1.

State the reason why carbon can neither form C4+ captions nor C4-
anions, but forms covalent compounds. Also state reasons to explain
why covalent compounds:
(i)Are bad conductors of electricity?
(ii)Have low melting and boiling points?
• It could gain four electrons forming C4– anion. But it would be
difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold on to ten electrons,
that is, four extra electrons.
• It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cation. But it would require
a large amount of energy to remove four electrons leaving behind a
carbon cation with six protons in its nucleus holding on to just two
electrons.
For question, two statements are given — one labelled as Assertion (A)
and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the
assertion (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of
the assertion (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Assertion (A): Carbon has a strong tendency to either lose or gain

electrons to attain noble gas configuration.
Reason (R): Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell and has
the tendency to share electrons with carbon or other elements.
Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence
electrons with four univalent atoms, e.g. hydrogen. After the
formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic
configuration of
(a)helium
(b)neon
(c)argon
(d)krypton
2.What are covalent compounds? Why are they different from ionic
compounds? List their characteristic properties.
Bonds which are formed by the sharing of an electron pair between
two atoms are known as covalent bonds.
1.Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points as they
have weak intermolecular force.
2.They are generally poor conductor of electricity as electrons are
shared between atoms and no charged particles are formed.
Which of the following is not a property of carbon?
(a) Carbon compounds are good conductor of heat and electricity
(b) Carbon compounds are poor conductor of heat and electricity
(c) Most of the carbon compounds are covalent compounds
(d) Boiling and melting point of carbon compounds are relatively
lower than those of ionic compounds
3.The diagram shows the molecule, ethyl propanoate.

How many bonding pairs of electrons are there in the molecule?

(a) 13
(b) 16
(c) 17
(d) 20
4.Explain isomerism. State any four characteristics of isomers. Draw
the structures of possible isomers of butane C4H10.
Isomerism is the phenomenon in which more than one compounds
have the same molecular formula but different structures.

(i)They possess same molecular formula

(ii)They have different structural formula.
(iii) In Isomerism, the two or more different compounds can be represented
with the same molecular formula.
(iv) They differ in melting and boiling point.
5.(a)Define the term ‘isomers’.
(b) Draw two possible isomers of the compound with molecular formula
C3H6O and write their names.
(c) Given the electron dot structures of the above two compounds.
Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?

(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv)

(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
6.What is meant by homologous series of organic compounds? Write
the chemical formulae of two members of a homologous series and
state which part determines the (i) physical properties, (ii) chemical
properties, of these compounds.
• It is a series of compounds in which the same functional group
substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain.
CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH C4H9OH

• The successive member differs by –CH2 unit and 14 units of mass.

• The chemical properties are imparted by the functional group thus
all members have similar chemical properties. But the members
have different physical properties.
• They show gradual change in physical properties.
For question, two statements are given — one labelled as Assertion (A) and
the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the
assertion (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the
assertion (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Assertion :In a homologous series of alcohols ,the formula for the

second member is C2H5OH and the third member is C3H7OH.
Reason:The difference between the molecular masses of the two
consecutive members of a homologous series is 14u.
Which of the following is not the property of homologous series?
(a) They differ by-CH2 units
(b) They differ by-14 units by mass
(c) They all contain double bond
(d) They can be represented by a general formula
7.What are hydrocarbons? Distinguish alkanes from alkenes and each
of them from alkynes, giving one example of each. Draw the structure
of each compound cited as example to justify your answer.
Identify the unsaturated compounds from the following
(i)Propane
(ii)Propene
(iii) Propyne
(iv) Chloropropane
(a)(i) and (ii)
(b)(ii) and (iv)
(c)(iii) and (iv)
(d)(ii) and (iii)
8.Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms
of the same element. It is exhibited by both carbon and silicon.
Compare the ability of catenation of the two elements. Give reasons.

Both carbon and silicon show the ability of catenation. But

compounds made by silicon are reactive and less stable. On the other
hand, bonds formed by carbon are very strong and hence carbon
compounds are more stable than silicon compounds. It can be said
that carbon shows better catenation ability than silicon.
9.(i)Write the general formula of (i) alkenes, and (ii) alkynes. Draw
the structures of the first member of each series to show the
bonding between the two carbon atoms.
(ii)Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of ethane.
(iii)Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of butane,
C4H10.
(iv)Write the name and structure of a saturated compound in which
(v)the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring. Give the number of
single bonds present in this compound.
10. One mole of which of the following compounds requires 2 moles of
hydrogen to form a saturated hydrocarbon by catalytic hydrogenation?

A. only P and Q B. only R and S

C. only P and S D. only P, Q and S
For question, two statements are given — one labelled as Assertion (A) and
the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the
assertion (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the
assertion (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Assertion (A): Following are the members of a homologous series:

CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2OH
Reason (R): A series of compounds with same functional group but
differing by – CH2 – unit is called a homologous series.
11. Carbon, Group (14) element in the Periodic Table, is known to
form compounds with many elements.
Write an example of a compound formed with
(a) Chlorine (Group 17 of Periodic Table)
(b) Oxygen (Group 16 of Periodic Table)
12.(a) What is the role of concentrated Sulphuric acid when it is heated with
Ethanol at 443 K. Give the reaction involved.
(b) Reshu by mistake forgot to label the two test tubes containing Ethanol
and Ethanoic acid. Suggest an experiment to identify the substances
correctly? Illustrate the reactions with the help of chemical equations

By reaction with sodium carbonate/ bi carbonate with the samples,

ethanol will not react whereas ethanoic acid gives brisk effervescence.
13.(i)Name the functional group present in each of the following
organic compounds:
(a)C2H5Cl (b) C2H5OH
(ii)Why can’t we have isomers of first three members of alkane series?
14. (i)Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of ethane.
(ii)Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of butane,
C4H10.
15.(i)Draw electron dot structure of carbon dioxide and write the
nature of bonding between carbon and oxygen in its molecule.
(ii)What will be the formula and electron dot structure of
cyclopentane?
(iii)What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur
which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur?
16.What is meant by functional group in carbon compounds? Write in
tabular form the structural formula and the functional group present
in the following compounds:
(i) Ethanol (ii) Ethanoic acid
An atom or a group of atoms/heteroatoms which substitutes one or
more hydrogen atom from the hydrocarbon chain and determine
the chemical properties of an organic a compound is called a
functional group.
The heteroatoms present in

CH3 — CH2 — O — CH2— CH2Cl are

(i) oxygen
(ii) carbon
(iii) hydrogen
(iv) chlorine
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
17.Name the following compounds:

Name a cyclic unsaturated carbon compound

18.(i)Write the name and structure of an alcohol with three carbon
atoms in its molecule
(ii)Write the name and formula of a carbon compound having -OH
functional group.
19.(i)Write the molecular formula of first two members of
homologous series having functional group –Br
(ii)Write the molecular formula of first two members of
homologous series having functional group –OH.
(iii)Write the molecular formula of the 2nd and the 3rd member of
the homologous series whose first member is methane
(iv)Write the molecular formula of the first two members of the
homologous series having functional group – COOH.
(v)Write the molecular formula of the first two members of the
homologous series having functional group
20.Write the names of the following compounds

H
(i) CH3-CH2-OH (ii) CH3-C=O
21.Identify and name the functional groups present in the following
compounds.
22.(a) Write the formula and draw electron dot structure of carbon
tetrachloride.
(b) What is saponification? Write the reaction involved in this
process.
(c) Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions:
C2H6 , C3H8 , C3H6 , C2H2 and CH4 .

Saponification is the process of converting esters into salts of

carboxylic acids and ethanol by treating them with a base.
24. A compound X is formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid
C2H4O2 and an alcohol in presence of a few drops of H2SO4. The
alcohol on oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 followed by acidification
gives the same carboxylic acid as used in this reaction. Give the
names and structures of (a) carboxylic acid, (b) alcohol and (c)
the compound X. Also write the reaction.
25.Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of
(a) phosphorus
(b) sulphur
(c) carbon
(d) tin

Diamond Graphite
It is hardest substance known . Graphite is soft and slippery .
Its crystals are colorless and transparent . It is a black colored ,opaque crystal .
In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded
to four other carbon atoms forming a to three other carbon atoms in the same
rigid three-dimensional structure. plane giving a hexagonal array.
Diamond is a nonconductor of electricity. Graphite is a conductor of electricity.
26.Name the functional groups present in the following compounds

(a) CH3 CO CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

(b) CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH
(c) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CHO
(d) CH3 CH2 OH
27.How is ethene prepared from ethanol? Give the reaction
involved in it.
A gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium. Name the gas
evolved and also write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction
involved.

Ethanol on heating with excess concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K

results in the dehydration of ethanol to give ethene.
28.Intake of small quantity of methanol can be lethal. Comment.

Methanol is oxidised to methanal in the liver. Methanal reacts rapidly

with the components of cells. It causes the protoplasm to coagulate.
It also affects the optic nerve, causing blindness.
29.Explain the given reactions with the examples
(a) Hydrogenation reaction (b) Oxidation reaction
(c) Substitution reaction (d) Saponification reaction
(e) Combustion reaction
Explain the given reactions with the examples
(a) Hydrogenation reaction (b) Oxidation reaction
(c) Substitution reaction (d) Saponification reaction
(e) Combustion reaction
30.Assertion (A) : Burning of Natural gas is an endothermic process
Reason (R) : Methane gas combines with oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide and water.
31. Ethene is formed when ethanol at 443 K is heated with excess of
concentrated sulphuric acid. What is the role of sulphuric acid in
this reaction? Write the balanced chemical equation of this
reaction.
32.What is the role of metal or reagents written on arrows in the
given chemical reactions?

(a) Ni acts as a catalyst

(b) Concentrated H2SO4 acts as a catalyst
(c) Alkaline KMnO4 acts as an oxidising agent
33. Name the reaction which is commonly used in the conversion of
vegetable oils to fats. Explain the reaction involved in detail.
34. Esters are sweet-smelling substances and are used in making
perfumes. Suggest some activity and the reaction involved for the
preparation of an ester with well labeled diagram.
Assertion (A): Esterification is a process in which a sweet smelling
substance is produced.
Reason (R): When esters react with sodium hydroxide an alcohol
and sodium salt of carboxylic acid are obtained.
35.A compound C (molecular formula, C2H4O2) reacts with Na –
metal to form a compound R and evolves a gas which burns with a
pop sound. Compound C on treatment with an alcohol A in presence
of an acid forms a sweet smelling compound S (molecular
formula,C3H6O2). On addition of NaOH to C, it also gives R and water.
S on treatment with NaOH solution gives back R and A.Identify C, R,
A, S and write down the reactions involved.
36.Look at Figure 4.1 and answer the following questions

(a) What change would you observe in the calcium hydroxide

solution taken in tube B?
(b) Write the reaction involved in test tubes A and B respectively.
(c) If ethanol is given instead of ethanoic acid, would you expect the
same change?
(d) How can a solution of lime water be prepared in the laboratory?
37. How would you bring about the following conversions?
Name the process and write the reaction involved.
(a) ethanol to ethene.
(b) propanol to propanoic acid.Write the reactions.
 Vinegar is a solution of

(a)50% – 60% acetic acid in alcohol

(b)5% – 8% acetic acid in alcohol
(c)5% – 8% acetic acid in water
(d)50% – 60% acetic acid in water
38. An organic compound A on heating with concentrated H2SO4
forms a compound B which on addition of one mole of hydrogen in
presence of Ni forms a compound C. One mole of compound C on
combustion forms two moles of CO2 and 3 moles of H2O. Identify
the compounds A, B and C and write the chemical equations of
the reactions involved.
39.What is the difference between the molecules of soaps and
detergents, chemically?
Soap molecules are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. They
form scum upon reaction with calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water.
Detergent molecules are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long-chain carboxylic
acids. They do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium and magnesium ions.
40.In the soap micelles
(a)the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster while the
carbon chain is in the interior of the cluster.
(b)ionic end of soap is in the interior of the cluster and the carbon
chain is out of the cluster.
(c)both ionic end and carbon chain are in the interior of the cluster
(d)both ionic end and carbon chain are on the exterior of the cluster
41.Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
The soap molecule has a
(a) hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
(b) hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail
(c) hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail
(d) hydrophilic head and a hydrophilic tail
42.Why detergents are better cleansing agents than soaps? Explain.

Detergents work as cleansing agent both in hard and soft water.The

charged ends of detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with
calcium and magnesium ions in hard water.
43.Both soap and detergent are some type of salts. What is the
difference between them? Why do soaps not form lather in hard
water? List two problems that arise due to the use of detergents
instead of soaps.
Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of long chain carboxylic
acids whereas detergents are ammonium or sulphohate salts.
Cleansing action of soap : One part of soap molecules is ionic and
dissolves in water.The other part is non-ionic hydrophobic part which
dissolves in oil.Thus soap molecules arrange themselves in the form
of a micelle. On rinsing with water soap is washed off, lifting the oily
dirt particles with it. Soap does not forms lather in hard water
because it forms insoluble precipitate.
Problem due to the use of detergent are :
(i) Detergent are non-biodegradable.
(ii) It leads to water or soil pollution
44. A student takes about 6 mL of distilled water in each of the four test
tubes P, Q, R and S, then dissolves an equal amount of four different salts
namely sodium chloride in 'P', potassium chloride in 'Q', calcium
chloride in 'R' and magnesium chloride in 'S'. He then adds 10 drops of
soap solution to each test tube and shakes its contents.The test tubes in
which scum (insoluble substance) is formed with soap are:

(a) P and Q
(b) Q and R
(c) R and S
(d) Q and S
45.A student takes four test tubes marked P, Q, R and S of 25 mL
capacity and fill 10 mL of distilled water in each. He dissolves one spoon
full of four different salts in each as – KCl in P, NaCl in Q, CaCl2 in R and
MgCl2 in S. He then adds about 2 mL of a sample of soap solution to
each of the above test tubes. On shaking the contents of each of the test
tubes, he is likely to observe a good amount of lather (foam) in the test
tubes marked :

(a) P and Q (b) R and S

(c) P, Q and R (d) P, Q and S
46.Draw the electron-dot structure for ethane. A mixture of
ethane and oxygen is burnt for welding. In your opinion, why
cannot we use a mixture of ethane and air for this purpose?
In pure oxygen, ethane undergoes complete combustion and high temperature is
suitable for welding.
We cannot use air instead of oxygen because air contains less percentage of
oxygen which results in incomplete combustion of ethane and temperature
required for welding is not acquired.
47. A student takes 2 mL acetic acid in a dry test tube and adds a pinch
of sodium hydrogen carbonate to it. He makes the following
observations :
(i) A colourless and odourless gas evolves with a brisk effervescence.
(ii) The gas turns lime water milky when passed through it.
(iii) The gas burns with an explosion when a burning splinter is brought near it.
(iv). The gas extinguishes the burning splinter that is brought near it.
The correct observations are:
(A) I, II, and III (B) II, III and IV
(C) III, IV and I (D) IV, I and II
48. In order to study saponification reaction we first prepare 20%
solution of sodium hydroxide. If we record the temperature of this
solution just after adding sodium hydroxide flakes to water and also tests
its nature using litmus, it may be concluded that the process of making
this solution is:

(a) exothermic and the solution is alkaline.

(b) endothermic and the solution is alkaline.
(c) endothermic and the solution is acidic.
(d) exothermic and the solution is acidic.
49.Mineral acids are stronger acids than carboxylic acids because
(i)mineral acids are completely ionised
(ii)carboxylic acids are completely ionised
(iii)mineral acids are partially ionised
(iv)carboxylic acids are partially ionised
(a)(i) and (iv)
(b)(ii) and (iii)
(c)(i) and (ii)
(d)(iii) and (iv)
50. Prasad has a saturated alcohol X of chemical formula C4H9OH.
(a) Write the chemical formula of a member Y that comes two places after
X in the homologous series and state by how much will its molecular mass
differ from that of X.
(b) How do the chemical properties of X compare with those of Y? Give
reason for your answer.
(c) Write the chemical formula of the product Z formed by heating Y with
acidified potassium dichromate. Write the general formula for compounds
in the homologous series that Z belongs to.