marriage is a socially approved way of establishing family of
procreation.
Westermark has remarked, marriage is rooted in the family rather than the family in the marriage.
According to H.T. Mazumdar, marriage is “a socially sanctioned union of male and female or as
a secondary institution devised by society to sanction the union and mating of male and female
for purposes of a) establishing a household, b) entering into sex relations c) procreating and d)
providing care for the off-springs”.
According to Beals and Hoijer, marriage is a set of cultural patterns to sanction parenthood and
to provide a stable background for the care and rearing of the children. It is an important cultural
mechanism to ensure the continuation of the social group based on kinship.
Robert H. Lowie defines marriage as a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates.
Characteristics of Marriage
1. Marriage is found to be more or less a universal institution. All societies adopt some form of
rules for the union of male and female. The pattern or form might differ but it is universal. For
example, in Japan, celibacy is publicly condemned. In Korea, unmarried individuals are called
“half-persons”. Among the Hindus, marriage is considered as a sacrament which is regarded as
more or less obligatory to procreate and attain salvation by a person in his life.

2. Marriage is a union of man and woman. It indicates a long lasting bond between the husband
and wife.

3. Social approval is required for a man and woman to become a husband and wife to exercise
the functions.

4. Marriage gets its social recognition through some form of civil or religious ceremony. The
ceremony has its own rites, rituals, customs, formalities etc. that might differ from society to
society.

5. Marriage units the man and woman as husband and wife. It permits them to perform certain
rights, duties and support each other and their children.

Functions of Marriage

1. Marriage is a powerful instrument in regulating the sex life of man. It prohibits certain types
of sex relations also. For example, father and daughter, mother and son, brother and sister etc.
This kind of prohibition is called incest taboo.

2. Marriage is a social approval / hall mark for getting involved in sexual relations of procreation
and thus leads to the establishment of the family.

3. Marriage creates mutual understanding and cooperation between the husband and wife as a
couple to perform the household tasks.

4. Marriage provides economic cooperation.

5. Marriage contributes for emotional and intellectual support.

There are several types of marriage, including:

 Monogamy
A marriage between two people, which is the most common type of marriage in the United
States and other Western societies. Monogamy is often associated with lifelong commitment and
exclusivity.

Polygamy
A marriage between three or more people, which can be divided into two subtypes: polygyny and
polyandry. In polygyny, a man has multiple wives, while in polyandry, a woman has multiple
husbands.

Group marriage
Also known as communal marriage, this is a type of union where multiple people live together
and share resources and responsibilities.

Endogamy
The practice of marrying within a specific social, cultural, or religious group.

Exogamy
The practice of marrying outside one's social or cultural group.

Court marriage
A legal marriage that is solemnized by a marriage officer. The marriage officer issues a marriage
certificate as proof of the marriage.

Ghost marriage
A marriage that is arranged after the death of a husband. A living relative of the deceased
husband is chosen to marry and have children with his widow.

Parenting marriage
A marriage where the couple is still legally married and lives in the same house, but their
marriage is no longer intimate.

Understanding Harmony in the Society

Right understanding in the individuals is the basis for harmony in the family, which is the
building block for harmony in the society.

1. The harmony in the society begins from the individual. We need to ensure right understanding
in the individual as the foundation of harmony in the society.

2 With right understanding, the need for physical facilities in the family can be ascertained . By
assessing our needs correctly and by producing more than required the family can be prosperous.

3. Assurance of right understanding in the individuals and prosperity in the families,

understanding of human relationships leads to harmony and trust (fearlessness) in the society.
When every individual is able to live harmoniously in relationship, and the needs of all the
families are ensured, fearlessness (mutual trust) in society will naturally follow.

4. When human beings with right understanding interact with nature, it will be in consonance
with the coexistence and will be mutually enriching.

We may also understand it in the following sequence .

1. Right understanding

2. Prosperity

3. Fearlessness (trust)

4. Co-existence

Comprehensive human goals are right understanding, prosperity, fearlessness and co-existence.

Programs needed to achieve the comprehensive human goals are:

1. Education - Right Living (Siksha -Sanskar)

2. Health - Self Regulation (Svasthya - Sanyam)

3. Justice - Preservation (Nyaya - Suraksha)

4. Production - Work (Utpadan - Kriya)

5. Exchange - Storage (Vinimaya - Kosh)

Education - Right Living: Education refers to understanding harmony at all four levels of
living. While right living refers to commitment and preparedness to live in harmony at all four
levels of living.

Health - Self Regulation: Sanyama refers to a feeling of responsibility for nurturing, protecting
and rightly utilizing the body. When the body is fit to act according to the needs of the self ('I'),
and, there is harmony among the arts of the body, it is referred to as health or svasthya.

Justice - Preservation: Justice (nyaya) refers to harmony in the relationship between human
beings, while preservation (suraksha) refers to harmony in the relationship between hu man
being and the rest of nature.

Exchange - Storage: Exchange (vinimaya) refers to the exchange of physical facilities between
the members of the society while storage (kosa) refers to the storage of physical facilities that is
left after fulfilling the needs of the family.

We can now see how these five dimensions of humanistic society are able to ensure the human
goal:

Education - Right living leads to Right understanding

*Having the process of education and right living leads to right understanding in the individual.

Health - Self-regulation Leads to prosperity

*Having the program for health and Sanyam leads to well being of the body,and identification of
need for physical facilities which along with production ensures feeling of prosperity in the

family.

Justice - Preservation leads to Fearlessness and Co-existence (respectively)

*Ensuring justice in relationship, or mutual fulfillment in relationship on the basis of values like
Trust,Respect, etc. leads to fearlessness in society, while Suraksha of nature - via enrichment,
protection and right utilization leads to co-existence in nature.

Production - Work leads to Prosperity and Co-existence

*Production and work are for physical facilities, and this leads t o a feeling of prosperity in the
family.

Production is done in harmony with nature, and hence, this also leads to co-existence with
nature.

Exchange - Storage leads to Prosperity and Fearlessness

When we store and exchange for mutual fulfillment and not for exploitation, then it leads to
fearlessness (trust) in society.

Visualizing a universal harmonious order in society- Undivided Society, Universal Human

Order- from family to world family.

The sarvabhaum vyawastha (Universal Human Order) is the state of realizing the freedom of
individual in context of this universe. The respect towards mankind and nature is must to
establish the universal order. Having understood the comprehensive human goal, we are able to
be in harmony not only with human beings but also with the rest of nature. We are able to see
that we are related to every unit in the nature and ensure mutual fulfillment in that relationship.
Working on the five dimensions of human endeavor in the light of right understanding we are
able to work for an orderly living of the human society, whose foundational unit is the family and
the final destination is the world family.

Universal Human Order (Sarvabhauma Vyavastha) - feeling of being related to every unit
including human beings and other entities of nature.

Undivided society (Akhanda samaj) - feeling of being related to every human being.

An undivided human centric society is one of the higher human goals. Akhand samaj is the state
of the society where all people of different religion and thought process live together and work
towards betterment of the society.

Three activities can be performed to send the message of a holistic society:

1.Educating society through workshops, seminars and street plays: this is about organizing
workshops, seminars and street plays at various levels in society. The activity may be carried out
by N.G.O.'s but must receive the support of government organizations. These activities can be
categorized into three types which include Knowing the self, Knowing the existence on basis of
self, Knowing the definite human conduct which is contribution of self in existence.

2.Value education in educational institutions: value education should be introduced in current

education system at all levels - primary school, secondary school, senior secondary school as
well as college level.

3. Helping to apply values to the real world: organizations - both government and
non-government should open up counselling centers which can help their employees or general
public to apply values to real life situations. It is about realizing the alternatives in life. Various
individuals are on the way of self exploration, finding their natural acceptance towards holistic
approach of life and realizing it at all levels starting from self (with knowledge) to family (with
meaningful relationships), then to society (education - health - production - business - services).
The idea is not to live in isolation or individualism but with expansion of SELF to higher levels
in the social system.

Harmony from Family Order to World Family Order – Universal Human Order

The scope of the society is from family order to world family order. Every human
being has a role in one or more of the social systems, starting from the family
order, then the family cluster order and so on to the nation family order and
ultimately, the world family order, leading to universal human order.

Family order refers to the system in a family of responsible people living together
for the common human goal. The family cluster order is the next larger unit. It is
the system that a group of families evolve in order to fulfil those goals of
individual families which require the participation of more people than the family
has. The scope of the system from the family order to the world family order is
indicated below. It is ensured through successively larger and larger
complementary units,

Family Order → Family Cluster Order → Village Order → Village Cluster Order
→ … → Nation Order… → World Family Order
Natural Outcome of Right Understanding
Now if you look at the basic human aspiration and its fulfillment:
1. The happiness is ensured by having the right understanding and
right feeling in the Self.
2. The prosperity is a feeling of the availability of more than
required physical facility. To ensure it, Right understanding is
required at the base, along with physical facility.
3. The tradition of living with happiness and prosperity starts
from the family order and ultimately,continuity can be
ensured by the universal human order.
In this way, the society with happiness in every individual, prosperity in every
family, fearlessness (trust) in the society and co-existence (mutual fulfilment) in
nature/existence is realized. This is one’s participation (value) vis-à-vis society.
 UNIT 4: Understanding Harmony in the Nature and Existence - Whole existence as Co-existence
1. Understanding the harmony in the Nature and its Equanimity, Respect for all, Nature as Teacher
2. Interconnectedness and mutual fulfillment among the four orders of nature- recyclability and self-regulation
in nature
3. Understanding Existence as Co-existence of mutually interacting units in all- pervasive space
4. Holistic perception of harmony at all levels of existence.

Include practice sessions to discuss human being as cause of imbalance in nature (film “Home” can be used),
pollution, depletion of resources and role of technology etc.

Understanding Harmony in the Nature and its Equanimity, Respect for all, Nature as Teacher

The aggregate of all the mutually interacting units– big or small, sentient or insentient together can
be called nature. These units are infinite in number and we could easily observe that there exists a dynamic
balance, self-regulation among all these units. This self- regulation is harmony or balance in nature. The law of
nature has a unique cause and effect system which must be understood in order to be in harmony with the
natural law of things.

Natural harmony is necessary for the following reasons:

1. Natural harmony is necessary to solve the problem of global warming and depletion of non-renewable
natural resource can be avoided.
2. Natural harmony with trees cure all problems like– reduction of wind velocity, energy savings, doing
companion planting, development of an eco-sub system in terms of establishing a forest garden, reduction of
building heat.
3. It is possible to achieve natural harmony in the establishment, maintenance and management of
educational institution like schools, colleges and universities.
4. One can understand the depths of harmony and alignment in natural by contemplating and reflecting
upon the natural order. It is possible to unravel the mystery of the natural synthesis in the midst of ongoing
chaos at the material plane.

Interconnectedness, Self-regulation and Mutual Fulfillment among the Four Orders of Nature

Nature: Natural/ Physical /Material world (or) entire Universe

Four orders in Nature:

Everything around us can be placed under the following 4 orders–

1. Material order–Padartha/ Vastuavastha

It includes the soil, metals, compounds, liquids, gases etc (on earth) and the stars, planets, moon etc
(beyond earth)

2. Plant/Bio order–Prana avastha

It includes all flora such as grass, trees, seeds, fruits, flowers, parasitic plants, carnivorous plants.
3. Animal order–Jiva order
It includes all the animals, birds and insects (from unicellular to complex animals)

4. Human/Knowledge order– Gyana avastha

It includes all the human beings (Body+I)

Interconnectedness and Mutual fulfillment between the four Orders (Parasparata and
Paraspara Purakata):

Material Order, Plant Order, Animal Order:

Material Order helps the Plant and Animal Order by providing soil, water, oxygen, sunlight, nutrients, minerals
etc. and also provides the basis for movement.

Plant Order helps the Material Order by preventing soil erosion, producing Oxygen, absorbing CO2 etc. It helps
the Animal Order by providing food.

Animal Order helps the Material Order by enriching the soil through excreta. It helps the Plant Order in
Pollination.

Thus all the three orders are mutually interdependent and co-exist with mutual fulfilment.

Material Order, Plant Order, Animal Order, Human Order:

All the first three orders help the Human Order to have the Natural Acceptance to be mutually fulfilling with the
three orders. But human beings are not able to ensure this fulfillment.

The Material Order helps the Human Order by providing soil, minerals, metals, oxygen etc. but Human
beings in return are polluting the Material Order and depleting the fossil fuels.

The Plant order helps the Human order by proving food, oxygen and by absorbing Carbon di oxide. In return,
the Human beings are destroying forests and many species of plants and herbs.

The Animal order provides the Human order with food, wool, leather, means of labour and transport etc. The
Human beings in return have made several species of animals extinct.

Thus, except the Human order, all the other three orders are in harmony with each other and are also fulfilling
the Human order. It is high time that the human beings learn to live in harmony with the other three orders.
 Recyclability and Self-regulation in Nature

Cyclical/ Recyclability and Self- regulation are the two characteristics of Nature.
Cycles such as Food chain, Water cycle, Nitrogen and Carbon cycles help in regulating:

● Pollution (through decomposition of dead organisms in forests etc.)

● Changes in seasons to promote birth and death and regulate over growth of plants etc.
● Food chain controls over population of plants as well as animals
● Balance in male and female species disturbed by the Human Order
● Compensating for the loss of nutrients from soil through decomposed matter.

Salient aspects of the Four Orders

ORDER MATERIAL PLANT/BIO ANIMAL HUMAN

Things Soil,Air,Water Plant Body Animal Body+ Human Body+
(Vastu) <I= <I=
Activity Composition (Composition/Decomp (Composition/Decomp (Composition/Decompo
(Kriya) /Decomposition osition osition sition
+Respiration)inBody +Respiration)inBody+ +Respiration)inBody+(
(Selection)in Selection,Thought,Desir
<I= e)in<I=
+(NeedforRealization&
Understanding
)

Innateness Existence (Existence+Growth (Existence+Growth (Existence+Growth)i

(Dharana) )inBody )inBody+(Will to nBody+(Will to Live
Live)in<I= with Happiness)in
<I=
Natural Composition (Composition/Decomp (Composition/Decomp (Composition/Decompo
Characteristic /Decomposition osition osition sition
(Svabhava) + + +
Nurture/Worse Nurture/Worse Nurture/Worse
n)inBody n)inBody+(Non-cruel n)inBody+(Perseveranc
ty/Cruelty e,Bravery,Generosity)in
)in<I= <I=
Basic Recognising,Fulfil Recognising,Fulfilme (Recognising,Fulfilme (Recognising,Fulfilment
Activity ment nt nt)inBody+(Assuming )inBody+(Knowing,
(Kriya) , Assuming,
Recognising,
 Fulfilment)in Recognising,Fulfilmen
<I= t)in
<I=
Conformance Constitution Seed conformance Breed conformance RightValues
(Anu-sangita) conformance conformance

Human Beings:Our State today

ORDER ANIMAL HUMAN

Things(Vastu) Animal Body+<I= Human Body+<I=
Innateness(Dharana) (Existence+ Growth)in Body+(Will (Existence+ Growth)in Body+(Will to
to Live)in Live with
<I= Happiness)in<I=

Natural (Composition/Decomposition+ (Composition/Decomposition+

Characteristic(Svabhava Nurture/Worsen)in Body Nurture/Worsen)in Body
) +(Non-cruelty/Cruelty) +(Perseverance, Bravery,
in<I= Generosity)in<I=

Mode Reaction Response

Needs Physical Facilities Physical Facilities+ Relationship+ Right
Understanding/Knowledge

According to the above table, what is written for I on the right side marks the basic needs for us as human
beings. Surviving alone is not sufficient for us, our need for continuous happiness is our innateness. We cannot
live alone with cruelty or non-cruelty, we need to live with perseverance, bravery and generosity. Our basic
need is not just physical facilities, we also need relationships and right understanding.
Unfortunately we as human beings are living as in the left side column (animalconsciousness) in the above
table. On the other hand, our Natural Acceptance implies that we should live according to right side column
(Human consciousness) in the table.We are not making use of our knowledge to differentiate between the right
and the wrong methods of living and are living in ignorance with animal consciousness forgetting that Human
order means Knowledge order.
What is the way out?
It is high time that mankind moves from animal consciousness to human consciousness and develop the Right
Understanding so that the human order becomes fulfilling to all the other orders of nature.

Realizing Existence as Co-existence at all Levels

UNITS (Ikai):All the things in nature are called units. All units big or very small are limited in size.
For Example, a small blade of hair to the large galaxies (each unit occupies limited amount of space and has a
boundary and is countable).

SPACE (Sunya/Shoonya)=empty space found everywhere

For example: What is there between you and your book?Nothing.This Nothing or
Empty space is called Shoonya or Space.

Space is not a unit. It can’t be touched, smelled or seen. We can just see

through it. Space exists everywhere.

EXISTENCE

All the units of all orders in nature, along with the empty space constitute the Existence. Hence,
Existence = Space + Units (in space)

We can also say that all the units of all the orders exist in space,are in space and submerged in space.

Therefore Existence = Nature submerged in space

Nature = Four Orders

Being in space, all the units in nature, lead to the Complete Existential Order (Samagra Vyavastha)
Existence=Co-existence = Units submerged in spaceAll nature is submerged in space. Nature has four orders
and there are units in each order.

● Each order is limited in size from being as small as an atom to as large as a galaxy. Space,on the other
hand is unlimited. Space has no size like the units and it is not bounded.

● Each unit is dynamic and active whether it is a physical activity or physic-chemical activity or
sentient/conscious activity. Space on the other hand, doesn’t have any activity.

● All the units are active and hence, energised. There is a transfer of energy from one form to another.
Since space has no activity on its own,it is not energized. But all the units are energized in space. Hence
Space is energy in Equilibrium or it is Constant Energy. This energy is available to all the units.

● Each unit recognizes and fulfills its relation with other units.For instance, the air recognizes its
relationship with the soil, the soil with the water, the water and soil with the tree etc. this is called living
in harmony with all the four orders.

The space on the other hand, is reflecting. Every unit is reflected in the other units in space.This is why
human being feel related to one another and to the units of the other orders.Space is also transparent.
There is no obstruction in space.Thus it is reflecting, helping all the units to recognize each other.

● Every unit is an organization. Smaller units such as atoms, molecules, cells etc. combine to form bigger
organizations. All these units are selforganised. No one is supplying this organization externally. Since
● all the units exist in space, we say that Self-organization is available in space.

The following figure depict show all the four orders co-exist in space. The units are of two kinds– Material
and Conscious(I) .Material units are the ones that are recognizing and fulfilling while the Conscious units
also have the activities of knowing and assuming along with recognizing and fulfilling.
Realization and understanding ensure harmony in desires, thoughts, expectations.

· Understanding the Self(I),the activities in the I and their interrelation,

Understanding the reality of I as distinct from the body is called KNOWLEDGE OF SELF
(JIVANA GYANA)

· Understanding the harmony at all the levels of Existence is called KNOWLEDGE OF EXISTENCE
(ASTITVA DARSHANA GYANA)

· Understanding our relationship with every unit in Existence and fulfill it is called KNOWLEDGE
OF HUMAN(E) CONDUCT (MANAVIYATA PURNA ACHARANA GYANA)

The knowledge of all the above three is called right understanding. With this right understanding ,we
develop realization and understanding, and we call this as ACTIVITY COMPLETENESS or
KRIYAPURNATA.

When there is completeness in the ability of 8I9 to live with right understanding at the fourlevels,leading to
mutual fulfillment, it is called, CONDUCT COMPLETENESS or ACHARANAPURNATA.

Our role in this existence is to understand the co-existence to reach the state of KRIYAPURNATA and live
accordingly to attain ACHARANAPURNATA.

Gathansheel: The Material units are transformable, and their composition keeps on changing, hence these
are gathansheel.

Right Understanding=
Understanding of Existence+ Understanding of Self + Understanding of Human(e) conduct
=same as Harmony at 4 levels.

With lack of understanding, we are investing ourselves in growing things that do not grow and trying to stop
what any ways grows. We are trying to develop what is already cyclical in nature and not trying to develop
what is not cyclic.

We need to work on the material order for composition and construction, on plant order for growth and
development. We need to work for right understanding. This is where we really want to be.

The Holistic Perception of Harmony in Existence

At the base of the whole existence is co-existence, which unfolds in terms of units submerged in
space.
Units are limited in size; they are activity and are active. Space is unlimited, all- pervading and is
no activity. Being submerged in space, units are energised, self- organised and recognise their
relationship with every other unit in space and fulfil it.

Units are of two types – material units and consciousness units. Material units are temporary in
time, while consciousness units (Self) are continuous. Material units recognise and fulfil their
relationship with other units– their conduct is definite. Consciousness units recognise and fulfil
their relationship on the basis of assuming without knowing or assuming based on knowing – the
conduct of the human being is definite if it is operating on the basis of assuming based on
knowing; and it is indefinite if it is operating on the basis of assuming without knowing.

All material units are composed of other (simpler) material units. The smallest or fundamental
stable material unit is the atom. An atom may combine with another atom to form a molecule.
These molecules further combine to form molecular structure.
 Molecular structures can exist either as lumps, or fluids. Fluids provide
nurturing of cells and such cells combine to form plants, the animal body and
the human body.

Coming to the domain of consciousness, there is just one type of unit which
we have referred to as the Self. We can classify all the units in existence into
four orders. Material units can be classified into two orders – physical order
and bio order. The animal order is the co-existence of consciousness (Self)
and the animal body (material). The human order is also the co-existence of
consciousness (Self) and the human body (material).

Holistic Perception of harmony at all levels of existence

Holistic perception of harmony at all levels of existence refers to the understanding that all
things in the universe are interconnected and interdependent, and that harmony exists at all levels
of existence from the individual to the collective, from the physical to the spiritual. This
perception of harmony is rooted in the belief that all things are part of a larger, interconnected
whole and that each individual part contributes to the overall harmony of the universe.

At the individual level, a holistic perception of harmony recognizes that each person has a
unique role to play in the universe and that their actions and decisions have an impact on the
greater whole. This understanding encourages individuals to act in a manner that promotes
harmony, both within themselves and in the world around them.

At the collective level, a holistic perception of harmony recognizes that communities, societies,
and nations are all interconnected and interdependent. It recognizes that the actions of one group
or society can have a profound impact on the lives of others and encourages cooperation and
collaboration towards a shared goal of harmony.

In the physical world, a holistic perception of harmony recognizes that all living and non-living
things are interconnected and interdependent. This understanding encourages a respect for the
natural world and a recognition that human actions can have a profound impact on the
environment. It encourages a sustainable approach to resource use and a commitment to
preserving the natural world for future generations.

At the spiritual level, a holistic perception of harmony recognizes that the spiritual and material
realms are interconnected and interdependent. This understanding encourages recognition of the
spiritual aspect of all things and a respect for the spiritual beliefs of others. It encourages a sense
of inner peace and a commitment to creating a world in which all beings can flourish.

The importance and characteristics of a holistic perception of harmony at all levels of existence
include:
Interconnectedness: It recognizes the interconnectedness of all things in the universe and
recognizes that each individual part contributes to the overall harmony of the universe.

Unity in Diversity: It acknowledges the diversity of individuals, communities, and beliefs, but
recognizes that all things are part of a larger, interconnected whole.

Responsiveness: It encourages individuals to act in a manner that promotes harmony and to be

mindful of the impact their actions have on the greater whole.

Cooperation and Collaboration: It promotes cooperation and collaboration towards a shared

goal of harmony, recognizing that the actions of one group or society can have a profound impact
on the lives of others.

Respect for the Natural World: It encourages respect for the natural world and a sustainable
approach to resource use, recognizing that human actions can have a profound impact on the
environment.

Spiritual Awareness: It recognizes the spiritual aspect of all things and encourages a sense of
inner peace and a respect for the spiritual beliefs of others.

Holistic View of the World: It provides a framework for understanding the interconnectedness
of all things in the universe and encourages a holistic view of the world.
UNIT 5: Implications of the above Holistic Understanding of Harmony on Professional Ethics
1. Natural acceptance of human values
2. Definitiveness of Ethical Human Conduct
3. Basis for Humanistic Education, Humanistic Constitution and Humanistic Universal Order
4. Competence in professional ethics: a. Ability to utilize the professional competence for augmenting
universal human order b. Ability to identify the scope and characteristics of people friendly and eco-friendly
production systems, c. Ability to identify and develop appropriate technologies and management patterns for
above production systems.
5. Case studies of typical holistic technologies, management models and production systems
6. Vision for the Holistic alternatives, UHVs for entrepreneurship
7. Strategy for transition from the present state to Universal Human Order: (a) At the level of individual: as
socially and ecologically responsible engineers, technologists and managers (b) At the level of society: as
mutually enriching institutions and organizations – Right understanding and dilemmas of professional ethics in
today‟s world.

Include practice Exercises and Case Studies will be taken up in Practice (tutorial) Sessions eg. To discuss the
conduct as an engineer or scientist etc.

Natural Acceptance of Human Values

1. Values
Values are principles or standards that guide behavior and decisions, reflecting what is important and
meaningful to an individual or society. Values influence priorities, help define what is right or wrong, and
shape overall character. Examples include honesty, kindness, and respect.

2. Morals

Morals are beliefs about what is right or wrong, often based on cultural, religious, or societal norms. Morals
guide personal conduct, helping individuals distinguish good from bad behavior. They are generally influenced
by upbringing, community, and cultural traditions.

3. Moral Values

Moral values are specific principles that guide ethical behavior, focusing on respect, justice, fairness, honesty,
and compassion. They represent standards that individuals hold to determine what is morally right or wrong and
help in making moral decisions in personal and social contexts.

4. Ethics

Ethics is a systematic framework that evaluates principles of right and wrong conduct. It examines and
prescribes moral principles that govern a person’s or group’s behavior. Ethics is often considered at a societal
level and serves as a set of standards for conduct in different contexts, such as personal, professional, and social
life.

5. Ethical Human Conduct

Ethical human conduct refers to behavior that aligns with universally accepted moral principles and values,
such as honesty, integrity, empathy, and respect. It’s a commitment to act in ways that benefit others and
contribute positively to society, upholding ethical standards in personal and social interactions.
6. Profession

A profession is a field of work that requires specialized knowledge, skills, and training. It involves a
commitment to a particular type of service or role within society, often with a defined set of responsibilities and
ethical standards. Examples include law, medicine, education, and engineering.

Good Professional=A person having Ethical Human Conduct+ requisite Professional Skills

7. Professional Ethics

Professional ethics is a set of standards that governs the behavior and decisions of individuals within a
profession. These ethics guide professionals in upholding integrity, accountability, respect, and confidentiality,
ensuring that their actions align with the best interests of their clients, colleagues, and society.

8. Human values

Human values are the fundamental beliefs or principles that guide individuals in making ethical decisions and
living harmoniously within society. They are the ideals that emphasize compassion, respect, honesty, and
integrity, promoting the well-being of oneself and others. These values are universally accepted and serve as a
moral compass, helping individuals build meaningful relationships, contribute to social harmony, and pursue
personal and societal growth. Examples of human values include kindness, empathy, responsibility, and justice.

9.Natural acceptance

Natural acceptance is an internal process through which individuals intuitively recognize what is inherently
valuable and right for themselves and for society. It is not influenced by external pressures, but rather arises
from an innate understanding of values that contribute to personal and collective well-being. Natural acceptance
helps individuals align their actions with universal values like compassion, honesty, and respect, leading to a
harmonious and fulfilling life. This acceptance encourages genuine choices, fostering personal integrity and
lasting happiness.

Meaning of Natural Acceptance of Human Values

Natural acceptance of human values refers to the innate or internal validation of values that are universally
beneficial and lead to genuine well-being. Rather than being influenced by external societal expectations,
natural acceptance allows individuals to recognize values—like respect, trust, compassion, peace, and love—as
essential for personal and social harmony. It’s about aligning with values that feel right from within and
promote long-lasting happiness and peaceful coexistence.

Factors Influencing Natural Acceptance of Human Values

Several factors contribute to our ability to naturally accept and internalize human values:
• Self-Awareness: Being aware of one’s emotions, thoughts, and desires is key to understanding
what values truly resonate with oneself.
• Introspection: Reflecting on personal behavior, motivations, and consequences helps in
identifying values that lead to fulfillment and happiness.
• Empathy: The ability to understand others’ feelings and experiences encourages values such as
kindness, understanding, and compassion.
 • Cultural and Social Context: While natural acceptance is internal, our social and cultural
environments can guide us to become aware of positive human values.
• Education: Learning environments that encourage self-reflection, ethics, and character-building
help reinforce the understanding and acceptance of universal values.
• Role Models: Seeing values embodied in others (e.g., family, teachers, mentors) can inspire
natural acceptance by providing examples of value-driven living.

Benefits of Natural Acceptance of Human Values

The adoption of human values through natural acceptance provides various personal and social benefits:
• Inner Peace and Stability: Values like contentment, patience, and gratitude lead to a more
peaceful state of mind, reducing inner conflicts.
• Sustainable Happiness: Aligning with values naturally accepted leads to a sense of
purpose and fulfillment, fostering sustainable, long-term happiness rather than short-term pleasure.
• Healthy Relationships: Values such as trust, respect, and empathy nurture positive and
enduring relationships with others.
• Social Harmony: When individuals act based on universally accepted values, society as a
whole experiences greater harmony, reducing conflicts and misunderstandings.
• Moral Clarity: Natural acceptance helps individuals develop a clear moral compass,
guiding their decisions and actions in a way that aligns with the greater good.
• Personal Growth and Resilience: Adopting values like responsibility, courage, and
integrity strengthens personal growth, making individuals more resilient to challenges.

Process of Natural Acceptance of Human Values

The process involves a step-by-step journey of introspection, reflection, and alignment:

• Self-Reflection: Begin by exploring your beliefs, thoughts, and motivations. Reflect on
whether they contribute to happiness and harmony.
• Questioning and Validation: Ask yourself questions like, “Does this value lead to
long-term well-being?” or “Is this beneficial for both myself and others?”
• Acceptance and Alignment: Once certain values feel naturally right, begin aligning your
thoughts and actions with these values.
• Internalization: Practice these values consistently until they become a natural part of your
behavior and perspective.
• Continuous Reflection and Adaptation: Regularly assess and reaffirm your values as you
grow, ensuring they remain aligned with your deeper sense of purpose.

DEFINITIVENESS OF ETHICAL HUMAN CONDUCT

The definitiveness of ethical human conduct is understood in terms of definiteness ofvalues,

policies and character and it is universal.

1. Values (Mulya) –they are part of our Ethical conduct and are the outcome of our
realization and understanding. They are always definite(30 in number).

Thereare30Valuesinallforahumanbeing:

· With in the Self (in<I=)–4Values

Sukha(Happiness),Shanti(Peace),Santosa(Satisfiction),Ananda(bliss)

· As a human being, in participation in the universal order – 6 ValuesvPerseverance(

Dhirata), Bravery(Virata), Generosity( Udarata), Kindness (Daya), Beneficience ( Kripa),
Compassion( Karuna)

· In human relationships with other human beings–18Values

Trust(Viswasa), Respect( Sammana), Affection( Sneha), Care( Mamata), Guidance(Vatsalya),
Reverence( Shraddha), Glory( Gaurava), Gratitude( Kritagyata), Love( Prema),
Complementariness( Soujanyata), Compliance (Souhardra), Commitment (Nista),
Generosity(Udarata), Spontaneity( Sahajata), Obedience(Pujyata), Ease
(Saralata),Self-restraint(Saumyata),Unanimity(Ananyata)

· Human beings in interaction with rest of the nature –2 Values Utility

Value( Upayogita mulya), Artistic Value( Kala mulya)

2. Policy(Neethi) – It refers to developing an ethical sense in all our pursuits and think,
behave and work towards nurturing this harmony. It is a manifestation of right understanding in
deciding upon the enrichment,protection and right utilization of the three resources namely, Mana
(mind),Tana (body) and Dhana (wealth) .(3 in number)
· Economic Policy(Arthaniti)–policy for enrichment of wealth
· Political Policy(Rajyaniti)–policy for protection of body and wealth
. Policy for Universal Human Order (Dharmaniti)–policy for the right utilization of mind,
body and wealth.

3. Character(Charitra)–definiteness of our living and character(3 in number)

· Chastity in Conjugal relationship(husband-wife relationship)
· Rightful production, acquisition and utilization of wealth
· Human behavior and work with kindness

This definitiveness of human conduct in terms of values, policies and characteristic termed as
Ethics.

A human being with ethical human conduct coupled with requisite professional skills becomes a good
professional like a good doctor, a good teacher etc.

● Ethical conduct should be naturally acceptable to us and should not give rise to conflicts
within.
● It should be in consonance with the right understanding of the reality.
● It should lead to mutual fulfillment with other people and mutual enrichment with rest of
the nature.
● It should be self-satisfying,people-friendly,eco-friendly and universal.

IDENTIFICATION OF SVATVA LEADING TO SVATANTRATA AND SVARAJYA

The process of Self Exploration which starts as a dialogue within us, helps us in getting rid of our
preconceived notions, dilemmas, contradictions, compulsions, both internal and external. This
helps us to explore our Svatva( Natural Acceptance) at different levelsof our living. Living
according to our Svatva, we become Svatantra. When we are able to live in harmony with others,
we participate in Svarajya.
 DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS

Right understanding helps the human beings to transform from animal consciousness to human
consciousness. Self-exploration leads to a development in our consciousness and brings about a
change in our goals , priorities and selection criteria. This brings about positive changes in the
lives of human beings at the levels of individual, family, society and nature.

IMPLICATIONS OFVALUE- BASED LIVING

1. At the level of Individual:

Getting ridof frustration, depression, conflicts etc. and developing good health, happiness and
prosperity.
2. At the level of Family:
Reduced family feuds,feeling of togetherness, the feeling to nurture others, living on the
basis of human consciousness and not on the basis of animal consciousness
3. At the level of Society:
Relationships get higher priority over physical facilities leading to increase in fearlessness and
mutual trust, differentiations based on the body, physical facilities,beliefs will get reduced,
conflicts between communities,nations,races etc. will get reduced, problems of naxalism,
terrorism, war etc.will be solved, feeling of undividedness will be developed leading to the
fulfillment of the common human goal.
4. At the level of Nature:
Problems of pollution, resource depletion, ecological imbalance etc. will be solved, better methods
of farming and production will be found, afforestation will be done and animals will be protected
from being extinct.

Basis For The Holistic Alternative Towards Universal Human Order Holistic=a belief
that all parts are interconnected to form a whole(dealing with the whole rather than the
individual units)

Vision of Holistic Alternative = choosing to deal with the whole rather than with
individual units

Identifying Comprehensive Human Goal

The Comprehensive Human Goal consists of:

BASIS OF HUMANISTIC EDUCATION & HUMANISTIC CONSTITUTION
AND UNIVERSAL HUMAN ORDER

Implementation of Right Understanding leads to change in

education system (humanistic education)

(thus)Education changes from mere reading, writing, arithmetic to understanding and

developing harmony at all levels.

Humanistic Education

emphasizes on
self-exploration
leads to
self-evolution

Humanistic Constitution

Subsides conflicts ranging from family level to global level.

Universal Human Order and its Implications

COMPETENCE IN PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

Profession: The participation of human beings in the larger order to pursue the
Comprehensive Human Goal
It is a participation involving production and production related activities. It helps to
Provide physical facilities for one self and ones family.

Professional Education: The education which helps to acquire the specific skills and
knowledge for any profession

Professional Ethics (also called Ethical Conduct of Profession):right utilization of

ones professional skills

● A competent professional should carry out his profession with Right

Understanding, Dexterity and Commitment. His efforts should be conducive to
human welfare, to the happiness and prosperity of everyone and to the
enrichment of nature.

To have competence in professional ethics, one should have:

· Clarity about the Comprehensive Human Goal

· Confidence in yourself and in harmony at all levels
· Competence of mutually fulfilling behavior with ethical conduct
· Competence of mutually enriching interaction with nature
· Competence of actualizing/implementing of ones understanding

Explanation

Professional ethics means to develop professional competence with ethical

human conduct. Developing ethical competence in the individual
(profession) is the only effective way to ensure professional ethics. The
development of ethical competence is a long term process to be achieved
through appropriate value education. As profession is only a subset of the
life activities, the competence in profession will only be the manifestation
of one's right understanding. The salient features
Characterizing this competence can be summarized as follows:
1. Clarity about comprehensive human goal: Samadhan -Samridhi
-Abhay -Sah-astitva, and its fulfilment through universal human order.
2. Confidence in oneself: Based on the right understanding of oneself
and the rest of existence.
3. Mutually fulfilling behaviour: Clarity and confidence in ethical
human conduct and its correlation with sustained personal as well as
collective happiness and prosperity.
4. Mutually enriching interaction with nature: Self-sufficiency in
fulfillment of physical needs; ability to assess the needs for physical
facilities for the family and their fulfillment through production systems
ensuring harmony in the nature. In the light of the above, one acquires the
ability to identify and develop appropriate (people-friendly and
eco-friendly) technologies, production systems etc.

Issues in Professional Ethics–The Current Scenario

Issues such as Corruption, Tax evasion, Cut-throat competition, Consumer Exploitation,

Adulteration, Endangering Public Health and Safety, Hoarding (accumulating) and
Overcharging, Unethical Advertisements and Sales Promotions etc.

Examples:

● Bhopal Gas Tragedy, Chernobyl Disaster

● Hawala and Benami transactions
● Drug mafia, Builders mafia, Arms mafia
● Promoting harmful products like Pan masala etc.

The way out:

● Introducing Awareness Programmes, New Courses, Case Studies

● By administering Oaths & Prescribing Codes of ethical Conduct for professions.
● Carrying out intensive audits
● Implementing strict laws and harder punishments
● Carrying out<Sting Operations=
● Encourage whistle blowing by Individuals and Groups

Inherent Contradictions and Dilemmas:

Several businesses follow the policy

Your loss is my gain=
Examples:

● Cigarettes,Gutkas,Pan-masalasareadvertisedinaglamourous,temptingmanner
But come with Statuatory Warnings such as Injurious to Health=etc.

● The professions of Doctors, Lawyers, Defence Personnel etc. Often, the common
mans question is: Should we buy them or Should we not? Such contradictions and
dilemmas occur due to prime focus on profit maximization. The only solution to all such
dilemmas is RIGHT UNDERSTANDING.

HOLISTIC TECHNOLOGIES, PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND

MANAGEMENT MODELS-TYPICAL CASE STUDIES

There are three broad criteria to guide the development of technologies and systems
conducive to human welfare:

1. Catering to appropriate needs and lifestyles

2. People friendly
3. Eco friendly

More specifically, it can be described as follows:

Criteria for technologies–

· Catering to real human needs

· Compatible with natural systems and cycles
· Facilitating effective utilization of human body, animals, plants and materials
· Safe, user friendly and conducive to health
· Producible with local resources and expertise as far as possible
· Promoting the use of renewable energy resources
· Low cost and energy efficient
· Enhancing human interaction and cooperation
· Promoting decentralization
· Durability and life cycle recyclability of products

Criteria for Production Systems

What to produce ?
How to produce ?
For whom to produce?
And how much to produce?
Criteria to judge the appropriateness of production systems

· Optimal utilization of local resources and expertise

· Economic viability and sustainability
· Priority for local consumption
· Matching the pattern of production with the availability / producibility in the
local environment and
the pattern of consumption
· Decentralized systems capable of meaningful employment of people in the
community
· Facilitating production by masses and not mass production in a centralized
mode
· Promoting individual creativity and sense of accomplishment
· Using people-friendly and eco-friendly technologies
· Ensuring requisit equality of production
. Safe and conducive to health of persons involved in production as well as to others.

Criteria for Humanistic Management Models

· The whole unit working as a well-knit family

· Cooperative and motivational
· Ensuring correct appraisal of human labour
· Targeting employer-employee as well as consumer satisfaction and not profit
maximization
· Sharing of responsibility and participative mode of management
· Continuous value addition of the persons involved
· Effectively integrating individual competencies and complimentarity

A Critical Appraisal of the Prevailing Systems

● The present day model shave been developed from the materialistic world view.
● They are using latest scientific knowledge and sophisticated technologies
● But they are incompatible with ecology and not conducive to Human Welfare.
● Heavily dependent on non-renewable sources causing depletion as well as
pollution
● Natural resources, labour etc.are being substituted with the artificial ones.
● More complicated systems which are highly capital and energy intensive
● Although labeled as user friendly, and of being superior quality products or
systems, they are not conducive to human welfare.

Learning from the Systems in Nature and Traditional Practices

To gain an insight into the holistic systems we need to learn from the systems of
nature and from traditional practices.The modern world is living with a wrong notion
that nature is meant to be controlled and exploited for human enjoyment. This is
what is termed as development these days. But in reality, human beings are an
integral part of this self-sustaining nature. Hence it is essential that they live in
harmony with nature.

Similarly, with the increase in knowledge and skills, and changing needs, many
improvisations are being made in technologies. But they are not as eco-friendly and
people-friendly as the traditional practices. Hence, it is necessary that the
improvisations should recognize and retain the good qualities of the traditional
practices.

Case Studies of Typical Holistic Technologies, Management Models

& Production Systems:
The ability & criteria to develop Holistic systems comes through
understanding of harmony at various levels along with the appreciation of
comprehensive human goal.
Following criteria need to be considered
● Renewability
● Preservation of natural balance
● Utilizing local resources and expertise
● Decentralized and conducive to meaningful mass employment
● Catering to real needs
● Matching of production, distribution and consumption etc
● Case studies can be done on models like
● Biomass based Energy Technologies
● Animal driven gadgets
● Micro Hydel and wind power Prime movers
● Solar energy devices
● Eco-sanitation Technologies
● Green building materials and techniques
● Watershed management
● Eco-friendly agriculture
● Management models
● Gramin Bank
● Lizzat cooperatives
● Auroville
● Ralegaon sidhi
 ● Brahma Kumaris
● Emerging Technologies
● Every day, the world produces carbon dioxide that is released to the
earth‟s atmosphere and which will still be there in one hundred
years „time. This increased content of Carbon Dioxide increases the
warmth of our planet and is the main cause of the so called “Global
Warming Effect”. One answer to global warming is to replace and
retrofit current technologies with Holistic alternatives that have
comparable or better performance, but do not emit carbon dioxide.
We call this Alternate or holistic energy.
● By 2050, one-third of the world's energy will need to come from solar,
water, bio- mass, wind, geothermal and other renewable resources.
Climate change, population growth, and fossil fuel depletion mean that
renewable will need to play a bigger role in the future than they do
today. The use of clean alternative energies such as the home use of
solar power systems will help ensure man's survival into the 21st century
and beyond.
II. ENERGY NEEDS AND FUTURE

● According to Index Mundi, the energy needs of individuals in terms

of electricity consumption per capita (kWh per person) the highest
is in Iceland and lowest is in Afghanistan. India ranks 153rd
Iceland 52620 kWh/person (Highest)
Norway 24558 kWh/person (2nd Highest)
Kuwait 16091 kWh/person (3rd Highest)
United States 11920 kWh/person (9th)
China 3494 kWh/person (70th)
India 498 kWh/person (153rd)
Pakistan 390kWh/person (159th) …….{as per June 2012 data}
III. HOLISTIC APPROACH TO LIFE
● What if the major problems now humanity is facing like poverty,
emerging diseases, resources crunch, overpopulation and global
warming, to name a few were so intertwined that we couldn't hope
to address one without addressing the others? And what if we really
couldn't expect to address many at once without changing our
approach entirely?
● Earlier methods to solve the crisis no longer suffice for the task at
hand. Only more holistic approach is required like:
❖ Life cycle thinking
❖ Global collaboration
 ❖ Market based incentives to Holistic production
❖ Integrated interdisciplinary solutions
❖ Investments in sustainable systems
IV. POPULATION AND RESOURCES SCENARIO
❖ Also we must have a close look at the population scenario of the Globe. Global
population growth will create a perfect storm of food, water and energy shortages
by 2030, according to the UK government‟s chief scientist. By 2030, world
population is expected to hit 8.3 billion, causing a 50 percent increase in the
global demand for food and energy and a 30 percent increase in the demand for
fresh drinking water a resource that is already in short supply for about a third of
the world‟s people. Researchers found a six-fold increase in water and energy
use for only a two-fold increase in population size. The World Health
Organization has reported that environmental degradation due to excessive
dependence on Fossil Fuels, combined with the growth in world population, is a
major cause of the rapid increase in human diseases.
Strategy for transition from the present state to Universal Human Order:

Today we are generally trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by maximizing

accumulation and consumption of physical facilities. This effort is giving rise to
many problems manifest today at the level of individual, family, society and the
nature. These problems are:

• At the level of individual–Rising problems of depression, anxiety,

suicides, stress, insecurity, increasing health problems, lack of confidence
and conviction etc.

• At the level of family–Breaking up of joint families, mistrust and

disharmony in relationships, divorce, generation gap, dowry deaths, neglect
of older people etc.

• At the level of society–Growing incidences of terrorism, violence,

communalism, racial and ethnic struggle, corruption, adulteration,
exploitation, wars between nations, proliferation of lethal weapons etc.

• At the level of nature–Global warming, weather imbalances,

depletion of mineral and energy resources, deforestation, soil degradation
etc.

All the problems are a direct outcome of an incorrect understanding, our

wrong notion about happiness and prosperity and their continuity.

The implications of value based strategies can be understood in the following terms:

1. At the level of the individual –Achieve happiness, peace,

contentment and bliss in the self, perseverance, bravery and generosity in
living of the individual. The individual get rid of the tensions, frustrations,
depression, and other such situations

2. At the level of the family -Mutual fulfillment in relationships,

prosperity in the family, sustenance of joint families, family as the building
block of societal order in place of law enforcing bodies, respect for all
without differentiation on the basis of age, gender, caste, race, money, post,
creed, etc.

3. At the level of the society –Fearlessness in the society, holistic

systems for education, health, justice, production, exchange and storage,
harmony between nations, world growing as a family. Differentiations on
the basis of body, physical facilities and beliefs will be reduced.
4. At the level of nature –Co-existence of all units in nature, earth getting more
and more suited for sustenance of all entities on the globe, balance of seasons, proper
development. The problems of pollution and resource depletion can be solved.

STRATEGIES FOR TRANSITION TOWARDS VALUE-BASED LIFE AND

PROFESSION.

Transitioning towards a value-based life and profession involves cultivating principles

and practices that emphasize ethics, integrity, and purpose over short-term gains. Here
are some key strategies for making this shift:

1. Define Your Core Values

• Self-Reflection: Identify what matters most to you—honesty, empathy,

respect, or sustainability. Clarify your personal and professional values through
introspection and assess how they align with your current lifestyle.
• Purpose-Driven Goals: Develop goals that reflect these core values. When
goals are tied to a larger purpose, motivation and fulfillment naturally increase.

2. Embrace Mindfulness

• Daily Mindfulness Practices: Regular practices like meditation, journaling,

or mindful breathing can help bring awareness to decisions, aligning them with your
values rather than impulsive or convenience-driven choices.
• Value-Based Decision Making: Pause before making decisions to ensure
they align with your ethical standards and the impact you want to have on others.

3. Practice Empathy and Compassion

• Listening Skills: Cultivate active listening skills to understand others’

perspectives. This helps in building empathy, which strengthens relationships and fosters
an ethical, compassionate approach.
• Service-Oriented Mindset: Focus on helping and adding value to others,
whether in personal interactions or professional roles, creating a positive impact beyond
personal gains.

4. Commit to Lifelong Learning

• Ethical Development: Regularly educate yourself on ethics, sustainability,

and leadership values through books, courses, and mentors.
• Adaptation and Growth: Embrace change and be open to evolving your
value-based perspectives, as new information and experiences can help deepen and
refine your beliefs.

5. Seek Purpose-Driven Work

• Alignment with Organizational Values: When choosing a profession or

role, look for organizations that reflect your personal values. Working within a company
that prioritizes sustainability, ethics, or social responsibility can strengthen your
commitment.
• Community and Impact: Engage in roles where your work has a tangible
positive impact on society, allowing you to experience purpose and fulfillment.

6. Develop Resilience and Integrity

• Integrity in Adversity: Maintain your values even when faced with

challenges or temptations to take shortcuts. Resilience can help you stay grounded,
especially when values are tested.
• Ethical Boundaries: Set clear boundaries to avoid compromising your
values. This may include saying “no” to certain projects, clients, or tasks that conflict
with your principles.

7. Cultivate a Supportive Network

• Surround Yourself with Like-Minded Individuals: Build a community of

friends, colleagues, and mentors who share similar values and can support you in staying
true to your principles.
• Accountability Partnerships: Form partnerships where you and a trusted
individual hold each other accountable in maintaining a value-based approach in both
life and work.

8. Measure Success by Fulfillment, Not Just Achievement

• Redefine Success: Shift your definition of success to focus on how aligned

you are with your values, rather than purely on financial or career milestones.
• Reflect on Progress: Regularly assess how closely your actions align with
your principles, celebrating small wins that reinforce a value-centered approach.

Transitioning to a value-based life and profession is an ongoing process that involves

consistency, patience, and self-compassion. As these strategies become second nature,
they can help create a lasting impact that goes beyond individual success, contributing to
a more ethical and compassionate society.
Steps for transition at the level of Family, Society and Profession
Promoting Mass Awareness and Moving Towards Humanistic
Education:
The most crucial step to affect transition in the society is by creating mass awareness
and by motivating people for self-exploration. This awareness can be brought about
through personal interaction, popular literature, formal courses, work shops and
seminars at various levels like schools, colleges, professional institutions etc.

Evolving Holistic Models of Living:

It is necessary to develop holistic models of living such as the development of
holistic technologies, production systems, and management models to to actualize
the holistic ways of life.

Amending Policies, Programs and Social Systems in Tune with Comprehensive

Human Goal:
All our policies, programs, technologies and professions as well as the economic,
political and social systems need to be gradually modified to suit the holistic world
view.

Is the Transition too Difficult?

It is often said that the vision for holistic alternative is idealistic and very difficult to
achieve. But it is a wrong notion. Even small steps towards right understanding are
very soo thing, mutually fulfilling and confidence giving.The more we explore within
ourselves, the more we develop the understanding and realization for the need of the
holistic alternatives.

Conclusion
To ensure continuous happiness and prosperity in the human order,the transition to
human consciousness is required.To bring about this transition towards the holistic
alternative,it is necessary to create mass awareness and facilitate wide spread humanistic
 education. Also, extensive research has to be done to evolve and implement holistic
technologies and systems. It is also necessary to make appropriate amendments in the
policies,programs and social systems to facilitate the transition.

JOURNEY TOWARDS THE HOLISTIC ALTERNATIVE–THEROADAHEAD

Appreciating the need for Self-Exploration

The journey towards the holistic alternative begins with the need to appreciate the needfor
self-exploration. Through self-exploration, when we are able to realize the difference between
what we are and what we really want to be, then the urgency of taking the corrective steps
becomes clear.

Facilitating the Understanding of Harmony at various levels

After realizing the need for self-exploration, the next important step is to have access tothe
ways and means to facilitate its process. This will help to discover the harmony at
variouslevelsstartingfromourown-selfspanninguptotheentireexistence.

Steps for evolution at the individual level

An exposure to the framework of right understanding has to be carried out with

perseveranceandcommitmenttillweourselvesbecomeconfidenttocarryoutthe process of
self-exploration and self-evolution in all human endeavours.

Unethical practices in the society (food for thought)

The unethical practices are rapidly increasing and their impact is also becoming far- reaching. Corruption
in multifarious manifestations is afflicting all the professions like a virus. Similarly, other unethical
practices are also pro life rating and getting out of control. It appears as if human in genuity is being
increasingly harnessed to devise newer and subtler ways to thwart the ethical conduct of profession, to
twist the laws and to beat the system.
As a result of this epidemic of unethical practices, we are frequently coming across serious scams, major
economic offences and kick backs in large scale purchases. Lapses on the part of big organizations in
ethical conduct of profession have led to large scale disasters, such as Bhopal Gas Tragedy, the
Chernobyl Disaster, etc. endangering public life and prosperity, and causing serious degradation to
environment.

This menace becomes even more serious as unethical politics are adopted collectively by large industries,
cartels, multinational corporations and even national governments. We are also quite familiar how
misleading propaganda, advertisements using sex-appeal, the influence of show business ad celebrities
are being employed to influence the public mind for promoting all types of products which are not quite
conductive to human welfare.

We may enlist some salient categories of these unethical practices as follows:

· Corruption in multiple forms and at various levels.

· Tax evasion, mis appropriation and misuse of public funds

· Misleading propaganda, unethical advertisements and sale promotion.

· Cut-throat competition.

· Exploiting the weakness of consumers through various enticements

· Adulteration and spurious production

· Endangering the health and safety of public at large.

· Hoarding and over-charging etc.

…………the list could be much longer.

Current world views leading to contradictions and dilemmas in professional life

We can understand more clearly through examples how the contradictions and dilemmas are inherently
generated by the prevailing worldview in which wealth maximization is perceived to be the prime
objective. In such a paradigm, your loss is my gain. Thus the other persons happiness seems to be in
conflict with my happiness. In that case, the other people have to be exploited for one to gain affluence
and there is no possibility of mutual fulfillment in a sustainable way.

In the same way, exploitation of nature also becomes acceptable as it helps a person to accumulate wealth
easily and there is no limit to this. Let us analyse how such a world view affects the propensity of people
in different professions. Take the example of business circles, whenever there is a scarcity of commodity
due to say–monsoon failure or other natural disturbances or wars etc, the people in general are in distress
and need succor; however in such a situation the businessmen endowed with materialistic worldview will
feel elated and look at it as an opportunity to make maximum profit. They feel that the market is
improving and they should take the maximum advantage of it, even accentuate it by hoarding and black
marketing to serve their objective. Thus the interest of such business men and the consumers in general
come in direct conflict. While in reality they are expected to be mutually complementary.

In a similar way, ethical practices like adulteration and spurious production etc. are also adopted in an
attempt to increase profits-all be it at the cost of greatly endangering public health and safety. An
interesting example of the prevailing dichotomy is evident in the advertisements that we daily come
across, particularly in case of various evidently harmful products like cigarettes, pan masala etc. Where
on one hand, the use of these products is highly glamorized to attract the consumers and in the end there
is an inconspicuous statutory warning indicating that the use of these products is injurious to health. Thus
there is clear tendency of making profits by promoting the sale of the products which are injurious to
public health. In such a situation the dilemma as to how much importance is to be given to one’s profit
and how much to the welfare always remains unresolved.