Scribd
Upload
18 views23 pages

Sources of Error: Major: All Engineering Majors Authors

Uploaded by

Abbas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views23 pages

Sources of Error: Major: All Engineering Majors Authors

Uploaded by

Abbas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Sources of Error

Major: All Engineering Majors


Authors: Bayable Teshome

28/09/2022 1
Two sources of numerical error
1) Round off error
2) Truncation error

3
Round off Error
• Caused by representing a number
approximately

1
≅ 0.333333
3
2 ≅ 1.4142...

5
Problems created by round off error

• 28 Americans were killed on February 25,


1991 by an Iraqi Scud missile in Dhahran,
Saudi Arabia.
• The patriot defense system failed to track
and intercept the Scud. Why?

6
Problem with Patriot missile
• Clock cycle of 1/10 seconds was
represented in 24-bit fixed point
register created an error of 9.5 x
10-8 seconds.
• The battery was on for 100
consecutive hours, thus causing
an inaccuracy of

−8 s 3600s
= 9.5 × 10 × 100hr ×
0.1s 1hr
= 0.342 s
7
Problem (cont.)
• The shift calculated in the ranging system
of the missile was 687 meters.
• The target was considered to be out of
range at a distance greater than 137
meters.

8
Effect of Carrying Significant
Digits in Calculations

9
Find the contraction in the
diameter
Tc

∆D = D ∫ α (T )dT
Ta

Ta=80oF; Tc=-108oF; D=12.363”

α = a0+ a1T + a2T2


10
Thermal Expansion
Coefficient vs Temperature
T(oF) α (μin/in/oF)
-340 2.45
-300 3.07
-220 4.08
-160 4.72
∆D = D α ∆T
-80 5.43
0 6.00
40 6.24
80 6.47

11
Regressing Data in Excel
(general format)

α = -1E-05T2 + 0.0062T + 6.0234 12


Observed and Predicted Values
α = -1E-05T2 + 0.0062T + 6.0234
T(oF) α (μin/in/oF) α (μin/in/oF)
Given Predicted
-340 2.45 2.76
-300 3.07 3.26
-220 4.08 4.18
-160 4.72 4.78
-80 5.43 5.46
0 6.00 6.02
40 6.24 6.26
80 6.47 6.46 13
Regressing Data in Excel
(scientific format)

α = -1.2360E-05T2 + 6.2714E-03T + 6.0234


14
Observed and Predicted Values
α = -1.2360E-05T2 + 6.2714E-03T + 6.0234
T(oF) α (μin/in/oF) α (μin/in/oF)
Given Predicted
-340 2.45 2.46
-300 3.07 3.03
-220 4.08 4.05
-160 4.72 4.70
-80 5.43 5.44
0 6.00 6.02
40 6.24 6.25
80 6.47 6.45 15
Observed and Predicted Values
α = -1.2360E-05T2 + 6.2714E-03T + 6.0234
α = -1E-05T2 + 0.0062T + 6.0234
T(oF) α (μin/in/oF) α (μin/in/oF) α (μin/in/oF)
Given Predicted Predicted
-340 2.45 2.46 2.76
-300 3.07 3.03 3.26
-220 4.08 4.05 4.18
-160 4.72 4.70 4.78
-80 5.43 5.44 5.46
0 6.00 6.02 6.02
40 6.24 6.25 6.26
80 6.47 6.45 6.46
16
Truncation error
• Error caused by truncating or
approximating a mathematical
procedure.

19
Example of Truncation Error

Taking only a few terms of a Maclaurin series to


approximate
x
e
2 3
x x
e x = 1 + x + + + ....................
2! 3!
If only 3 terms are used,
 x 2

Truncation Error = e − 1 + x + 
x

 2! 

20
Another Example of Truncation
Error

Using a finite ∆x to approximate f ′(x)


f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) ≈
∆x

secant line
P

tangent line

Figure 1. Approximate derivative using finite Δx


21
Another Example of Truncation
Error

Using finite rectangles to approximate an


integral.
y

90

y = x2
60

30

0 x
0 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12

22
Example 1 —Maclaurin series
1.2
Calculate the value of e with an absolute
relative approximate error of less than 1%.
1.2 2 1.2 3
e 1.2
= 1 + 1.2 + + + ...................
2! 3!
n
e 1.2
Ea ∈a %
1 1 __ ___
2 2.2 1.2 54.545
3 2.92 0.72 24.658
4 3.208 0.288 8.9776
5 3.2944 0.0864 2.6226
6 3.3151 0.020736 0.62550

6 terms are required. How many are required to get 23


at least 1 significant digit correct in your answer?
Example 2 —Differentiation

f ( x) = x 2 f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
Find for
f ′(3) using f ′( x) ≈
∆x
and ∆x = 0.2
f (3 + 0.2) − f (3)
f (3) =
'

0.2
f (3.2) − f (3) 3.2 2 − 32 10.24 − 9 1.24
= = = = = 6.2
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

The actual value is


f ' ( x ) = 2 x, f ' (3) = 2 × 3 = 6

Truncation error is then, 6 − 6.2 = −0.2


Can you find the truncation error with ∆x = 0.1 24
Example 3 — Integration

Use two rectangles of equal width to


approximate the area under the curve for
f ( x) = x 2 over the interval [3,9]
y

90
9

∫
y=x
2
2
60
x dx
30 3

0 x
0 3 6 9 12

25
Integration example (cont.)

Choosing a width of 3, we have


9

∫ = (6 − 3) + ( x 2 ) (9 − 6)
2 2
x dx ( x )
x =3 x =6
3
= (3 2 )3 + (6 2 )3
= 27 + 108 = 135
Actual value is given by
9 9
 x 3   93 − 33 
∫3 x dx =  3  =  3  = 234
2

 3  
Truncation error is then
234 − 135 = 99
Can you find the truncation error with 4 rectangles?
26
THE END

You might also like