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    textbook-output-trang-22

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    Linh Chi

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    textbook-output-trang-22

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    Linh Chi
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    textbook-output-trang-22

    Uploaded by

    Linh Chi

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 1

    the shipment being damaged or stolen along the way.

    The invention of the


    container crane made it possible to load and unload containers without
    capsizing the ship and the adoption of standard container sizes allowed almost
    any box to be transported on any ship. By 1967, dual-purpose ships, carrying
    loose cargo in the hold* and containers on the deck, were giving way to all-
    container vessels that moved thousands of boxes ata time.
    H. The shipping container transformed ocean shipping intoa highly efficient,
    intensely competitive business. But getting the cargo to and from thedock was
    a different story. National governments, by and large, kepta much firmer hand
    on truck and raikoad tariffs than on charges for ocean freight. This started
    changing, however, in the mid-1970s, when America began to deregulate its
    transportation industry. First airlines, then road haulers and railways, were
    freed from restrictions on what they could carry, where they could haul it and
    se what price they could charge. Big productivity gains resulted. Between
    1985 and 1996, for example, America's freight railways dramatically reduced
    their employment, trackage, and their fleets of locomotives - while increasing
    the amount of cargo they hauled. Europe's railways have also shown marked,
    albeit smaller, productivity improvements.
    I. In America the period of huge productivity gains in transportation may be
    almost over, but in most countries the process still has far to go. State
    ownership of railways and airlines, regulation of freight rates and toleration of
    anti-competitive practices, such as cargo-handling monopolies, all keep the
    cost of shipping unnecessarily high and deter international trade. Bringing
    these barriers down would help the world's economies grow even closer.

    Which paragraph contains the following information?

    1. a suggestion for improving trade in the future


    2. the effects of the introduction of electronic delivery
    3. the similar cost involved in transportinga product from abroad or froma
    local supplier
    4. the weakening relationship between the value of goods and the cost of
    their delivery

    21

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