Advanced Power System Analysis

Elective -II
(Course Code: EE 785 )

Lecture No.1
( Review On Transmission Line)

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 Reviews on Transmission Line
1.1 Un-compensated Transmission line:

- Generally three types of compensation techniques ( i)Shunt compensatio ii) Series

compensation and iii) Phase angle compensation) can be used in a transmission line to
improve the performance of the line .

- A transmission line without any compensation technique is known as Un-Compensated

transmission line. Fig.1.1 shows the per phase equivalent circuit of an un-compensated short
transmission line.

Fig.1.1 Per phase equivalent circuit of an un-compensated short transmission line.

Due to the voltage drop in line resistance (R ) and reactance (X), |VR| < |VS|

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 Un-compensated Symmetrical Transmission Line:
An un-compensated transmission line in which |VR| = |VS| is known as Un-compensated
Symmetrical Transmission line. The power flow in such a line is due to difference in their
phase angles. Such line is possible in case of inter-connected transmission line whose both
ends are connected to other lines of the transmission network. Fig.1.2 shows the per phase
equivalent circuit of lossless un-compensated symmetrical transmission line.

Fig.1.2 Per phase equivalent circuit of an un-compensated symmetrical transmission line.

Here, the resistance of the line has been neglected as being lossless line. The line has been
divided into two equal parts with mid-point ‘m’.
For symmetrical line : |VR| = |VS| = V (say)
jX = Total reactance of the line
The phasor diagram of the line is shown in Fig.1.3

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Fig.1.3 Phasor diagram of symmetrical transmission line.

Here, the mid-point ‘m’ is lowest voltage point

    
Let V  V 0 be the Reference phasor Then V  V  ( V Cos  jV Sin )
m m S 2 2 2
   
And V  V   ( V Cos  jV Sin )
R 2 2 2
 
V V
R  V [ Cos   j Sin   Cos  - j Sin  ]

The mid point volt age V  s
m 2 2 2 2 2 2
  
OR V  V Cos 0 And Magnitude of mid - point volt age V  V Cos (1.1)
m 2 m 2
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  
 Vs  VR   
[ Cos  j Sin  Cos   j Sin ]
V
Line current I  
jX jX 2 2 2 2
 2V 
OR I Sin 0
X 2
2V 
Magnitude of line current  I  Sin (1.2)
X 2
Note that there is no phase difference between Vm and I.

Since the line is lossless. PS = Pm = PR = P (say)

 2V 
P  P  | V |  | I |  Cos0 0  V.Cos . . Sin
m m 2 X 2
V2
OR P   . Sin  (1.3) Well known power - angle equation
X

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  2V  
Reactive power at sending end Q  | V |  | I |  Sin ( )  V. Sin . Sin
s S 2 X 2 2
2V 2 2  V2
Or Q  Sin ( )  (1  Cos  ) (1.4)
s X 2 X
V2
OR P   . Sin  (1.3)
X
According to eqn (1.3) and (1.4) P and QS varies with power
angle δ. Plot of variation of P and QS with δ are shown in Fig.1.4

Note: The un-compensated symmetrical line shall

be taken as Reference (base) case to compare the
performance of the line after compensation.

Fig.1.3 Variation of P and QS with δ.

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1.2 Conventional methods of compensation in transmission line:

The steady state as well as transient performance of a power system can be improved by
applying various compensation techniques in the transmission line. Followings are the
conventional methods of compensation in transmission network:

1. Shunt compensation
1.1 Shunt capacitor compensation
1.2 Shunt inductor compensation V2
P  . Sin (1.3)
2. Series compensation X
3. Phase angle compensation

• Shunt capacitor compensation is used to boost up the voltage level to acceptable value
during peak load period.

• Shunt inductor compensation is used to buck the voltage level to acceptable value
during light load period.

• Series compensation is used to reduce the effective line reactance of the line to increase
the power flow through the line.

• Phase angle compensator is used to control power flow in the line.

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1.2.1 Ideal Shunt compensation :
Fig.1.4 shows a symmetrical transmission line with a mid-point shunt compensator
designed in such a way that the mid-point voltage boots up to a value |Vm| = |VS| = |VR| = V

Fig.1.4 Symmetrical transmission line with a mid-point shunt compensator

Here, the mid point shunt compensator has divided the line into two pieces of symmetrical lines:
Line: S-m and Line: m-R

Now the line has two lowest potential points : One mid-point between S and m and second
mid-point between m-R.

The given line can be represented as shown in Fg.1.5 with new lowest potential points.

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 Fig.1.5 Symmetrical transmission line with a mid-point shunt compensator

Here, Point ‘A’ and point ‘B’ are two new

lowest potential points and their voltages
are VSm and VmR respectively. Phasor
diagram with mid-point compensator is
shown in Fig.1.6.

In order to increase the mid-point voltage

magnitude equal to |VS| = |VR|, the mid-point
compensator has to generate reactive power.
That means the compensator has to draw a
900 leading current Icomp.
Fig.1.6 Phasor diagram of symmetrical
transmission line with mid-point compensator
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 Analysis of First section of symmetrical line (S to m):

Let V  | V | 0 be the Reference phasor
Sm sm
   
Then V  V  ( V Cos  jV Sin )
S 4 4 4
   
And V  V   ( V Cos  jV Sin )
m 4 4 4
 
V V
m  V [ Cos   j Sin   Cos  - j Sin  ]

Voltage of point ' A'  V  s
Sm 2 2 4 4 2 2
 
OR V  V Cos 0
Sm 4


Magnitude of mid - point volt age V  V Cos (1.5)
Sm 4


Similary M agnitude of V  V Cos
mR 4

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  
V
m  V [ Cos   j Sin   Cos   j Sin  ]
 V
s
Line current I 
sm X X 4 4 4 4
j j
2 2
 4V 
OR I  Sin 0 That means I is in phase with V
sm X 4 sm sm

4V 
Magnitude of |I | Sin (1.6)
sm X 4

For lossless line : PS = PSm = Pm = PmR = PR = P

PSm = |Vsm|×|Ism|× Cos(00)

 4V 
OR P  V Cos Sin
4 X 4

2V 2 
P Sin (1.7)
X 2
 4V  
Reactive power at sending end Q  | V |  | I |  Sin ( )  V. Sin . Sin
s S sm 4 X 4 4

4V 2 2  2V 2 
Or Q  Sin ( )  (1  Cos ) (1.8)
s X 4 X 2
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Variation of P and QS with respect to δ is shown in Fig.1.9.

2V 2 
P Sin (1.7)
X 2
4V2 2  2V2 
Or Q  Sin ( )  (1  Cos ) (1.8)
s X 4 X 2

Fig.1.9 Variation of P and QS with respect to δ.

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1.2.2 Series Compensation :

The basic idea behind the series capacitive

compensation is to reduce the overall effective
series reactance of the line. The conventional view
of series compensation is that the series connected
compensating capacitor cancels a portion of the
actual line inductive reactance resulting less net
reactance of the line. This will improve the power V2
P  . Sin (1.3)
transmission capacity of the line and also improves X
the stability of the line.

An equally valid view is that, in order to increase the current through a series impedance
and there by increases the transmitted power), the voltage across the series impedance shall
be increased. This can be achieved by a series connected capacitor that produces voltage
drop across it which is opposite to the prevailing voltage across the series inductive
reactance, thus by increasing voltage across the line impedance. This view can be well
understood from the following circuit diagrams and phasor diagrams.

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 Fig.1.10 Un-compensated Line Fig.1.11 Series -compensated Line

Here, the voltage across the series impedance (VX ) in case of series compensated is
greater than that in case of un-compensated line. Therefore, line current in the series
compensated line will be greater than the current in the un-compensated line and
accordingly power flow in the series compensated line will be greater than the power
flow in the un-compensated line.

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Effective reactance after series compensation : Xeff = X – XC
Xc
Let K   Degree of compensati on OR X  K.X
X C
Then Xeff = X – K. X OR Xeff = (1 – K) X

In case of un-compensated line:

 V2
I
2V
Sin (1.2) And P . Sin  (1.3)
X 2 X

Replacing X by Xeff, the above equations for series compensated line becomes:
2V 
I Sin (1.9)
(1 - K)X 2
V2
And P   . Sin  (1.10)
(1 - K) X
Reactive Power generated by the series capacitor is given by:
4V 2 
Q  I2 X  . Sin 2 . K.X
c C
(1 - K) 2 X 2 2

2V 2 
OR Q  . 2 K Sin 2
c
(1 - K) 2 X 2

2V 2 K
OR Q  . (1 - Cos  )
c (1 - K) 2
X
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Variation of P and QC with respected to δ for different value of K are shown in Fig.1.13

V2
P  . Sin  (1.10)
(1 - K) X

2V2 
OR Q  . 2 K Sin 2 (1.11)
c
(1 - K)2 X 2

Fig. 1.14 Variation of P and QC with respected to δ for different value of K

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1.2.3 Phase Angle Compensation :
Active power flow through a transmission line is given by:
| V |.| V |
P  S R . Sin  (1.12)
X
In some practical cases, the phase angle between VS and VR (i.e. δ) due to the prevailing
line parameters may not be suitable to have desired amount of power flow through the
line. In such a case, a phase angle compensator (or Phase Shifter) can be inserted in series
at the sending end to get desired amount of power flow as shown in Fig.1.15

Fig.1.15 Transmission line with phase shifter

The function of the phase shifter is to change the phase angle between Vseff and VR keeping
magnitude of |Vseff | ≈ | VS| and accordingly to change the power flow through the line.
   
V  Series voltage added in series with V , So that V V  V
 s seff S 
That means Two types of phase angle compensator can be implemented:
i) Positive phase shifter and ii) Negative phase shifter.

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The phase shifter’s voltage could be:
 
V  | V |   90 0 w.r.t. V ( Positive phase shifter)
  s
 
OR V  | V |   90 0 w.r.t. V ( Negative phase shifter)
  s

Fig.1.16 Phasor diagrams and P-δ curves without and with phase shifters

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