Practic.

Class-XIn 233

Section -B
Experinent No.1 Batch1)

object:
Tofindthe value of v for different values of u in case of a concave miror and to find 1S Troca
mngth.
Apgparatus:
An optical bench, a concave mirror, two pins with stand, a mirror holder, leveller.
Laydiagram:

M
B'

A'
C AB = Object pin
CD= image pm
MN =Concave mirror
A'B' =inmage of object pin
B

Fig:To find focal length of concave mirror byu- v method

Theory:
If an object (pin) is kept at a distance u from a concave mirror and its image is formed at
distane v then the focal length of concave mirror is given by
1,+
1

(As both u and vare negative for concave mirror)

1 (u +)
Or,

r, foal length f =
a concave mirror is negative in accordance with the sign
herefore the foal length of
ntion.
servations:
234 Class Physies Practical
SI No, Position of Position of Position of
Concave
mirror a
object pinb
(cm.)
Image pinc
m,)
(cm) (m)
(m.) ((m)
5cm 45 Cm 71 Cm 40 cm 66 Cm f=-24.9 cm
2 5Cm 47,5 cm 65.2 cm 42,5 cm 60,2 cm 5=-24,9 cm
5cm 50cm 61,3 cm 45 cm 56.3 Cm =-25 Cm
4 5 cm 52.5 cm 57,8 cm 47.5 cm 52.8 cn f=-25 cm
5 cm 55 cm 55 Cm 50Cm 50cm fs=-25 cm
5cm 57 cm 53 cm 52 cm 48 Cm fo=-24.9 cm
Caleulations:
The formula used, fs - "
-40 x 66
Forthe I set, f= (40 +66) =-24.9 m
-42.5 x 60,2
Forthe Il set, fa = 42.5 =-24.9 cm
+60.2)
-45x 56.3
For the II set, fs =
(45 + 56,3)-=-25 cm
-47.5x52.5
For the IV set, f =
(47.5+52.8) =-25 cm
Cm

50× 50)
For the Vset, f5 = =-25 cm
(50 + 50)
-52x48
- For the VI set, fo =
(52+48) =24.9 cm
Mean focàl length (24.9+24.9+25+ 25+25+24.9)
Or f= -24.95 cm
6 =-24.95 cm
Result:
The focal length ofthe given concave mirror is obtained as f=
Precautions: -24,95 cm,
(1) Principal axis of the mirror should be
optial bench. horizontal and parallel to the central line of the
(2) The uprights should be yertical.
3) Thetips of the object and image pins should lie at
COncave mirror. the same height as that of pole of the
(4) Ben hcorrection for u and v should be applied.
PusicsPractical 245
Caw

Experiment No.3 Batch1

ohject
Tofind the focal length of a convex lens by plotting a graph betweenuand v.
Apparatus
Optical bench, convex lens,two pins, spirit level, Trod etc.
Ray Diagram
A A'

Image I
2F B F B' P
F
Image pin
A
Object pin

Fig: To find focal length of convexlens using u-v method

Theory
The relation between object distance u, image distance v and focal length f ofa lens is

V u
...(1)

For convex lens u is negative and v is positive therefore with sign convention
I11_1,1
-+- ..(2) V

Thus focal length of convex lens ispositive.

Focal length from u-v graph-if agraph is plotted between uand v taking same scale on both
eaxes, then it is oblained as orthogonal hyperbola. The line passing through the point which
ikes an angle of 45°with the u-axiscuts this graph at the point (2(, 2f).If perpendiculars from this
nt on Xand Y axis meet at points A and B then,
OA = 2f and OB= 2f

OA OB
2

Observ)ationsApproximate focal length oflens = 15 cm

i) Obsprvation table
246 Class-XII Physics Practical
Image Focal length
SNo Position Position Position Objct dstance
object of' lesV of Image d1stnce f (Cm)
V=(Z -
pn x (an)
(Cm) (Cm) (Cm) v)(cm)
21.8 cm 15.18 cm
5Cm 55 cm 76.8 cm 50 Cm
22.5 cm 15.0 cm
2. 5 Cm 50 cm 72.5 cm 45 cm
24 cm 15.0 cm
3. 5 Cm 45 cm 69 Cm 40 Cm
35 cm 26.2 cm 14.98 cm
4 5 Cm 40 cm 66.2 cm
30 Cm 15,0 cm
5. 5Cm 35 cm 65 cm 30 Cm
30 Cm 67.5 cm 25 cm 37.5 cm 15,0 cm
6. 5 Cm

Calculation
Calculation fromu-vgraph
1. We take uon X-axis andvon Y-axis and equal scale for both the axes, plot a graph with
observed corrected values between u-v. It is orthogonal hyperbolla.
2. Now draw a line from origin making an angle of 45° with u-axes which cuts the graph at P(2.
25)
3. From the point of intersection, perpendiculars on both the axes PA and PB are drawn.
2f=OA = 30 cm or 2f=OB= 30 cm
OA OB
or or = 15 cm
2 2

Let scale:
40 On x-axis - Object distance u 1 Big
Square =5cm
35 On Y - axis : Image distance v 1 Big
Square =5cm
30 R(2f2)
25 O
v(cm) 20

15

10

45°
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
u(cm)

(D) From foral lenyth fomula ofa convex lens f=.

u+v
(i) For lobservaion, u=50 cm. v=21.8 cm
50x 21.8
Foal length f= 50+ 21.8
-= 15.18 cm
hysicsPractk! ClassXII
i For IIobservation, u= 45 cm. v= 22.5 cm

45 x 22.5
Focal length f 45+ 22.5 - 15 cm
(iM) For ll observation, u=40 cm, y=24 cm
40x 24 =15 cm
Focal length s 40+ 24
(iv) For lV observation, u-35 cm. v= 26.2 cm
35 x26.2-1498
Focal length /, = 35+ 26.2 = 14.98 cim
(v) For Vobservation, u=30 cm. v=30 cm
30x 30
=15 cm
Focal length Js =30+30
Tvi) For VI observation, u= 25 cm, v= 37.5 cm
25 x 37.5
Focal length f= 5+37.5 =15 cm
25
f, +f; +f;+f; +fs +f,
Mean focal length f= 6

15.18+15 +15+ 14.98+ 15 +15

6
- 15Cm

Result
() ByCalculation f- 15 cmand cm.
() Fromn u-v graph,the focal length of convex lens is found to be 15
Precautions:
o o f obext and image pins and middle point of the lens should be at the sameshouid
height.be
Ontical bench should be completely horizontal and pin stand and lens stand
completely vertical.
Tips of pins shouid not be blunt.
ParallaN should heemoved perfeth
PhysicsPrractical 269
Class-XII

¬xperiment No.5 Batch1))

Object:
To drawthe I-V characteristics curve of ap-n junction diode in forward-bias and reverse-bias.
Apparatus:
AP-Njuction diode,collector cell, milli ammeter. micro ammeter, 2 voltmeters of required
range, Xheostat, key, connecting wires etc.
Diagram:
D D

B
B
+

www
mA) I, (uA) I,

(a) (b)
Fig :Circuit diagram for (a) forward (b) reverse bias characteristics of a diode
Here D=diode
B= battery
V=voltmeter
mA = milliammeter
A=micro annmeter
Theory:
The change incurrent with potential differnce applied at the ends of a P-N junction diode is
represented as
I=l, (ev KT -1)
Where I, = Saturated current
4=charge of chargecarrier
V= Applied potential difference
K= Boltzman constant
T= Absolute temperature
For forward bias
ollage Vis positive therefore, ev*T >>1
=IhevKT
Thus, formward current
le.,forward curent increases exponentially with applied forward voltage.
For Sevese bias e'KT<<]
Vis negative :
\ppliedIvoltageurrent I,=-hconstant
hus, everse constant.
le. Reverse ourront remains almost
Dbservations
For foward bias
volt
1.Loastlount ot voltmeter =0.02
270 Class XTT Physics Practieal
2. Least count of miiammeter = 0.2 mA
(B) For reverse bias mictoammeter = 1 uA
1. Least count of voltmeter = 0.2volt 2. Least count of
(C) Observation Table: Rever se Bias
Forward Bias S oltmeter Reading Micro a mmeter reading
S Voltme ter Reading Milli ammeter readi ng No. of Rev erse
No. No. of Revese
No. Nod of Forward voltag No. of Forward ourrent divisions current I,
divisi ons ;-nL.C.(mA) divisio Bias V,
divis io
Vn m LC.
LC. (voty (Vot) L.C. (JLA)
6 L2 MA 2 0.4 V 2uA
15
5 7 uA
20 04V 12 2.4 mA 2.
3 L2 V 7 uA
3 25 0.5V 18 3.6 mA
1.6 V 10
06V 28 5.6 mA 4
4. 30
5 J0 2.0 V 22 22 LLA
35 07V 38 7.6 mA
6 12 2.4 V 26 26 uA
6 40 0.8V 48 9.6 mA

Cakaktion- From the readng plot graph aS

Forward bias:
Xaxis : 1 big square 0.1 volt forward
voltage
Y axis : 1 big square ImA forward
current
Reverse bias:
X axis : 2big squares = | volt reverse
voltage
-Y axis Tbig square = 5uA reverse
Curent

V.(volt)
002-030405-0.6 0,7-0%
 Precaütions: PFäetieal
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278 Class \ Physics Practical
Experiment No.ó Batch 1)
Object:
To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given glass prism by plotting a graph
between the angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.
Apparatus:
metre scale
Adrawing board,a white paper sheet, a glass prism, allpins, drawing pins, a half
and protractor.
Ray Diagram:

M. T
R

B C
Fig : Refraction of light by prism
Where, PQ = incident ray OR = Refracted ray
RS= emergent ray
OM &ON = normal
Zi=2PQM =incidnet angle
ZTUS= 8 =angle of deviation
Theory:
For aprism in case of minimum deviation
ZA
(i) ,=2
(ii) Incident angle i= Emergent angle e
(üi) The intensity of image formed by prism is more
Observations:
(1) The angle of prismA =60
(2) Observation table for angle of deviation,
SL. NO. Angle of incidence ) Angle of deviation o)
1. 30 48°
2. 350 440
3 40" 400
4 45° 38°
5. 50 41°
6. 550 430
Calculation:
(1)
(2) he graph between angle of incidence (i) and angle of deviation (8) is obtained as
From graph, minimum angle of deviation S, =38° for Zi= 45°
(S) 60
deviation
S0

40
of 30
Angle Scale
20 X- axis Angle of incidence (i), 1big square = 10
Y-axis Angle of deviation (ð), Ibig sqare = 10
10

10 20 30 40 50 60
Angle of incidence (i)
Result:
From graph, minimum angle of deviation
=38° for angle of incidence = 43°
Precautions
(1) The angle of incidence should lie between 35°-60.
(2) Thepins should be perfectly vertical. than 2 cm.
(3) The distance between the two pins should not be less
emergent rays.
(4) Arrow heads shouldbe marked to show the incident and
 Ayscs Practical
287

Experiment No.7 Batch

hject
To find out the refractive indexof a
ordiagam
transparent liquid (water) with the help of aconcave miror.
Object pin

N,

B
N,
Fig: To find refractive index of liquidusing concave mirror
Formula
Refractive index of liquid
Real radiusof curvature of mirror R
Vitual adius of curvature of mirror R'
Where R and R' are in cm.
Dbservation Table
S.No. Real a dius of Virtual Refractive Index of Mean RI. of liquid
cur vat ure of radi us of liquid
concaVe curvaturc of u =R/R' 6
mirorRCP Concave
(Unidess )
(Cm ) mirror R'
CP(cm)
R0 1 cm TCm u =132 Unitless
229cm 4;=132 Untless
289cm , =132 Untless 132(Unitless)
9 | cm H =132 Unitless
370cm u =133 Unitless
372Cm , =133 Untless

akmlation -
1. For first obsevation
R'=22.7 m
R-01m
R
Refrative index of uid R 227 -132 (Unitless)
 2. For Sewond observation
R 03m R'- 229m

R 303|32 (Unitkss)
Retractive index of lbqud M; R' 229
3 For thindobservation
R= 38 3m R'- 289m

R 38.3
Refractive index of liquid , = R' 28.9
=1.32 (Unitless)
4 For fourth observation
R= 38.5m R'= 29.lcm
38.5
Refrative index of liquid My = R'
R
38.5132
29.1I
(Unitless)
5,For fifth observation
R=49.2 m R'=37.0cm
R_492=
Refractive index of liquid P370
R'
l.33 (Unitess)
6. For sixth observation
R=49.4 cm R'=37.2 m
R 49.4
Refractive index of liquid H =:pi7
R' 37.2
=1.33 (Unitless)

Mean R.l. of liguid u=4 t h t yt y t

1.32+1.32 +1.32+ 1l.32 +1.33+1.33 7.94

- |.32 (Unitless)
6 6
Result
Using the concave m1ror the refractive index of transparent liquid is found to be 1.32(unti
Precautions
1. The liqudtaken should be transparent.
2. The coave mirror used should have biggerradius of curvatureand smaller aperture.
3 Only a few drops of liquid should be put onthe mirror.
4
The parallax hetween the tips of object pin and image pinshouldbe removedcompktey