3.

40 Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced

Concept Problems F


1. If it reasonable to assert that the sum F(x) = f(x) + g(x) (ii) f(x) = |x|, g(x) = |x|. Is it reasonable to assert that the
has no derivative at the point x = x0 if : product F(x) = f(x) g(x) has no derivative at the point
(a) The function f(x) has a derivative at the point x0, and x = x0 if :
the function g(x) has no derivative at this point? (a) The function f(x) has a derivative at the point x0, and
(b) Neither function has a derivative at the point x0? the function g(x) has no derivative at this point ?
2. Suppose that f(x) = x2 and g(x) = |x|. Then the composite (b) Neither function has a derivative at the point x0?
functions (f o g) (x) = |x|2 = x2 and (g o f) (x) = |x2| = x2 4. Find the one-sided derivatives of the function
are both differentiable at x = 0 even though g itself is not f(x) = |x – x0| g(x) at the point x0, where g(x) is a function
differentiable at x = 0. Does this contradict the chain rule? continuous at the point x0. Does the function f(x) possess
Explain. a derivative at the point x0?
3. Consider the functions: 5. If f(x) is differentiable at x = a, then prove that

(i) f(x) = x, g(x) = |x|; F(x) = (f(x) – f(a)).|x – a| is also differentiable at x = a.

Practice Problems E

6. If f(x) = tan πx and g(x) = x – 1. Is the product 1  x 2 , x  0


function F(x) = f(x) . g(x) differentiable at x = 1 ? 
10. Let f(x) = 2 x  1 , 0  x  1 without finding (fof) (x)




 2
 x 3 sin 1x if x  0 x  2 , x  1
1
7. If f(x) = =  0 if x  0 and g(x) = x . Is the
explicitly, find whether fof is differentiable at x = 0.



1  x 0  x  1
product function F(x) = f(x) . g(x) differentiable for all 
11. Let f(x) =  x  2 1  x  2 , Discuss the continuity and
real x ? 4  x 2  x  4

8. Let g(x) be derivable on R and g(x0) ≠ 0. differentiability of fof.
(a) Show that if f(x) = (x – x0)2 g(x), then  x − 1 , − 1 ≤ x < 0
12. Let f(x) =  2 , Discuss the continuity and
f(x0) = f ′(x0) = 0 and f"(x0) ≠ 0.  x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
differentiability of h(x) = f(|sin x|) + |f(sin x)| in [0, 2π].

(b What can you say about f(x) = (x – x0)3 g(x)?
(c) Generalize to f(x) = (x – x0)n g(x). ea / x  e  a / x
13. Let f(x) = xp when x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 0, with p,
ea / x  e  a / x
9. Suppose u = g(x) is differentiable at x = – 5, a > 0. Find all possible values of p so that f(x) is

y = f(u) is differentiable at u = g(–5), and (f o g)′ differentiable at x = 0.
(–5) is negative. What, if anything, can be said about the 14. Discuss the differentiability of the functionf(x) = (x2–a)
values of g ′(–5) and f ′(g(–5))? |x2–5x+6|+(sin x) |sin x| for all a ∈ R.

(iii) Then we integrate f ′ (x) to get f (x) as a function of x

3.10 Functional Equations and a constant of integration. In some cases a differential
We follow the following steps to determine the functions which equation in formed which can be solved to get f (x).

are differentiable( or which can be proved to be differentiable) (iv) Finally we apply the boundary conditions to determine
and satisfying a given functional rule : the value of the constant of integration.
(i) First we write down the expression for f ′(x): Example 1: If f (x + y) = f (x) · f (y), ∀ x , y ∈ R and

f (x  h)  f (x) f (x) is a differentiable function, then find f (x).
f ′(x) = lim
h→0 h f (x  h)  f (x)
(ii) We manipulate f (x + h) – f (x) in such a way that the given Solution: f ′(x) = lim
h0 h
functional rule is applicable. Now we apply the functional
rule and simplify the R.H.S. to get f ′ (x) as a function of x.

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 Differentiability 3.41

f ( x )·f ( h )  f ( x ) f (x  h)  f (x)
= lim We have f ′(x) = lim
h0 h h 0 h
= lim f ( x )
f (h )  1 ...(1) f
 xh
x  [from (1)]

lim 
h0 h =

Put x = 0, y = 0; f (0) = f 2 (0) h 0 h
⇒ f (0) = 0 or f (0) = 1  h
f 1


If f (0) = 0 then put y = 0 in the rule 1  x  1 f 1   

f (x) = f (x) · f (0) = 0 = lim . = . lim
h 0 x h x   0 
⇒ f (x) = 0. f (x) x
⇒ f (x) = 0. h
If f(0) = 1, then we proceed from (1) as follows : [∵ → 0 as x → 0 ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞) ]

x
f ′(x) = f(x)
f (h )  f (0) = f(x) · f ′(0) 3 f (1  x )
h = [from lim  3]
x 0

[Let k = f ′(0)] x x
f '( x ) To find f(x), write the above equation as
⇒ =k df 3
f (x) =

⇒ ln | f (x)| = k x + c dx x
On integrating both sides w.r.t. x we get
| f (x)| = ekx + c = ekx ·e c
f(x) = 3 ln x + c, where c is a constant.

f(x) = ± ekx ·e c

Now, using the condition f(1) = 0, we have
f(x) = a.ekx where a = ± ec f(1) = c which gives c = 0

If x = 0, f (0) = 1 ⇒ a = 1

Hence, we have f(x) = 3 ln x.

⇒ f (x) = ekx where k = f ′(0).
Example 4: A differentiable function satisfies the relation

Hence, the functions are f(x) = 0 and f(x) = ekx.
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + 2xy – 1 ∀ x, y ∈ R.
Example 2: If f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) ∀ x, y ∈ R and f
(x) is a differentiable function, then prove that If f ′(0) = 3  a  a 2 , find f (x) and prove that f (x) > 0

∀ x ∈ R.


f(kx) = k f (x) for ∀ k, x ∈ R.
Solution: Given f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) f (x  h)  f (x)
Solution: f ′(x) = lim
f (x  h)  f (x) h0 h
f ′(x) = lim
h0 h = lim
f ( x )  f (h )  2 xh  1  f ( x )
f ( x )  f (h )  f ( x ) h0 h
= lim
f (h )  1
h0 h = 2x + lim [Put x = 0, y = 0 to get f (0) = 1]
f (0  h )  f (0) h0 h
= lim = f ′(0). [as f (0) = 0] f ( h )  f ( 0)
h0 h = 2x + lim
⇒ f ′(x) = f ′(0) h0 h
∴ f (x) = f ′(0)x + c ⇒ f ′(x) = 2x + f ′(0)
If x = 0, f (0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0 Integrating, f (x) = x2 + f ′(0)x + c
∴ f (x) = f ′(0)x If x = 0 ; f (0) = 1 ⇒ c = 1

 



f (x) = ax, where a = f ′(0) ∴ f (x) = x2 + 3  a  a2 x 1

f (kx) = a kx = k ax = kf (x)
Now D = 3 + a – a2 – 4 = – (a2 – a + 1) < 0

Hence, f (kx) = kf (x).

⇒ f (x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R.
Example 3: A function f : (0, ∞) → R satisfies the

equation f(x/y) = f(x) – f(y). If f(x) is differentiable on (0, ∞ ) Example 5: Given a function g which has derivative
f (1  x ) g′(x) for all x satisfying g ′(0) = 2 and g(x + y) = ey g(x) + ex
 3 , then determine f(x).

and lim
x 0
g(y) for all x, y ∈ R, g(5) = 32. Find the value of g ′(5) – 2e5 .
x

Solution: We have f(x/y) = f(x) – f(y) ...(1) Solution: Putting x = y = 0 in


Putting x = 1 and y = 1 in equation (1), we have g(x + y) = ey g(x) + ex g(y) we get g(0) = 2g(0)
f(1) = f(1) – f(1) ⇒ f(1) = 0. ⇒ g(0) = 0

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3.42 Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced

g ( h )  g ( 0) g(h )  f ( 2 x ) + f ( 2h ) 
So 2 = g ′(0) = lim  lim  − f (x) 
h 0 h h 0 h 2
= lim  
h →0 h
g( x  h )  g( x )  
Also g′(x) = lim  
h 0 h
 f ( 2 x ) + f ( 2 h ) − 2f ( x ) 
= lim e g (h )  e g ( x )  g ( x )
x h
= lim  
h →0  2h 
h 0 h
 g(h ) eh  1   f ( 2 h ) − f ( 0) 
= lim  e x  g( x )  = lim   (from (1))
 h →0  2h 


h 0 h h
 
g(h ) = f ′(0)
= ex lim  1. g ( x ) =–1∀x∈R (given)
h 0 h
= g(x) + 2e .
x Integrating, we get f(x) = – x + c
Thus, g ′(5) – 2e5 = g(5) = 32. Putting x = 0, then f(0) = 0 + c = 1 (given)
Example 6: A differentiable function f(x) satisfies the ∴ c = 1 then f(x) = 1 – x
condition f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + xy for all x, y ∈ R and ∴ f(2) = 1 – 2 = – 1.

1 Alternative 1:
lim f (h )  3 then find the least value of f(x).
 x  y  f ( x )  f ( y)

h 0 h
∵ f 
f (x  h)  f (x)  2  2
Solution: f ′(x) = lim Differentiating both sides w.r.t x treating y as constant.
h 0 h
f ( x )  f (h )  hx  f ( x )  x  y  1 f '( x )  0 xy
= lim ∴ f′ ·  ⇒ f '  = f ′(x).
h 0 h  2  2 2  2 
f (h ) Replacing x by 0 and y by 2x,
= lim +x=3+x
h →0 h then f ′(x) = f ′(0) = – 1 (given)
x2 Integrating, we have f(x) = – x + c.
Integrating f(x) = 3x + +k ...(1) Putting x = 0, f(x) = 0 + c = 1 (given)

2
∴ c=1
Putting x = 0, y = 0 in the given relation
Hence, f(x) = – x + 1 then f(2) = – 2 + 1 = – 1.
f(0) = f(0) + f(0) + 0 ⇒ f(0) = 0
Alternative 2:
Now from (1) we have f(0) = 0 + k ⇒ k = 0 Suppose A(x, f(x)) and B(y,f(y)) be any two points on the

x2 curve y = f(x).
∴ f(x) = 3x + .
2 If M is the mid point of AB, then coordinates of M are
It is a quadratic function whose least value occurs at  x  y f ( x )  f ( y) 
9  2 . 
x = – 3. The least value is − .  2 
2 According to the graph, coordinates of P are
 x  y  f ( x )  f ( y)  x  y  x  y 
Example 7: Let f   for all real x and  .f 
 2  2  2  2 
y. If f ′(0) = – 1 and f(0) = 1, then find f(2).
xy f ( x ) + f ( y)
and PL > ML ⇒   >
 x  y  f ( x )  f ( y)  2  2
Solution: Given f  
 2  2
f (2 x ) + f (0)
Replacing x by 2x and y by 0, then f(x) =
2
⇒ f(2x) + f(0) = 2f(x) ⇒ f(2x) – 2f(x) = – f(0) ...(1)

f (x + h) − f (x)
f ′(x) = lim
h →0 h
 2 x + 2h 
f
  − f (x)
2 
= lim
h →0 h

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 Differentiability 3.43

 x  y  f ( x )  f ( y) f ′(x) = f ′(0) = c (say)

But given f   which is possible when At x = 2,
 2  2
f ′(2) = c = 2 (given)
P → M, i.e., P lies on AB. Hence, y = f(x) must be a linear ∴ f ′(x) = 2
function.
On integrating we get
Let f(x) = ax + b ⇒ f(0) = 0 + b = 1 (given) f(x) = 2x + a
and f ′(x) = a ⇒ f ′(0) = a = – 1 (given) Putting x = 0, then f(0) = 0 + a = 2 {from (1)}
∴ f(x) = – x + 1 ∴ f(x) = 2x + 2.
∴ f(2) = – 2 + 1 = – 1. Example 9: Let f(xy) = xf(y) + yf(x) for all
 x  y  2  f ( x )  f ( y) x, y ∈ R+ and f(x) be differentiable in (0, ∞) then determine f(x).
Example 8: If f   for all real
 3  3 Solution: Given f(xy)= xf(y) + yf(x)
x and y and f ′(2) = 2 then determine y = f(x). Replacing x by 1 and y by x then we get x f(1) = 0
 x  y  2  f ( x )  f ( y) ∴ f(1) = 0, x ≠ 0 (∵ x, y, ∈ R+)
Solution: f  

...(1)
 3  f (x  h)  f (x)

3
Now, f ′(x) = lim
Replacing x by 3x and y by 0 then h 0

h
2 + f (3x ) + f (0)
f(x) =   h 
3 f  x 1     f ( x )
=  x 
⇒ f(3x) – 3f(x) + 2 = – f(0) ...(2) lim 
h 0 h

Putting x = 0 and y = 0 in (1),
we get f(0) = 2 ...(3)  h  h
xf 1    1   f ( x )  f ( x )

lim 
f (x + h) − f (x)
= x  x
Now, f ′(x) = hlim
→0
h 0 h
h
 3x + 3h   h h
f − f (x) xf 1    f ( x )
 3  =
lim 
x x
= lim h 0 h
h →0 h
2 + f (3x ) + f (3h )  h
− f (x) f 1  
= lim 3  x
 lim
f (x)
= lim
h →0 h 0 h h 0 x

h
x
f (3x ) − 3f ( x ) + f (3h ) + 2  
= lim
h →0 3h f (x)
= f ′(1) +
f (3h )  f (0) x
= lim {from 2)}
h 0 3h
f (x)
= f ′(0) = c (say)
⇒ f ′(x) – = f ′(1)

x
∴ f ′(x) = c
xf ( x )  f ( x ) f (1)
At x = 2, f ′(2) = c = 2 (given) ⇒ 2


x
∴ f ′(x) = 2 x

Integrating both sides, we get f(x) = 2x + a f ( x )  f ( x )  f (1)

⇒  
Putting x = 0 then x  x  x
f(0) = 0 + a = 2 {from (2)} On integrating w.r.t.x and taking limit 1 to x,

∴ a=2 f ( x ) f (1)
then f(x) = 2x + 2. we have − = f ′(1) (ln x – ln 1)
x 1
Alternative:
f (x)
We have f  x  y   2  f ( x )  f ( y) ⇒ – 0 = f ′(1) ln x (∵ f(1) = 0)
x
 3  3
∴ f(x) = f ′(1) (x ln x).
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x treating y as constant,
Alternative:
 x  y   1  2  f '( x )  0 Given f(xy) = xf(y) + yf(x)
we get f '    

 3  3  3 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x treating y as constant,
Now replacing x by 0 and y by 3x, then f ′(xy) . y = f(y) + y f ′(x)

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3.44 Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced

Putting y = x and x = 1, then

 f (x) 

f ′(xy). x = f(x) + xf ′(x)  using xlim = 2
→0 x 
⇒ xf ( x )  f ( x )  f (1) 1 2

x2 x ⇒ f ′(x) = 2 × ⇒ f ′(x) =
1+ x 2 1+ x2
d  f ( x )  f (1)
⇒   x Integrating both sides, we get
dx  x 
f(x) = 2 tan–1(x) + ck, where f(0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x taking limit 1 to x, Thus, f(x) = 2 tan–1 x.
f (x) f (1)
= f ′(1){ln x – ln 1}  1   
x
–
1 Hence, f   = 2  , and
 3  6 3
f (x)
(∵ f(1) = 0)
2 2
⇒ – 0 = f ′(1) ln x f ′(1) =  1.
x 1  12 2
Hence, f(x) = f ′(1)(x ln x).
Example 11: If e –xyf(xy) = e –xf(x) + e –yf(y) ∀ x,
 xy  y ∈ R+, and f ′(1) = e, determine f(x).
Example 10: If f(x) + f(y) = f   for all x, y ∈ R
 1  xy  Solution: Given e–xy f(xy) = e–xf(x) e–yf(y) ...(1)
Putting x = y = 1 in (1), we get, f(1) = 0 ...(2)
f (x)  1 
(xy < 1) and lim =2. Find f   and f ′(1). f (x  h)  f (x)
x →0 x  3 Now, f ′(x) = lim
h 0 h
 xy    h 
Solution: f(x) + f(y) = f   ...(1) f  x  1     f ( x.1)
 1  xy   x 
lim 
=
 
Putting x = y = 0, we get f(0) = 0. h 0 h
Putting y = – x, we get f(x) + f(–x) = f(0) 
 1
h
 
h 
e x  h e  x f ( x )  e x f 1     2 x (e  x f ( x )  e 1f (1))
⇒ f(–x) = – f(x) ...(2) = 
  x 


lim
h 0 h
f (x)
Also, lim =2 h
x →0 x x  h 1  h x 1
eh f ( x )  e xf
1  x   f ( x )  e f (1)
=  
f (x + h) − f (x) lim
Now, (x) = lim ...(3) h 0 h

h→0 h h
h  h
1  x 
e xf
lim f ( x + h ) − f ( x )
= h→0 (using (2))  eh  1   
= f(x) lim   + e
(x – 1)
lim

h h 0

 h  h 0 h
x.
 x+h−x  x
 1 − ( x + h )( − x )  (∵ f(1) = 0)

⇒ f ′(x) = lim h (using (1))
f ′(1)

h→0
= f(x) . 1 + ex – 1.
x

  h 
f  
⇒ f ′(x) = lim   1 x ( x  h  e x−1.e
h→0 
= f(x) + (∵ f ′(1) = e)


h x
 
 
ex 1
f ′(x) = f(x) + ⇒ e–xf ′(x) – e–x f(x) =
 h  x x
f 2 
⇒ f ′(x) = lim  1  xh  x   1 
⇒
d –x 1
h→0    (e f(x)) =
h   1  xh  x 2  dx x
 2 
 1  xh  x  On integrating we have
e–xf(x) = ln x + c at x = 1, c = 0
 h  ∴ f(x) = ex ln x.
f 2 
⇒ f ′(x) = lim  1  xh  x   lim 1    
Example 12: A function f : (–1, 1) →  ,  satisfies

h→0
 h  h 0 1  xh  x 2  2 2
 
 1  xh  x 2  the equation

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Telegram @unacademyplusdiscounts Differentiability 3.45

gives f(x) = sin–1x + c (c is a constant).

f(x) + f(y) = f(x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ).
Using the condition f(0) = 0 gives c = 0, and hence we
(i) Show that f(x) is odd. have f(x) = sin–1x.
(ii) If f(x) is differentiable on (–1, 1) and f ′(0) = 1, then show
1 Example 13: A differentiable function f satisfies the
that f ′(x) =
1− x2 relation f(x + y) – 2f(x – y) + f(x) –2f(y) = y – 2
(iii) Hence, determine f(x). ∀ x , y ∈ R. Find f (x).
Solution: f(x + y) – 2f(x – y) + f(x) –2f(y) = y – 2
Solution:
...(1)
(i) f(x) + f(y) = f(x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ).



...(1) Put x = y = 0 in (1)
Putting y = –x in equation (1), we have ⇒ f(0) = 1
f(x) + f(–x) = f(x 1 − x 2 – x 1 − x 2 ) Put y = h in (1)

⇒ f(x) + f(–x) = f(0) f(x + h) –2f(x – h) + f(x) – 2f(x) = h – 2
Putting x = 0 and y = 0 in equation (1), we have ⇒f(x + h) – f(x) – 2[(f(x – h) – f(x)] – 2(f(h) – 1) = h
f(0) + f(0) = f(0) ⇒ f(0) = 0. Dividing by h on both sides and applying limit h→ 0
Hence, f(x) + f(–x) = 0 ...(2) f ( x + h ) − f ( x ) 2(f ( x − h ) − f ( x ))
+

Thus f(x) is odd. lim
h →0 h −h
(ii) Now, f ′(0) = 1
 2f (h )  1 
f ( )  f  0    =1
⇒ =1 [using f(0) = 0]  

lim h
0 

⇒ f ′(x) + 2f ′(x) – 2f ′(0) = 1 [∵f is differentiable]
f ( )
⇒ lim =1 ⇒ 3f ′(x) = 1 + 2f ′(0) ...(2)


 0
Putting x = 0 in (2) we get f ′(0) = 1.
f (x  h)  f (x) ⇒ f ′(x) = 1
Now f ′(x) = lim
h 0 h ∴ f(x) = x + c
f ( x  h )  f ( x ) Since f(0) = 1, c = 1, we have f(x) = x + 1.
= lim [using(2)]
h 0 Example 14: A differentiable function f satisfies


h
f(x + y) + f(x – y) – (y + 2) f(x) + y(x2 – 2y) = 0 ∀ x , y ∈ R.
f {x  h ) 1  x 2  x 1  ( x  h ) 2 } Find f (x).
= lim

h 0 h
Solution: Put y = h
[using (1)]
f(x + h) – f(x) + f(x – h) – f(x) – hf(x) + h(x2 – 2h) = 0

(x  h ) 1  x 2  x 1  (x  h )2 Dividing by h on both sides
= lim f () . lim
 f (x + h) − f (x) f (x − h) − f (x)

0 h 0 h
+ – f(x) + x2–2h= 0 and
assuming δ = ( x  h ) 1  x 2  x 1  ( x  h ) 2 h h
applying limit h→ 0 on both sides, we get
(x  h ) 1  x 2  x 1  (x  h )2 f ′(x) – f ′(x) – f(x) + x2 = 0
= lim ⇒ f(x) = x2.

h 0 h
Example 15: A twice differentiable function f satisfies
= lim x ( 1  x  x 1  ( x  h ) )  h 1  x
2 2 2
the relation f(x2 + y2) = f(x2 – y2) + f(2xy) ∀ x, y ∈ R. If

h 0 h h f(0) = 0 and f ′′(0) = 2, find f(x).
x (1  x  1  ( x  h ) )
2 2

= 1  x  hlim
2 Solution: f(x2 + y2) = f(x2 – y2) + f(2xy)
0
h( 1  x  1  (x  h) ) 2 2

Put y = h
f(x2 + h2) = f(x2 – h2) + f(2xh)
x2 1
= 1 x2   Dividing by h2 on both sides
1 x 1 x2

2
f (x 2  h 2 )  f (x 2 ) f (x 2  h 2 )  f (x 2 )

1 h 2
h2
Hence, f ′(x) = ...(3)
1− x2

f (2 xh )
+ ...(1)
(iii) Integrating both sides of (3) h2



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3.46 Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced

f (2 xh ) f '(2 xh ).2 x
Now lim 2
 lim ⇒ f (x) = x2 + 2 ( as f (x) > 0 )
h 0 h 0

h 2h
(using L′Hospital ′s rule) Example 17: function f : (0, ∞) → R satisfies the equation
xf "(2 xh ).2 x x
= lim f(xy) = 2f(x) – f   .If f is differentiable on R and f(1) = 0,
+

h →0 1 y
= 2x2f"(0). f ′(1) = 1, then show that
Applying limit h → 0 on both sides of (1), we get  1 x
f ′(x2) = – f ′(x2) + 2x2f"(0) (i) f(y) = – f   (ii) f(x) + f(y) = f  
 y
y
2f ′(x2) = 2x2f"(0) and hence determine f(x).
Replacing x2 by t x
Solution: We have f(xy) = 2f(x) – f   ...(1)
2f ′(t) = 2t f"(0) ⇒ f ′(t) = 2t


y

Integrating both sides w.r.t. t (i) Putting x = 1 in (1), we have
 1
∫ f '(t) dt = ∫ 2t dt 2f(1) = f(y) –  
 y
f(t) = t2 + c
Since f(0) = 0, c = 0.  1
⇒ f(y) = –f   [since f(1) = 0] ...(2)
∴ f(t) = t2 or, f(x) = x2.  y




Example 16: f(x) is a differentiable function satisfy the (ii) In (1) we exchange x and y to get
relationship f 2(x) + f 2(y) + 2 (xy –1) = f 2(x + y)  y
f(xy) = 2f(y) – f  

∀ x, y ∈ R. Also f (x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R , and f ( 2) = 2.  x

Determine f (x).
x
Solution: Put x = 0 and y = 0 ⇒ f 2(0) = 2 ⇒ f(xy) = 2f(y) + f   [using (2)] ...(3)


y
f ′(x) = lim f ( x  h )  f ( x ) Now we subtract (1) from (3)
x
h→0
h
0 = 2f(y) – 2f(x) + 2 f  

lim f ( x  h )  f ( x )
2 2 y
= h→0 x
[f ( x  h )  f ( x )]. h ⇒ f(x) – f(y) = f   ...(4)

y
lim f (h )  2( xh  1)
2
We have
= h→0  x + h
2f ( x ) h f
f (x + h) − f (x)  x 
  f ′(x)= lim = lim [using (4)]
lim  2xh  f (h )  2 
2
1 h →0 h h →0 h

=
2 f (x) h→0
 h h   h
f 1  
1  f ( h )  f ( 0)  2 2  x  f '(1)
=  2 x  lim  = lim
h 0 h
=
2 f ( x )  h  0 h  x. x
x
1  f ( h )  f ( 0) 
2 x  lim .  f ( h )  f ( 0)  
2 f ( x ) 
= 1
h0 h  i.e. f ′(x) =
x
1 This gives f(x) = ln x + c
f ′(x) = [2 x  2 f (0). f '(0)]
2 f ( x ) Now, using the condition f(1) = 0 gives c = 0.
f (x) . f ′ (x) = x + f (0). f ′(0) Hence, we have f(x) = ln x.
⇒ f (x) . f ′ (x) = x + λ, where λ = f (0) · f ′(0) Example 18: A differentiable function f satisfies the

Integrating both sides, relation f(x + y) + f(xy – 1) = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy) ∀ x, y ∈ R.

f 2 (x) x2 If f(1) = 2, f ′(0) = 1 and f ′(– 1) = – 1, find f(x).
= + λx + c
2 2 Solution: Putting x = 0, y = 0 in the given rule,
f 2(x) = x2 + 2λx + c
f(0) + f(–1) = 3f(0)
at x = 0 , f 2 (0) = 2 ⇒ c=2
⇒ f(–1) = 2f(0) ...(1)

at x = 2 , f 2( 2 ) = 4 ⇒ λ = 0

Now, putting y = h
f 2(x) = x2 + 2 f(x + h) + f(xh – 1) = f(x) + f(h) + f(xh)

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 Differentiability 3.47

⇒ f(x + h) – f(x) + f(– 1+ xh ) – f(– 1) f ( x )  f ( y)

Since lim = f ′(x), we see from (2) that
= f(h) + f(xh) – f(– 1) yx xy

⇒ f(x + h) – f(x) + f(– 1+ xh ) – f(– 1) |f ′(x)| ≤ 0 ⇒ f ′(x) = 0
= f(h) – f(0) + f(xh) – f(0) [using(1)]
⇒ f (x) = c.
Dividing both sides by h,
Hence f(x) is a constant function.
f ( x  h )  f ( x ) f (1  xh )  f (1)
 .x Example 20: Suppose
h xh
p(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + anxn.
f (h )  f (0) f ( xh )  f (0) If | p(x) | ≤ | ex–1 – 1 | for all x ≥ 0, prove that
=  .x
h xh | a1 + 2a2 + ... + nan | ≤ 1.
Now, applying limit h → 0 on both sides , we get
Solution: Given p(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + anxn
f ′(x) + xf ′(–1) = f ′(0) + x f ′(0)
Given that f ′(0) = 1, f ′(–1) = –1, we have ∴ p′(x) = 0 + a1 + 2a2 x + ... + nanxn–1
f ′(x) = 2x + 1 ⇒ p′(1) = a1 + 2a2 + ... + nan
f(x) = x2 + x + c Now, | p(1) | ≤ | e1–1 – 1| = |e0 – 1| = 0
f(1) = 2 ⇒ c = 0 ⇒ | p(1) | ≤ 0 ⇒ p(1) = 0
∴ f(x) = x2 + x. As | p(x) | ≤ | ex–1 – 1 |
Example 19: Let f : R → R be such that for all x and we get | p(1 + h) | ≤ | eh – 1| ∀ h > – 1, h ≠ 0
y in R, |f(x) – f(y) | ≤ |x – y|3 . Prove that f(x) is a constant ⇒ | p(1 + h) – p(1) | ≤ |eh – 1| ( p(1) = 0)
function. p(1 + h ) − p(1) p h −1
⇒ h
≤
Solution: We are given that h
| f(x) – f(y) | ≤ |x – y|3 ...(1)
Taking limit as h → 0 on both sides, then

Let x be any real number and let y be chosen arbitrarily close
to x but not equal to x. Then writing (1) as p(1 + h ) − p(1) eh − 1
⇒ lim ≤ lim
h →0 h h →0 h
f ( x ) − f ( y)
≤ |x – y|2
x−y p(1 + h ) − p(1) eh − 1
and letting y → x, we get ⇒ lim
h →0 h
≤ lim
h →0 h
f ( x )  f ( y) 2
⇒ | p′(1)| ≤ 1
lim  lim x  y ...(2)
yx xy 

y x
⇒ | a1+ 2a2 + ... + nan| ≤ 1 {from (1)}

Practice Problems F

1. A function f : R → R+ satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) .  xy  f ( x )f ( y )
f(y) ∀ x ∈ R. If f ′(0) = 2, then show that f ′(x) = 2f(x). 6. Let f   = for all real x and y. If
 2  6
2. Let f(xy) = f(x) f(y) ∀ x, y ∈ R and f(1) ≠ 0, f ′(1) = 1, f(1) = f ′(1) = 3, then prove that one of the functions
prove that f is differentiable for all x ≠ 0. Hence determine f satisfies f(x) + f(1 – x) = 3 for all non-zero real x.
f(x). x
7. If 2f(x) = f(xy) + f   ∀ x, y ∈ R+, f(1) = 0 and
 x  y  f ( x )  f ( y) y
3. Let f   for real x and y. If f ′(0)
f ′(1) = 1 then find f ′(2) and f(2).
 2  2
exists and equals –1 and f(0) = 1 then find the value of f(2) 8. Let f : R → R such that f(x + y)
4. If f(x) satisfies f(1 – x) = f(x) ∀ x ∈ R and f ′(1) = 0 then = f(x) + f(y) + ex + y (x + y) – xex – yey + 2xy ∀ x, y ∈ R
find f ′(0) if it exists. then find f(x) given that f ′(0) = 1.
xy f ( x ) + f ( y)  2 x  3y  2f ( x ) + 3f ( y)
5. Let f   = ∀ x, y ∈ R, n > 2 and 9. If f   = ∀ x, y ∈ R, f(0) = 1,
 n  n  5  5
f ′(0) = 2 then find f(x). f ′(0) = – 1, prove that

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