MATRICES AND DETERMINANT

Module 1
Algebra of matrices, types of
matrices, rank of a matrix.
 Module Learning Outcomes
• State the properties of matrices.
• List and write mathematical representation of
eight (8) types of matrices.
• Solve problems involving the addition and
subtraction of matrices.
• Deduce the determinant of a matrix.
• Deduce the rank of a matrix.
 Introduction
Some applications of matrices include:
1. Computer graphics.
2. Wireless communication.
3. Signal processing.
4. Data storage and processing.
5. Construction of complex structures.
6. Encryption.
 Introduction
• A matrix is a collection of numbers arranged in
a rectangular array. A matrix of 𝑚 × 𝑛 can be
represented by:

𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛

𝑎21 𝑎22 … 𝑎2𝑛
𝐴(𝑚×𝑛) = ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 … 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑚×𝑛
 Algebra of matrices
Equality of matrices:

1 4 𝑎 𝑐
Let 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
12 7 𝑏 𝑑

If 𝐴 = 𝐵, then 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 12, 𝑐 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 7

 Algebra of matrices
Addition and subtraction of matrices:
7 5 5 2
Let 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = , then
8 6 6 4

7+5 5+2 12 7
𝐴+𝐵 = = and
8+6 6+4 14 10
7−5 5−2 2 3
𝐴−𝐵 = = and
8−6 6−4 2 2

Note: Matrices addition is commutative, i.e. 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴

Matrices addition is associative, i.e.

𝐴+ 𝐵+𝐶 = 𝐴+𝐵 +𝐶
 Algebra of matrices
Multiplication of matrices:
Matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 is said to be compactible for multiplication if the
number of columns of 𝐴 is equal to the number of rows in 𝐵:
7 5 5 2
If 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = , then
8 6 6 4

7 × 5 + (5 × 6) 7 × 2 + (5 × 4) 65 34
𝐴×𝐵 = =
8 × 5 + (6 × 6) 8 × 2 + (6 × 4) 76 40

Note: Matrices multiplication is associative, i.e. 𝐴(𝐵𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 𝐶

Matrices addition is distributive, i.e.

𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶
 Algebra of matrices
Transpose of a matrix:
The transpose of a matrix 𝐴𝑇 is obtained from
matrix 𝐴 by changing its rows into columns.

7 5
If 𝐴 = , and 𝐴𝑇 = 7 8
8 6 5 6

Note: Matrices multiplication is associative, i.e.

(𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴, (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇 and (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
 Algebra of matrices
Determinant of a square matrix:
𝑎11 𝑎12
If 𝐴 = 𝑎 𝑎 , then the determinant is denoted
21 22
by 𝐴 or det. 𝐴.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Similarly, if 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 , then
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎12 𝑎13

• det. A = +𝑎11 𝑎
32 𝑎33 − 𝑎12 𝑎32 𝑎33 + 𝑎13 𝑎22 𝑎23

det. A = +𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎31 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎22 𝑎31
 Algebra of matrices
Cofactor:
The cofactor of a matrix is given by
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 × 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟
𝐴𝑖𝑗 = −1 𝑖+𝑗 det 𝑀𝑖𝑗
Where 𝑖 is the 𝑖𝑡ℎ row corresponding to the 𝑗𝑡ℎ
column. By deleting the row and column of the
particular element of a determinant of order 𝑛, a 𝑛 − 1
order is obtained. Such a determinant is called the
minor.
Consider the matrix 𝐴 below;
1 3 6
𝐴= 4 7 9
8 5 2
 Algebra of matrices
Cofactor:
1 3 6
𝐴= 4 7 9
8 5 2
The cofactor of element 1 is
1 3 6 7 9
𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 4 7 9 = (−1)2 5 2 = 1 × 7 × 2 − 5 × 9 = −31
8 5 2

The cofactor of element 3 is

1 3 6 4 9
𝐴12 = (−1)1+2 4 7 9 = (−1)3 8 2 = −1 × 4 × 2 − 9 × 8 = 64
8 5 2
 Algebra of matrices

The cofactor of element 6 is

1 3 6 4 7
𝐴13 = (−1)1+3 4 7 9 = (−1)4 8 5 = 1 × 4 × 5 − 8 × 7 = −36
8 5 2

The cofactor of element 4 is

1 3 6 3 6
𝐴21 = (−1)2+1 4 7 9 = (−1)3 5 2 = −1 × 3 × 2 − 6 × 5 = −24
8 5 2
 Algebra of matrices

The cofactor of element 7 is

1 3 6 1 6
𝐴22 = (−1)2+2 4 7 9 = (−1)4 8 2 = 1 × 1 × 2 − 8 × 6 = −46
8 5 2

The cofactor of element 9 is

1 3 6 1 3
𝐴23 = (−1)2+3 4 7 9 = (−1)5 8 5 = 1 × 1 × 5 − 8 × 3 = 19
8 5 2
 Algebra of matrices

The cofactor of element 8 is

1 3 6 3 6
𝐴31 = (−1)3+1 4 7 9 = (−1)4 7 9 = 1 × 3 × 9 − 6 × 7 = −15
8 5 2

The cofactor of element 5 is

1 3 6 1 6
𝐴32 = (−1)3+2 4 7 9 = (−1)5 4 9 = −1 × 1 × 9 − 6 × 9 = 15
8 5 2
 Algebra of matrices

The cofactor of element 2 is

1 3 6 1 3
𝐴33 = (−1)3+3 4 7 9 = (−1)6 4 7 = 1 × 1 × 7 − 3 × 4 = −5
8 5 2
 Algebra of matrices
Adjoint of a matrix:
The adjoint of a matrix 𝐴, denoted by 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 is the
transpose of the cofactor of matrix A.
Adjoint Of a Matrix 2 𝑥 2:

𝑎11 𝑎12
𝐴= 𝑎
21 𝑎22
𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 can be calculated by interchanging 𝑎11 and
𝑎22 and by changing signs of 𝑎12 and 𝑎21 . This can
be shown as:
 Algebra of matrices
Adjoint of a matrix:

Adjoint Of a Matrix 2 𝑥 2:

𝑎22 −𝑎21
𝐴 = −𝑎 𝑎11
12
 Algebra of matrices
Adjoint of a matrix:
Adjoint Of a Matrix 2 𝑥 2:
Find the adjoint of the matrix:
2 3
𝐴=
1 4

4 −3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =
−1 2
 Algebra of matrices
Adjoint of a matrix:
Adjoint Of a Matrix 3 x 3:
Consider a 3 × 3 matrix as:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
The adjoint of this matrix is given by:
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13 𝑇 𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 = 𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴32
𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33 𝐴31 𝐴23 𝐴33
 Algebra of matrices
Adjoint of a matrix:
Adjoint Of a Matrix 3 x 3:

Here,

𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13

𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 is the cofactor matrix of A
𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33

or
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎12 𝑎13
+ 𝑎 𝑎33 − 𝑎 𝑎33 + 𝑎 𝑎23
32 32 22
𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎11 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎13
𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = − 𝑎 𝑎33 + 𝑎 𝑎33 − 𝑎 𝑎23
31 31 21
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑎12
+ 𝑎 𝑎32 − 𝑎 𝑎32 + 𝑎 𝑎22
31 31 21
 Algebra of matrices
Adjoint of a matrix:
Adjoint Of a Matrix 3 x 3
Find the adjoint of the matrix:
1 −1 2
𝐴= 2 3 5
1 0 3
Let 𝐶𝑖𝑗 be the cofactor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 in matrix
A.
Now, the cofactors of the elements of the first row
elements:
 Algebra of matrices
Adjoint of a matrix:
Adjoint Of a Matrix 3 x 3
Now, the cofactors of the elements of the first row
elements are:
1+1 3 5
𝐶11 = −1 =9
0 3
1+2 2 5
𝐶12 = −1 = −1
1 3
1+3 2 3
𝐶11 = −1 = −3
1 0
 Algebra of matrices
Adjoint of a matrix:
Adjoint Of a Matrix 3 x 3
Now, the cofactors of the elements of the second
row elements are:
2+1 −1 2
𝐶21 = −1 =3
0 3
2+2 1 2
𝐶12 = −1 =1
1 3
2+3 1 −1
𝐶23 = −1 = −1
1 0
 Algebra of matrices
Adjoint of a matrix:
Adjoint Of a Matrix 3 x 3
Now, the cofactors of the elements of the third row
elements are:
3+1 −1 2
𝐶31 = −1 = −11
0 3
3+2 1 2
𝐶32 = −1 =1
1 3
3+3 1 −1
𝐶33 = −1 =5
2 3
 Algebra of matrices
Adjoint of a matrix:
Adjoint Of a Matrix 3 x 3
9 −1 −3
The cofactor of matrix 𝐴 = 3 1 −1
−11 −1 5
Therefore,
9 3 −11
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = −1 1 −1
−3 −1 5
 Algebra of matrices
Inverse of a square matrix:
The inverse of a matrix 𝐴 denoted by 𝐴−1 is given by:
−1
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴
𝐴 =
𝐴

What is the inverse of the matrix below:

1 0 −1
𝐴= 3 4 5
0 −6 −7
2 6 4
−1 𝐴𝑑𝑗.𝐴 1
Answer: 𝐴 = = 21 −7 −8
𝐴 20
−18 6 4
 Algebra of matrices
Null or zero matrix: a matrix is said to be zero/null
matrix if all its elements are zero.
0 0 0
𝐴= 0 0 0
0 0 0
Square matrix: a matrix in which the number of
rows are equal to the number of columns. For
example, the 3 × 3 square matrix below:

1 −1 2
𝐴= 2 3 5
1 0 3
 Algebra of matrices
Diagonal matrix: a square matrix in which all the
element are zero except the diagonal elements.
1 0 0
𝐴= 0 2 0
0 0 3
Identity matrix or unit matrix: a square matrix in
which each diagonal elements are unity and all
other non-diagonal elements are zero.
1 0 0
𝐴= 0 1 0
0 0 1
 Algebra of matrices
Singular matrix: a square matrix in which the
determinant is equal to zero.
1 1 1
𝐴 = 2 3 1 =0
0 −1 1
Non-singular matrix: a square matrix in which the
determinant is not equal to zero.
1 1 1
𝐴 = 2 3 1 ≠0
5 −1 1
 Algebra of matrices
Upper triangular matrix: a square matrix where all
the elements below the diagonal are zero.
1 1 1
𝐴= 0 3 1
0 0 1

Lower triangular matrix: a square matrix where all

the elements above the diagonal are zero
1 0 0
𝐴= 4 3 0
5 6 1
 Algebra of matrices
Rank of a Matrix: the rank of a matrix ′𝐴′ is the
order of the largest square sub-matrix of 𝐴 with a
square sub-matrix being formed by deleting
columns and rows to form a square matrix. The
rank of a matrix is denoted by ′𝑟′.

1 2 3
Find the rank of 𝐴 = 1 4 2
2 6 5
Answer: 𝑟 = 2.
 Algebra of matrices
Examples:
1. Determine the values of the constant 𝑘 such that
5 2 −3
𝐴 = −1 𝑘 6 = −207
3 9 (𝑘 + 2)
1
Answer: 𝑘 = − or −4
5
2 1 1 5 0 −1
2. Given that 𝐴 = 1 2 1 and 𝐵 = −1 0 1 ,
0 −1 0 1 2 3

find the determinant of 𝑐, where 𝐶 = 3𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐵.

Answer: 𝐶 = 4476
 Algebra of matrices
Examples:
3. Obtain the value of 𝑘, such that 𝐴 is a singular
matrix:
3−𝑘 2 2
𝐴= 2 4−𝑘 1
−2 −4 (−1 − 𝑘)
Answer: 𝐾 = 3 𝑜𝑟 0
𝑥 2 −1
4. If the matrix 𝐴 = 2 5 𝑥 is singular.
−1 2 𝑥
Determine the value of 𝑥.
Answer: 𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 3
 Algebra of matrices
Examples:
5. Given that :
2 5 −3 4 2 1
𝑋= 5 1 4 and Y = 2 5 6
−3 4 6 1 6 3

Prove that (𝑋𝑌)𝑇 = 𝑌𝑋

6. 𝐴 = 1 4 6 and 𝐵 = 8 −2 1 𝑇 . Find 𝐴𝐵.

Answer: 𝐴𝐵 = 6.
 Algebra of matrices
Examples:
0 3 5
7. Find the rank of : A = 3 5 0
5 0 10
Answer: 𝑟 = 3.

6. Find the rank of matrix X given that:

1 −2 3
X= 4 −4 6
3 −6 9
Answer: 𝑟 = 1.