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Power

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24 views5 pages

Power

Uploaded by

shree teja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Frequency

The number of cycles per second of voltage induced in the armature is the frequency of the
generator. If the armature rotates at a speed of 60 revolu ons per second, the generated voltage will
be 60 cycles per second. The recognized unit for frequency is hertz, abbreviated "Hz" Hz is equal to1
cycle per second. Power companies generate and distribute electricity at very low frequencies. 50 Hz
is also a common power line frequency used throughout the world.

Power
Whenever a force of any kind causes mo on, work is accomplished. In an electrical circuit, voltage
applied to a conductor will cause electrons to flow. Voltage is the force and electron flow is the
mo on. The rate at which work is done is called power and is represented by the symbol "P" Power is
measured in wa s, represented by the symbol "W" In a direct current circuit, one wa is the rate
work is done in a circuit when 1-amp flows with 1 volt applied.

In a DC circuit, power is the product of voltage mes current. Later in this course, you will learn a
slightly different version of this rela onship for an alterna ng current (AC) circuit.

P=ExI

or

P = EI

Two other power equa ons can be derived from this formula by subs tu ng other components of
Ohm's Law

P=I^2*R

Power and Power Factor in an AC Circuit


Power consumed by a resistor is dissipated in heat and not returned to the source. This is called true
power because it is the rate at which energy is used. Current in an AC circuit rises to peak values and
diminishes to zero many mes a second. The energy stored in the magne c field of an inductor, or
plates of a capacitor, is returned to the source when current changes direc on.

Although reac ve components do not consume energy, they do increase the amount of energy that
must be generated to do the same amount of work. The rate at which this non-working, energy must
be generated is called reac ve power. If voltage and current are 90 degrees out of phase, as would
be the case in a purely capaci ve or purely induc ve circuit, the average value of true power is equal
to zero. There are high posi ve and nega ve peak values of power, but when added together the
result is zero

Power in an AC circuit is the vector sum of true power and reac ve power. This is called apparent
power. True power is equal to apparent power in a purely resis ve circuit because voltage and
current are in phase. Voltage and current are also in phase in a circuit containing equal values of
induc ve reactance and capaci ve reactance. In most circuits, however, apparent power is composed
of both true power and reac ve power

True Power and Apparent Power Formulas

The formula for apparent power is:

P=El

Apparent power is measured in volt-amps (VA).

True power is calculated from another trigonometric func on, the cosine of the phase angle (cos 8).
The formula for true. power is:

P= El cos

In a purely resis ve circuit, current and voltage are in phase There is a zero-degree angle
displacement between current and voltage. The cosine of zero is one. Mul plying a value by one
does not change the value. Therefore, in a purely resis ve circuit, the cosine of the angle is ignored

In a purely reac ve circuit, either induc ve or capaci ve, current and voltage are 90 degrees out of
phase. The cosine of 90 degrees is zero. Mul plying a value mes zero results in a zero product.
Therefore, no power is consumed in a purely reac ve circuit
Calcula ng Apparent Power in a simple R-L-C Circuit

In the following 120-volt circuit, current is equal to 84.9 mA Induc ve reactance is 002 and capaci ve
reactance is 1100 2. The phase angle is -45 degrees. By referring to a trigonometric table, the cosine
of -45 degrees is found to be 0.707.

The apparent power consumed by the circuit is:

P = EI

P = 120 * 0.0849

P = 10.2VA

The true power consumed by the circuit is:

P = EI * cos theta

P = 120 * 0.0849 * 0.7071

P = 7.2Wa s

Another formula for true power is:

P=I^2*R

P = 0.0849 ^ 2 * 1000

P=7.2 Wa s
Power Factor

Power factor is the ra o of true power to apparent power in an AC circuit. Power factor is expressed
in the following formula:

PF-True Power/Apparent Power

Power factor can also be expressed using the formulas for true power and apparent power. The value
of El cancels out because it is the same in the numerator and denominator. Power factor is the cosine
of the angle

PF - El cos Ɵ/EI

PF = cos Ɵ

In a purely resis ve circuit, where current and voltage are in phase, there is no angle of displacement
between current and voltage. The cosine of a zero-degree angle is one. The power factor is one. This
means that all energy delivered by the source is consumed by the circuit and dissipated in the form
of heat.

In a purely reac ve circuit, voltage and current are 90 degrees apart. The cosine of a 90-degree angle
is zero. The power factor is zero. This means the circuit returns all energy it receives from the source
to the source

In a circuit where reactance and resistance are equal, voltage and current are displaced by 45
degrees. The cosine of a 45-degree angle is.707. The power factor is.707. This means the circuit uses
approximately 70% of the energy supplied by the source and returns approximately 30%

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