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A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-

packages.

Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and user-
defined package.

There are many built-in packages such as java, lang, awt, javax, swing,
net, io, util, sql etc.

Here, we will have the detailed learning of creating and using user-defined
packages.

Advantage of Java Package

1) Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that

they can be easily maintained.

2) Java package provides access protection.

3) Java package removes naming collision.

Simple example of java package
The package keyword is used to create a package in java.

1. //save as Simple.java
2. package mypack;
3. public class Simple{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. System.out.println("Welcome to package");
6. }
7. }

How to compile java package

If you are not using any IDE, you need to follow the syntax given below:

1. javac -d directory javafilename

For example
javac -d . Simple.java

The -d switch specifies the destination where to put the generated class
file. You can use any directory name like /home (in case of Linux), d:/abc
(in case of windows) etc. If you want to keep the package within the same
directory, you can use . (dot).

How to run java package program

You need to use fully qualified name e.g. mypack.Simple etc to run the
class.

To Compile: javac -d . Simple.java

To Run: java mypack.Simple
Output:Welcome to package

How to access package from another package?

There are three ways to access the package from outside the package.

1. import package.*;
 2. import package.classname;
3. fully qualified name.

1) Using packagename.*
If you use package.* then all the classes and interfaces of this package
will be accessible but not subpackages.

The import keyword is used to make the classes and interface of another
package accessible to the current package.

Example of package that import the packagename.*

1. //save by A.java
2. package pack;
3. public class A{
4. public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
5. }
1. //save by B.java
2. package mypack;
3. import pack.*;
4.
5. class B{
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. A obj = new A();
8. obj.msg();
9. }
10.}
Output:Hello

2) Using packagename.classname

If you import package.classname then only declared class of this package

will be accessible.

Example of package by import package.classname

1. //save by A.java
2.
 3. package pack;
4. public class A{
5. public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
6. }
1. //save by B.java
2. package mypack;
3. import pack.A;
4.
5. class B{
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. A obj = new A();
8. obj.msg();
9. }
10.}
Output:Hello

3) Using fully qualified name

If you use fully qualified name then only declared class of this package will
be accessible. Now there is no need to import. But you need to use fully
qualified name every time when you are accessing the class or interface.

It is generally used when two packages have same class name e.g.
java.util and java.sql packages contain Date class.

Example of package by import fully qualified name

1. //save by A.java
2. package pack;
3. public class A{
4. public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
5. }

1. //save by B.java
2. package mypack;
3. class B{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. pack.A obj = new pack.A();//using fully qualified name
6. obj.msg();
7. }
 8. }
Output:Hello

Note: Sequence of the program must be package then import then class.

Subpackage in java
Package inside the package is called the subpackage. It should be
created to categorize the package further.

Example of Subpackage
1. package com.javatpoint.core;
2. class Simple{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. System.out.println("Hello subpackage");
5. }
6. }
To Compile: javac -d . Simple.java

To Run: java com.javatpoint.core.Simple

Output:Hello subpackage

How to send the class file to another directory or

drive?
There is a scenario, I want to put the class file of A.java source file in
classes folder of c: drive. For example:
 1. //save as Simple.java
2. package mypack;
3. public class Simple{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. System.out.println("Welcome to package");
6. }
7. }

Ways to load the class files or jar files

There are two ways to load the class files temporary and permanent.

o Temporary
o By setting the classpath in the command prompt
o By -classpath switch
o Permanent
o By setting the classpath in the environment variables
 o By creating the jar file, that contains all the class files, and
copying the jar file in the jre/lib/ext folder.

Rule: There can be only one public class in a java source file and it must be saved
by the public class name.
1. //save as C.java otherwise Compilte Time Error
2.
3. class A{}
4. class B{}
5. public class C{}
How to put two public classes in a package?
If you want to put two public classes in a package, have two java source files containing one
public class, but keep the package name same. For example:

1. //save as A.java
2.
3. package javatpoint;
4. public class A{}
1. //save as B.java
2.
3. package javatpoint;
4. public class B{}

An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and

abstract methods.

The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be

only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method body. It is used to
achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.

Why use Java interface?

There are mainly three reasons to use interface. They are given below.

o It is used to achieve abstraction.

o By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple
inheritance.
o It can be used to achieve loose coupling.
How to declare an interface?
An interface is declared by using the interface keyword. It provides total
abstraction; means all the methods in an interface are declared with the
empty body, and all the fields are public, static and final by default. A
class that implements an interface must implement all the methods
declared in the interface.

Syntax:
1. interface <interface_name>{
2.
3. // declare constant fields
4. // declare methods that abstract
5. // by default.
6. }

The relationship between classes and interfaces

As shown in the figure given below, a class extends another class, an
interface extends another interface, but a class implements an
interface.

Java Interface Example

In this example, the Printable interface has only one method, and its
implementation is provided in the A6 class.

1. interface printable{
2. void print();
 3. }
4. class A6 implements printable{
5. public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
6.
7. public static void main(String args[]){
8. A6 obj = new A6();
9. obj.print();
10. }
11. }

Java Interface Example: Drawable

In this example, the Drawable interface has only one method. Its
implementation is provided by Rectangle and Circle classes. In a real
scenario, an interface is defined by someone else, but its implementation
is provided by different implementation providers. Moreover, it is used by
someone else. The implementation part is hidden by the user who uses
the interface.

File: TestInterface1.java

1. //Interface declaration: by first user

2. interface Drawable{
3. void draw();
4. }
5. //Implementation: by second user
6. class Rectangle implements Drawable{
7. public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
8. }
9. class Circle implements Drawable{
10. public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle");}
11. }
12. //Using interface: by third user
13. class TestInterface1{
14. public static void main(String args[]){
15. Drawable d=new Circle();//In real scenario, object is provided
by method e.g. getDrawable()
16. d.draw();
17. }}
Java Interface Example: Bank
Let's see another example of java interface which provides the
implementation of Bank interface.

File: TestInterface2.java

1. interface Bank{
2. float rateOfInterest();
3. }
4. class SBI implements Bank{
5. public float rateOfInterest(){return 9.15f;}
6. }
7. class PNB implements Bank{
8. public float rateOfInterest(){return 9.7f;}
9. }
10. class TestInterface2{
11. public static void main(String[] args){
12. Bank b=new SBI();
13. System.out.println("ROI: "+b.rateOfInterest());
14. }}

Multiple inheritance in Java by interface

If a class implements multiple interfaces, or an interface extends multiple
interfaces, it is known as multiple inheritance.

1. interface Printable{
2. void print();
3. }
4. interface Showable{
5. void show();
6. }
7. class A7 implements Printable,Showable{
8. public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
9. public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
10.
11. public static void main(String args[]){
 12. A7 obj = new A7();
13. obj.print();
14. obj.show();
15. }
16. }

Multiple Interfaces
To implement multiple interfaces, separate them with a comma:

Example
interface FirstInterface {

public void myMethod(); // interface method

interface SecondInterface {

public void myOtherMethod(); // interface method

class DemoClass implements FirstInterface, SecondInterface {

public void myMethod() {

System.out.println("Some text..");

public void myOtherMethod() {

System.out.println("Some other text...");

class Main {
 public static void main(String[] args) {

DemoClass myObj = new DemoClass();

myObj.myMethod();

myObj.myOtherMethod();

Interface inheritance
A class implements an interface, but one interface extends another
interface.

1. interface Printable{
2. void print();
3. }
4. interface Showable extends Printable{
5. void show();
6. }
7. class TestInterface4 implements Showable{
8. public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
9. public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
10.
11. public static void main(String args[]){
12. TestInterface4 obj = new TestInterface4();
13. obj.print();
14. obj.show();
15. }
16. }

Java 8 Default Method in Interface

Since Java 8, we can have method body in interface. But we need to make
it default method. Let's see an example:

File: TestInterfaceDefault.java
 1. interface Drawable{
2. void draw();
3. default void msg(){System.out.println("default method");}
4. }
5. class Rectangle implements Drawable{
6. public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
7. }
8. class TestInterfaceDefault{
9. public static void main(String args[]){
10. Drawable d=new Rectangle();
11. d.draw();
12. d.msg();
13. }}

Java 8 Static Method in Interface

Since Java 8, we can have static method in interface. Let's see an
example:

File: TestInterfaceStatic.java

1. interface Drawable{
2. void draw();
3. static int cube(int x){return x*x*x;}
4. }
5. class Rectangle implements Drawable{
6. public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
7. }
8.
9. class TestInterfaceStatic{
10. public static void main(String args[]){
11. Drawable d=new Rectangle();
12. d.draw();
13. System.out.println(Drawable.cube(3));
14. }}

Q) What is marker or tagged interface?

An interface which has no member is known as a marker or tagged
interface, for example, Serializable, Cloneable, Remote, etc. They are
used to provide some essential information to the JVM so that JVM may
perform some useful operation.

1. //How Serializable interface is written?

2. public interface Serializable{
3. }

Nested Interface in Java

Note: An interface can have another interface which is known as a nested
interface. We will learn it in detail in the nested classes chapter. For
example:

1. interface printable{
2. void print();
3. interface MessagePrintable{
4. void msg();
5. }
6. }

Difference between abstract class and

interface
Abstract class and interface both are used to achieve abstraction where
we can declare the abstract methods. Abstract class and interface both
can't be instantiated.

But there are many differences between abstract class and interface that
are given below.

Abstract class Interface

1) Abstract class can have abstract and Interface can have only abstract methods.
non-abstract methods. Since Java 8, it can have default and static
methods also.

2) Abstract class doesn't support Interface supports multiple inheritance.

multiple inheritance.
3) Abstract class can have final, non- Interface has only static and final
final, static and non-static variables. variables.

4) Abstract class can provide the Interface can't provide the

implementation of interface. implementation of abstract class.

5) The abstract keyword is used to The interface keyword is used to declare

declare abstract class. interface.

6) An abstract class can extend another An interface can extend another Java
Java class and implement multiple Java interface only.
interfaces.

7) An abstract class can be extended An interface can be implemented using

using keyword "extends". keyword "implements".

8) A Java abstract class can have class Members of a Java interface are public by
members like private, protected, etc. default.

9)Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }

Example of abstract class and interface in Java

Let's see a simple example where we are using interface and abstract
class both.

1. //Creating interface that has 4 methods

2. interface A{
3. void a();//bydefault, public and abstract
4. void b();
5. void c();
6. void d();
7. }
8.
9. //Creating abstract class that provides the implementation of one m
ethod of A interface
10.abstract class B implements A{
 11. public void c(){System.out.println("I am C");}
12.}
13.
14.//Creating subclass of abstract class, now we need to provide the impleme
ntation of rest of the methods
15. class M extends B{
16.public void a(){System.out.println("I am a");}
17. public void b(){System.out.println("I am b");}
18.public void d(){System.out.println("I am d");}
19. }
20.
21. //Creating a test class that calls the methods of A interface
22.class Test5{
23. public static void main(String args[]){
24.A a=new M();
25. a.a();
26.a.b();
27. a.c();
28.a.d();
29. }}

Output:

I am a
I am b
I am c
I am d