Introduction to Computer Vision

Dr. Vijay Kumar Sharma

Associate Professor
IoT and Intelligent Systems
What is Computer Vision?
• Computer vision is the science and technology of
machines that see.

• Concerned with the theory for building artificial systems

that obtain information from images.

• The image data can take many forms, such as a video

sequence, depth images, views from multiple cameras, or
multi-dimensional data from a medical scanner
Computer Vision
Make computers understand images and videos.

• What kind of
scene?

• Where are the

cars?

• How far is the

building?

…
Vision is really Hard

Is that a
queen or a
bishop?
Components of a computer vision system

Camera

Lighting

Computer

Scene

Scene Interpretation
 Computer Vision
 Imaging process:
image = f (world)
including lighting, camera location
 Computer vision and parameters, ...

world = f -1 (image)

So a goal of computer vision is to recover the inverse

function that creates images from the world
Is this possible? Why or why not?
 Relation to other fields

AI
Image processing
Robotics

Human vision
-Visual physiology
Computer vision
- Psychophysics

Computer graphics
Pattern recognition

Machine learning
Why computer vision matters

Safety Health Security

Comfort Fun
 Some applications of computer vision
 Photogrammetry
 Commercial, military, government
 Robotics
 Industrial, military, medical, space, entertainment
 Inspection, measurement
 Medical imaging
 Automatic detection, outlining, measurement
 Surveillance and security
 Human-computer interaction (HCI)
Computer vision vs human vision

What we see What a computer sees

What Does Computer Vision Do?

3D models of objects
Object recognition
Navigation
Event/action recognition
…
 Vision Transforms From This…
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 To this…
 Objects
 Cat, chair, window, star, bush, water, a shoe, my mother…
 Properties
 Big, bright, yellow, fast, moving…
 Relations
 In front, behind, on top, next to, larger, closer, identical…
 Shapes
 Round, rectangular, star-shaped, symmetric…
 Textures
 Rough, smooth, irregular…
 Movement
 Turning, looming, rolling…
 “A harbor with many dozens of
boats; water is calm and glassy;
masts are all vertical; mountains
in background, blue sky with a
touch of clouds…”
 “J548043”
 “Hallway straight ahead”
 “Angry
Surprised
Happy
Disgusted”
 amusement park Objects
sky Activities
Scenes
The Wicked Cedar Point
Twister Locations
Text / writing
ride Ferris
Faces
wheel
ride Gestures
12 E
Lake Erie water Motions
ride
tree Emotions…
tree
people waiting in line
people sitting on ride
umbrellas
tree maxair
carousel
deck
bench tree pedestrians
Why is Vision Difficult?

Consider the input...

Not this
 But this…
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 Some Possible Outputs

depth object pose

object action
or (facing away,
recognition understanding
segmentation facing forward)
 What Your Brain Does
Clinton greeting Lewinsky Person with
Almost certain to be Bill Clinton glasses in crowd
Gray hair
Pony tail
Dark circular overlay Dark brown hair
Right eye (open)
Right ear Left eye (open)
Neck Nose
White shirt Cheek
Armani suit Monica’s mouth
(smiling)
Person Lapel Illuminated
contour from above
CNN caption Necklace
(Washington 1995?)
Monica Lewinsky
Clinton occluding Woman’s dress suit
Monica
Variation in Appearance
 What makes computer vision hard?
 Underspecified, ill-posed problem!
 3D world projected onto 2D sensor(s)
 Environment
 Lighting, background, movement, camera

 Varying appearance of objects

 Calibration, camera control, image quality
 Computational complexity (speed of processing)
 Etc., etc….

Robustness is the primary challenge to computer vision!

 Progress in Computer Vision
 First generation: Military/Early Research
 Few systems, each custom-built, cost $Ms
 “Users” have PhDs
 1 hour per frame

 Second generation: Industrial/Medical

 Numerous systems, 1-1000 of each, cost $10Ks
 Users have college degree
 RT with special hardware

 Third generation: Consumer

 100000(00) systems, cost $100s
 Users have little or no training
 RT in software
Early CV research
 More Examples
Images and video are everywhere!

Personal photo albums Movies, news, sports

Surveillance and security Medical and scientific images

Slide credit; L. Lazebnik
Optical character recognition (OCR)
Technology to convert scanned docs to text
• If you have a scanner, it probably came with OCR software

Digit recognition, AT&T labs License plate readers

http://www.research.att.com/~yann/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition
Face detection
 Smile detection?

Sony Cyber-shot® T70 Digital Still Camera

Object recognition (in supermarkets)

LaneHawk by EvolutionRobotics
“A smart camera is flush-mounted in the checkout lane, continuously watching
for items. When an item is detected and recognized, the cashier verifies the
quantity of items that were found under the basket, and continues to close the
transaction. The item can remain under the basket, and with LaneHawk,you are
assured to get paid for it… “
Face recognition

Who is she?
 Vision-based biometrics

“How the Afghan Girl was Identified by Her Iris Patterns” Read the story
Login without a password…

Face recognition systems now

Fingerprint scanners on beginning to appear more widely
many new laptops, http://www.sensiblevision.com/
other devices
Object recognition (in mobile phones)

 This is becoming real:

 Microsoft Research
 Point & Find, Nokia
 SnapTell.com (now amazon)
Special effects: shape capture

The Matrix movies, ESC Entertainment, XYZRGB, NRC

 Sports

Sportvision first down line

Nice explanation on www.howstuffworks.com
Smart cars

Slide content courtesy of Amnon Shashua

Smart cars

Slide content courtesy of Amnon Shashua

 Vision in space

NASA'S Mars Exploration Rover Spirit captured this westward view from atop
a low plateau where Spirit spent the closing months of 2007.

Vision systems (JPL) used for several tasks

• Panorama (overlapped) stitching :-a grouping of images for
the same sense with the overlapping areas to be a
panoramic image of high resolution and wide width.
• 3D terrain modeling
• Obstacle detection, position tracking
 Robotics

NASA’s Mars Spirit Rover http://www.robocup.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_rover
 Medical imaging

Image guided surgery

3D imaging
Grimson et al., MIT
MRI, CT
Multimedia database applications
Labeling images
Vision and computer graphics

Eyematic
Interfaces
Vision for Biometrics

Viisage
 Example application: Face
recognition
 If we could reliably detect and recognize faces in images…
 Digital libraries
 Find me the picture of my brother.

 Show all the scenes with more than four people

 Surveillance
 Alert the operator when a known suspect enters the area

 HCI (Human Computer Interface)

 Automatically log in as I walk up to the computer

 Refuse to open my files when someone else is at my machine

 Military
 Friend or Enemy?
 So… why study computer vision?
 “Engineering” reasons
 Images are become more and more commonly used
 Plenty of useful applications
 Great mixture of applied mathematics, signal processing, computer
science, etc.
 Solving interesting, underconstrained (“ill-posed”) problems
 Etc.

 “Science” reasons
 How does the brain do it?
 Understanding biological vision
 Deep computational issues
 Etc.
 Computer Vision
 Areas of study
 Camera (sensor) calibration and image formation
 Binary image analysis
 Edge detection and low-level filtering
 Color representation and segmentation
 Texture description and segmentation
 Depth/shape from X
 Optical flow
 Motion computation
 Object matching, detection, and recognition
 3D sensing and shape description
 Object and scene tracking
Edge detection
Stereopsis
Motion computation
Optical flow
 Multi-Camera Stereo

Images

3D reconstruction
 Object Detection and Recognition
 Model, detect, and recognize objects in images
 Main issues
 Object representation, feature extraction, matching, learning from
data

Cars
Faces
Texture analysis